Work and Energy Section 1
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Preview
Section 1 Work
Section 2 Energy
Section 3 Conservation of Energy
Section 4 Power
Work and Energy Section 1
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What do you think?
• List five examples of things you have done in the last
year that you would consider work.
• Based on these examples, how do you define work?
Work and Energy Section 1
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Work
• In physics, work is the magnitude of the force (F) times the magnitude of the displacement (d) in the same direction as the force.
• W = Fd
• What are the SI units for work?– Force units (N) × distance units (m)
– N•m are also called joules (J).
• How much work is 1 joule?– Lift an apple weighing about 1 N from the floor to the
desk, a distance of about 1 m.
Work and Energy Section 1
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Work
• Pushing this car is work because F and d are in the same direction.
• Why aren’t the following tasks considered work?
– A student holds a heavy chair at arm’s length for several minutes.
– A student carries a bucket of water along a horizontal path while walking at a constant velocity.
Work and Energy Section 1
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Work• How would you calculate the
work in this case?– What is the component of F in
the direction of d?
• F cos θ
– If the angle is 90°, what is the component of F in the direction of d?
• F cos 90° = 0
– If the angle is 0°, what is the component of F in the direction of d?
• F cos 0° = F
Work and Energy Section 1
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Work
Work and Energy Section 1
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Work is a Scalar
• Work can be positive or negative but does not have a direction.
• What is the angle between F and d in each case?
Work and Energy Section 1
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Classroom Practice Problem
• A 20.0 kg suitcase is raised 3.0 m above a
platform. How much work is done on the
suitcase?
• Answer: 5.9 x 102 J or 590 J
Work and Energy Section 1
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Now what do you think?
• Based on the physics definition, list five examples of things you have done in the last year that you would consider work.
Work and Energy Section 2
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The student is expected to:TEKS
3F express and interpret relationships
symbolically in accordance with accepted theories to make predictions and solve problems mathematically, including problems requiring proportional reasoning and graphical vector addition6A investigate and calculate quantities using the work-energy theorem in various situations6B investigate examples of kinetic and potential energy and their transformations
Work and Energy Section 2
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What do you think?
You have no doubt heard the term kinetic energy.– What is it?
– What factors affect the kinetic energy of an object and in what way?
You have no doubt heard the term potential energy.– What is it?
– What factors affect the potential energy of an object and in what way?
Work and Energy Section 2
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netW F x ma x= ∆ = ∆
Kinetic Energy
Since
then
or
2 22
f iv v a x= + ∆
2 2
( )2
f i
net
v vW m
−=
2 21 1
2 2net f i
W mv mv= −
Work and Energy Section 2
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Kinetic Energy
What are the SI units for KE?
– kg•m2/s2 or N•m or J
Work and Energy Section 2
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Work and Kinetic Energy
KE is the work an object can do if the speed changes.
Wnet is positive if the speed increases.
Work and Energy Section 2
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Classroom Practice Problems
A 6.00 kg cat runs after a mouse at 10.0 m/s. What
is the cat’s kinetic energy?
– Answer: 3.00 x 102 J or 300 J
Suppose the above cat accelerated to a speed of
12.0 m/s while chasing the mouse. How much
work was done on the cat to produce this change
in speed?
– Answer: 1.32 x 102 J or 132 J
Work and Energy Section 2
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Potential Energy
Energy associated with an object’s potential to
move due to an interaction with its environment
– A book held above the desk
– An arrow ready to be released from the bow
Some types of PE are listed below.
– Gravitational
– Elastic
– Electromagnetic
Work and Energy Section 2
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Gravitational Potential Energy
What are the SI units?
– kg•m2/s2 or N•m or J
The height (h) depends on the “zero level” chosen where PEg = 0.
Work and Energy Section 2
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Elastic Potential Energy
The energy available for use in deformed elastic objects
– Rubber bands, springs in trampolines, pole-vault poles, muscles
For springs, the distance compressed or stretched = ∆x
Work and Energy Section 2
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Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Spring Constant(k)
Work and Energy Section 2
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Elastic Potential Energy
The spring constant (k) depends on the stiffness of the spring.
– Stiffer springs have higher k values.
– Measured in N/m
• Force in newtons needed to stretch a spring 1.0 meters
What are the SI Units for PEelastic?
Work and Energy Section 2
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Classroom Practice Problems
When a 2.00 kg mass is attached to a vertical
spring, the spring is stretched 10.0 cm such that
the mass is 50.0 cm above the table.
– What is the gravitational potential energy associated with the mass relative to the table?
• Answer: 9.81 J
– What is the spring’s elastic potential energy if the spring constant is 400.0 N/m?
• Answer: 2.00 J
Work and Energy Section 2
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Now what do you think?
What is kinetic energy? – What factors affect the kinetic energy of an object and
in what way?
– How are work and kinetic energy related?
What is potential energy?– What factors affect the gravitational potential energy of
an object and in what way?
