WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Report of
WINTER PROJECT done By
STUDENTS -
Sagar Dahiya, Sumit Kumar,
Pranit Malik and Diwakar Parasher
Under the guidance of
Dr. Mukesh kumar
November –December, 2013
Swami Shraddhanand College,
University of Delhi,
Alipur, Delhi 110036
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi
Alipur, Delhi-110036
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this following winter project report -
Project No Project Title Student Investigator
1 Vehicle Heat Trapping Sagar Dahiya
2 Invisibility of Visible Light Sumit Kumar
3 Science of solid waste Pranit Malik
4 A NEW WAY OF ENERGY HARVESTING :
PIEZOELECTRICITY
Diwakar Paraskar
are the bonafide record of work done by undergraduate students under
the supervision of Dr. Mukesh Kumar , Faculty Physics department,
Swami Shraddhanand College, from November, 2013 to December,
2013.
Dr. Mukesh Kumar
Supervisor Winter Projects
Dr. S.K. Kundra
Principal Swami Shraddhanand College
PLACE : Delhi
DATE : December, 2013
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Winter Project 1 :
Vehicle Heat Trapping
Sagar Dahiya
B.Sc.(Hons) Physics 2nd year
Objective : To study the possible method of vehicle’s heat caputuring
Introduction:
Today technology is developing its new faces day by day. Human have developed such a
fast technology that we can do our huge work in just few minutes and much more
technology is remaining to be developed. But in this developing world and our needs in
useless things we have forgot about the environment pollution. Global warming has
become a huge problem for all of us, today we see many stylish and new types of
vehicles on road and their population in increasing day by day. These vehicles demand
has increased in the same way as an elixir for life. Have we thought not only about the
pollution caused by them but also about the heat loss from them is a measure cause of
global warming. When vehicles ruin on road then not only from their exhaust but also
from their engine and friction huge
amount of heat is lost in environment.
During the motion of vehicles their
engine gets heat up to 500-700 degree
Celsius. This all heat gets totally waste
in environment and its consequences it
support global warming. The following
graph tells us about the heat lost by
vehicles in their motion process:-
This graph tells us that When car used
its fuel for running then about 40% of energy lost in waste heat of exhaust, 30% waste
in coolant, 5% energy waste in friction and remaining 25% energy used in vehicle
operation. We will discuss about coolant later. If we will be able to capture this all waste
heat then we can save our environment as well our fuel too. Let we discuss about the
benefits of capturing this heat.
Benefits of capturing vehicles heat:
Due to increasing demands of vehicles fuel demands has also increased. In last couple of
years fuel demand has increased up to 30% and environment pollution has increased up
to 40%. But people are not bothering about this problem. They are only concerned
about their own wasteful need and nobody is aware about this social problem. I context
40%
30%
25%
5%
exhaust coolant vechile operation friction
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
to this increasing demands of vehicles ,it seems that there will be no more fuel for future
generation and also environment will be dwelled in its harsh conditions. Hence it
become a major problem for scientists how to minimize this use of fuel and save
environment to get polluted.
This can be done by various ways. We can be done this by capturing car’s waste
heat and used it in form of electricity. From the above graph we know that most of the
heat from vehicles get waste through their exhaust, if we some how capture this heat
and use this heat in generation of electricity then we can save environment degradation
in large amount. Not only environment but we can save large amount of fuel to be get
waste and this generated electricity can be used in vehicle’s A.C., radio, mobile charging
system and in many other applications. In this way we can save fuel, save environment
and even more we can increase vehicles efficiency. By this saving process vehicle can be
more efficient and can run better for many years.
Methods of minimizing vehicles heat:
Today we are using coolant in our vehicles to protect our vehicles from over heating.
A coolant is a fluid which flows through or around a device to prevent it’s overheating,
transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that use or dissipate it. An
ideal coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, and
chemically inert, neither causing nor promoting corrosion of the cooling system. Some
applications also require the coolant to be an electrical insulator. The most common
coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and low cost makes it a suitable heat-transfer
medium. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreeze.
Antifreeze is a chemical additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based
liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold
environments and also achieves boiling-point elevation ("anti-boil") to allow higher
coolant temperature. Because water has good properties as a coolant, antifreeze is used
in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such
as HVAC chillers and solar water heaters.
To increase the efficiency of vehicles and less usage of fuel now turbo cars has
developed. In these cars a turbo is attached to exhaust pipe and is rotated by the
exhaust pressure. Due to rotation of turbine electricity is developed which supplies to
engine. It makes engine more efficient than a naturally aspirated engine because the
turbine forces more air, and proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber
than atmospheric pressure alone. Turbo are commonly used on truck, car, train, aircraft,
and construction equipment engines. Turbo are popularly used with Otto
cycle and Diesel cycle internal combustion engines. They have also been found useful in
automotive fuel cells.
Another method called Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) has also come in approach but
it has not come in practical use. It can be very fine method to convert exhaust heat into
electricity. Let’s discuss about it in brief.
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Thermoelectric Generator (TEG):
Thermoelectric generators mainly work on the principle of Seebeck effect. The Seebeck
effect is the conversion of temperature differences directly into electricity. This effect
was first discovered by Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821, who found that a voltage
existed between
two ends of a
metal bar when a
temperature
gradient existed
in the bar. Based
on the Seebeck
effect, the TEG
system takes the
advantages of no moving parts, silent operation and very reliable. For automobiles,
including both gasoline vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, the waste exhaust heat can
be recovered directly to electrical energy for battery charging, thereby increasing the
overall vehicle fuel efficiency. Hence we can save fuel and less usage of fuel will means
less pollution. This device can play a big role in saving our environment. The fig.
depicts a single TEG couple in which the n-type and p-type semiconductor materials are
configured thermally in parallel
and electrically in series. As the
heat moves from hot sides to
cold sides, the accumulation of
charge carriers in
semiconductors generates an
electrical potential between the
ends of this TEG couple.
Typically, in a practical TEG
device, about 120 such TEG
couples are connected in series
to bring the voltage up to a
useful level. The presented
model helps to understand the
characteristics of TEG, and the effects of engine speed and coolant temperature of
radiator on the TE module.
An experimental TEG system is shown in figure in which six TEG devices are connected
in series, and then sandwiched tightly between a copper radiator and a copper plate.
The water-cooled copper radiator serves as the cold sides of all TEG devices, while the
copper plate works as the hot sides of all the devices. A single Bi–Te based TEG device
is used for exemplification. Hence this method can be very useful in saving our
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
environment from getting polluted as well as if this experiment will come in approach
then we can save large amount of fuel to get waste.
Many experiments have been done to apply TEGs on an automobile,
however, only a few works simulated the behaviors of TEG and TE module. The
experimental results showed the power output from TEGs increased with engine speed,
and the whole system can produce up to 330W power. Now scientists are tried to used
this experiment in practically use. As this experiment come in practically use then we
can save large amount of fuel and environment degradation will be controlled.
Conclusion:
Different kinds of models were used and compared to simulate thermoelectric
phenomena in a thermoelectric leg. No significant difference between the standard and
the improved simplified models appears. It is necessary that improve this model as
earliest as possible and use this in vehicles to save our environment and fossil fuels.
References:
[1]. Birkholz U, Grob E, Stohrer U, Voss K. Conversion of waste exhaust heat in automobiles using FeSi2
thermo elements. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion,
Arlington, USA; 1988. pp. 124–128.
[2] Bass JC, Campana RJ, Elsner NB, Thermoelectric generator for diesel engines. Proceedings of the 1990
Coatings for Advanced Heat Engines Workshop, U.S.,; 1990.
[3] Bass JC, Campana RJ, Elsner NB. Thermoelectric generator for diesel trucks. Proceedings of the 10th
International Conference on Thermoelectric, Cardiff, Wales; 1991.
[4] Bass JC, Elsner NB, Leavitt A. Performance of the 1 KW thermoelectric Generators for diesel engines.
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Thermoelectric, New York; 1995.
[5] Bass JC. Thermoelectric generator for motor vehicle. U.S. Patent US5625245, April 29; 1997.