– What factors affect the elastic potential energy of an object and in what way?
Work and Energy Section 3
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The student is expected to:TEKS
6C calculate the mechanical energy of,
power generated within, impulse applied to, and momentum of a physical system6D demonstrate and apply the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum in one dimension
Work and Energy Section 3
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What do you think?
Imagine two students standing side by side at the
top of a water slide. One steps off of the
platform, falling directly into the water below.
The other student goes down the slide.
Assuming the slide is frictionless, which student
strikes the water with a greater speed?
– Explain your reasoning.
Would your answer change if the slide were not
frictionless? If so, how?
Work and Energy Section 3
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What do you think?
What is meant when scientists say a quantity is
conserved?
Describe examples of quantities that are
conserved.
– Are they always conserved? If not, why?
Work and Energy Section 3
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Mechanical Energy (ME)
ME = KE + PEg + PEelastic– Does not include the many other types of energy,
such as thermal energy, chemical potential energy, and others
ME is not a new form of energy.
– Just a combination of KE and PE
Work and Energy Section 3
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Classroom Practice Problems
Suppose a 1.00 kg book is dropped from a height of
2.00 m. Assume no air resistance.
– Calculate the PE and the KE at the instant the book is released.
• Answer: PE = 19.6 J, KE = 0 J
– Calculate the KE and PE when the book has fallen 1.0 m. (Hint: you will need an equation from Chapter 2.)
• Answer: PE = 9.81 J, KE = 9.81 J
– Calculate the PE and the KE just as the book reaches the floor.
• Answer: PE = 0 J, KE = 19.6 J
Work and Energy Section 3
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Table of Values for the Falling Book
h (m) PE(J) KE(J) ME(J)
0 19.6 0 19.6
0.5 14.7 4.9 19.6
1.0 9.8 9.8 19.6
1.5 4.9 14.7 19.6
2.0 0 19.6 19.6
Work and Energy Section 3
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Conservation of Mechanical Energy
The sum of KE and PE remains constant.
One type of energy changes into another type.
– For the falling book, the PE of the book changed into KE as it fell.
– As a ball rolls up a hill, KE is changed into PE.
Work and Energy Section 3
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Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Work and Energy Section 3
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Conservation of Energy
Acceleration does not have to be constant.
ME is not conserved if friction is present.– If friction is negligible, conservation of ME is
reasonably accurate.• A pendulum as it swings back and forth a few times
Consider a child going down a slide with friction.– What happens to the ME as he slides down?
• Answer: It is not conserved but, instead, becomes less and less.
– What happens to the “lost” energy?• Answer: It is converted into nonmechanical energy (thermal
energy).
Work and Energy Section 3
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Classroom Practice Problems
A small 10.0 g ball is held to a slingshot that is stretched 6.0 cm. The spring constant is 2.0 × 102 N/m.– What is the elastic potential energy of the slingshot
before release?
– What is the kinetic energy of the ball right after the slingshot is released?
– What is the ball’s speed at the instant it leaves the slingshot?
– How high does the ball rise if it is shot directly upward?
Work and Energy Section 3
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Now what do you think?
Imagine two students standing side by side at the
top of a water slide. One steps off of the
platform, falling directly into the water below.
The other student goes down the slide.
Assuming the slide is frictionless, which student
strikes the water with a greater speed?
– Explain your reasoning.
Would your answer change if the slide were not
frictionless? If so, how?
Work and Energy Section 3
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Now what do you think?
What is meant when scientists say a quantity is
“conserved”?
Describe examples of quantities that are
conserved.
– Are they always conserved? If not, why?
Work and Energy Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
The student is expected to:TEKS
6C calculate the mechanical energy of,
power generated within, impulse applied to, and momentum of a physical system
Work and Energy Section 4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
What do you think?
• Two cars are identical with one exception. One
of the cars has a more powerful engine. How
does having more power make the car behave
differently?
– What does power mean?
– What units are used to measure power?
Work and Energy Section 4
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Power
• The rate of energy transfer
– Energy used or work done per second
Work and Energy Section 4
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Power
• SI units for power are J/s.
– Called watts (W)
– Equivalent to kg•m2/s3
• Horsepower (hp) is a unit used in the Avoirdupois system.
– 1.00 hp = 746 W
Section 4Work and Energy
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Watts
• These bulbs all consume different amounts of power.
• A 100 watt bulb consumes 100 joules of energy every second.
Work and Energy Section 4
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Classroom Practice Problems
• Two horses pull a cart. Each exerts a force of
250.0 N at a speed of 2.0 m/s for 10.0 min.
– Calculate the power delivered by the horses.
– How much work is done by the two horses?
• Answers: 1.0 x 103 W and 6.0 x 105 J
Work and Energy Section 4
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Now what do you think?
• Two cars are identical with one exception. One
of the cars has a more powerful engine. How
does having more power make the car behave
differently?
– What does power mean?
– What units are used to measure power?