[6] Bass JC, Els ner NB, Leavitt FA. Method for fabricating a thermoelectric module With gapless eggcrate.
U.S. Patent US 5856210, January 5; 1999.
[7] Kobayashi M, Ikoma K, Furuya K, Shinohara K, Takao H, Miyoshi M, Imanishi Y, Watanabe T.
Thermoelectric generation and related properties of conventional type module based on Si–Ge alloys.
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of Thermoelectric; 1998.
[8] Ikoma K, Munkiyo M, Furuya K, Kobayashi M, Komatsu H, Shinohara K. Thermoelectric generator for
gasoline engine using Bi2Te3 modules. J Japan
Inst Met 1999; 63(11):1475–8.
[9]Thacher E, Helen brook B, Karri M, and Richter C. Testing of an automobile exhaust thermoelectric
generator in a light truck. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part
D J Auto mob Eng 2007; 221(1):95–107.
[10] Matsubara K. The performance of a segmented thermoelectric converter using Yb-based filled
skutterudites and Bi2Te3-based materials.
[11] MRS 2001 Fall Proceedings, Symposium G, vol. 691; 2001, G9.1 [16] Matsubara K. Development of a
high efficient thermoelectric stack for a waste exhaust heat recovery. Proceedings of ICT’02, 21st
International Conference on thermoelectric; 2002, pp. 418–423.
[12] Champier D, Bedecarrats JP, Rivaletto M, Strub F. Thermoelectric power generation from biomass
cook stoves. Energy, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.energy. 2009.07.015
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Winter Project 2 :
Invisibility of Visible Light
Sumit kumar
B.Sc. Physical Science
Project : To study the possible method of Invisibility of visible light
Basic Principal :
1) Invisibility is a state of an object that cannot be seen .
2) Object can be seen by light in the visible spectrum from a source reflecting off their
surfaces and hitting the viewer’s eye.
3) The most natural form of invisibility is an object that neither reflects nor absorbs light
and known as transparency .
A cloak of invisibility is a theme that has occurred in fiction and is a device which is under
some scientific inquiry.
Possible Method :
1. Lateral Shift : This phenomenon of bending the light
around the object by using the concept of lateral shift
produced by the refractive material used to
manufacture the cloaking device. The lateral shift
produced by the refractive material allows the light
to deviate from its original path thereby creating a
region void of light rays. This behavior is obtained
practically by designing a structure which
allows the incident light to refract from it.
The lateral shift produced by the incident
light creates a small region in which an object
is invisible as the incident light does not enter in this
region. The lateral shift produced by the cloaking device
can be varied by varying the refractive index of the material used
hence the volume of this region depends on the lateral shift produced by the
cloaking device. The cloaking device is made using an acrylic sheet which has a
refractive index of 1.49.
The upper and lower parts of the cloak are kept at 45 degrees with respect to the
horizontal so that the light rays in the upper half of the cloak are bent towards
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
the roof of the cloak and
the light rays in the
bottom half of the cloak
are bent towards the
bottom of the cloak
thereby generating an
area inside the cloak void
of light rays i.e. where the
flow of light rays is
minimum from the
observers point of view.
The lateral shift = tsin(i-r)sec(r)
Where ‘t’ is the thickness of sheet and ‘i’ is the incident angle and ‘r’ is the
reflecting angle. It is found that an object of height approximately equal to 1.4
centimeters is made invisible by the
apparatus.
2. Heat, unlike light, is governed by diffusion, so it gradually spreads out in all directions and washes out any fine details. But it can still be used to image a hidden feature, such as a defect buried in a material, which can show up as a cold spot on the top surface as heat flows upward from below. The signature is particularly pronounced following a sudden temperature change.
Researchers made a thin metal sheet so that heat flowing along the sheet would be diverted around an object or through it, or even flow around behind it and come back toward the heat source. But it does pass for temperature change .It works on a fixed temperature only .
I n v i s i b i l i t y c l o a k f o r h e a t
They cut grooves and holes in copper sheet and filled them with a rubbery thermal
insulater . The structure consisted of a 5- centimeter diameter copper disk _ cloaked
device _ surrounded by concentric copper rings. Each ring was connected to its
neighbors by a few thin spokes of copper. This structure allows heat to flow easily
around the rings but much more slowly in the radial direction. Over large distances, the
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
patterned sheet acts as a “metamaterial” with average properties that are different from
pure copper and that vary in a prescribed way with position. Then submerged one side
of their structure in hot water and the other side in room-temperature water. They used
an infrared camera to make a temperature “movie” of the heat flowing across the
structure and confirmed their theoretical prediction: the time-varying temperature
distribution away from the disk was precisely what would be expected for an unaltered
copper sheet.
The team also showed that the complex ring structure was important, since simply
insulating the disk from the rest of the sheet resulted in a quite different temperature
profile.
Result
This work of invisibility is still going on .
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Winter Project 3 :
Science of solid waste
Pranit Malik
B.Sc.(Hons) Physics 2nd year
Aim:
The project work on topic ‘Taming waste through laws of thermodynamics’ is done
purposely in order to sustain green places in the city as well as healthy conditions for its
citizens. The project was aimed at discovering the innovative ideas to limit and utilize the
solid waste through various scientific methods considering the minimum utilization of non
renewable resources and bringing out the maximum possible output . Wherever men live,
the waste follows. Since he is responsible for waste, it is his pious duty to manage waste in
scientific way. A contaminated environment places people at obvious risk of exposure to
pathogens/harmful organisms that lead to infection and diseases.
Introduction:
Atmospheric pollution is a serious problem nowadays. It is connected with human activity in
the field of industry, energy and transport. We have given some ideas in order to limit the
pollution in the present work. This problem appears because of the lack of preoccupation
and noticeable devaluation of human worth in relation to the living matter and its
continuous destruction .Solid waste was already a problem long before water and air
pollution issues attracted public attention. Historically the problem associated with solid
waste can be dated back to prehistoric days. Due to the invention of new products,
technologies and services the quantity and quality of the waste have changed over the
years. Waste characteristics not only depend on income, culture and geography but also on
a society's economy and, situations like disasters that affect that economy. The
management of different waste requires different kind of procedures to handle as the
different toxic compounds that might be present in one may not be present in the other.
But, we aim in utilizing all natural ways of handling the waste in a nature or eco friendly
manner.
Mother Nature recycles all types of waste materials. We are producing more waste
materials then nature is capable of recycling and thus it results into pollution.
Observations: When an organism interact with environment , it modify the environment through
imperfectly understood mechanisms . Fortunately , physicists based on cause and
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
effect are trained to interpret natural phenomena . The act of physics lies in choosing
robust approximations which maintain the principle of conservation for mass ,
momentum and energy etc. Here I shall concentrate on energy , as energy is
necessary requirement for every universal phenomena whether creation or
destruction . It will attempt to help you understand the environment in way that will
enable you not only to deal professionally with environment but also to appreciate
the associated societal implications . The importance of the relationship between
energy and the development of any kind of civilization can be understand from the
fact that :
Energy and matter essential elements for every organism. The organism captures matter
and energy from its environment and transfers them into structures and processes
that make life possible . Therefore to understand how environment function , it is
importance first to know something of how energy and matter behave - both in the
universe and in living things .
The energy demand of today’s society has been growing day by day either due to
rise in population or increasing per capita energy consumption as a result of ever
rising life standards .The law of conservation of energy is based on the observation
that every time energy changes form or its transform from one form to another .
In such change the quantity of energy is conserved , its quality is not . By quality ,
here we means the potential of energy to produce maximum possible work that
can be obtained from a given source of energy in a given environment .
Analytical work:
The basic approach of delving on the project was to limit or utilize the waste by various
methods of science as so far if we concern physics then many thermodynamic entities are
characterized by energy flows both within the body and between the body and its
environment. The rate of these energy transfers and the mechanism of thermo regulation
are governed by the various thermo dynamical laws and concepts of physics hence they
can play a significant role in reducing waste in environment and same applies to the other
branches of science. However there is no machine which produced complete useful output
always accommodated with some unwanted waste which contributes to environment
degradation. Hence it is worthless to discuss totally pollution free environment. It
may mean that we can ‘t control environment degradation , what we can do is
that we can minimize it to such an extent that it remains the limit of tolerance
and does not harm us . . This article discusses the relations between environmental
impact and renewable energy in general, and the limitation put by the laws of
thermodynamic in particular. The thermodynamic itself does not offer any solution but
the integration of thermodynamics into renewable energy hinges on a limits of
environmental impacts.
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Conclusion:
It is concluded that the potential usefulness of renewable energy results in substantial solution of environmental problems. One of the thermodynamic entity “entropy” is focused being a waste which becomes unavailable in almost every process and keeps on increasing. There is another index known as "free energy” which simultaneously incorporates both the energy and entropy of the system. Thermodynamically free energy refers to the amount of work that can be extracted from a system. Since the free energy of a fresh product is always more than their degradation products so it turns out to be a convenient way to characterize all kinds of waste so called pollutants . Hence unavailable energy keeps on increasing so we can say entropy keeps on increasing. Since something that is not available to do work is gone waste so we can say that unavailable energy is waste and hence entropy is a waste.
The renewable energy seems to be the Energy for our next … generation and provide energy security for us . The use of renewable energy The thermodynamic itself does not offer no solution but the integration of thermodynamics into renewable energy hinges on a limits of environmental impacts . It is concluded that the potential usefulness of renewable energy results in substantial solution of environmental problems. Various energy resources compete for our energy requirement , so suitable choice of energy resource can play a major role in minimizing environment degradation because of development .
References:
1. M. N. Saha and B. N. Srivastava, A treatise on heat, The Indian Press, 3rd edition.
1950
2. “Look at Energy for Sustainable Development in 21st century “Mukesh Kumar &
G.K. Parashar, Peace and Development Digest, Feb-April, 2002, 41-46.
3. Importance of Renewable source of energy , ICEDCO proceeding , 2005,1
4. Rosen, M. A., and I. Dincer. , On energy and climate change impact. Int. J. Energy
Res.21:643—654, 1997.
5. Wepfer, W. J., and R. A. Gaggioli. , Thermodynamics: Second law analysis, ACS
Symp. Ser. 122, Washington, DC, 1980, pp. 77—92.
6. Ibrahim Dincer, Thermodynamics, Exergy and climate change Impact , Energy
Sources, 22:723—732, 2000
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Winter Project 4 :
A NEW WAY OF ENERGY HARVESTING : PIEZOELECTRICITY
Diwakar Paraskar
B.Sc.(Hons) Physics 1st year
Aim: To find a new way of energy harvesting using piezoelectricity .
Introduction:
Energy harvesting has become more and more important in our life. It refers to the practice of acquiring energy from the environment which would be otherwise wasted and converting it into usable electric energy. Energy has always been a most important thing for the development of economy and social growth in country. There are two long-term energy challenges are being faced. One of them is undertaking climate change by mitigating Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions and the other one is ensuring a secure clean and affordable energy. The recent fluctuations on the price of petroleum have affected worldwide economics which has forced an increased in the price of other items including food. This shows that we are too dependent to petroleum as a source of electrical power. Besides, petroleum as a source of electrical energy has contributed to severe air pollution problem. Therefore, an alternative method to produce electricity has to be put in place Among other solutions which can be explored are nuclear and hydroelectric power generators. However, these options require huge financial capability to run and to maintain. Besides, not many countries are “allowed” to use nuclear power generator due to world political scenario. Thus, photovoltaic cells and wind turbines have been the popular choices and these renewable energy sources are gaining more attention. However, they are expensive and not affordable to many countries to acquire them. As a consequence, other possible energy sources must again be explored. Energy can also harvested from ambient environment such as mechanical, thermal, light, electromagnetic and also human body to replace traditional sources.
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
Generally, the first energy harvesting procedure is capturing the energy (resources), storing of energy using batteries or other kind of system, and finally the energy will supply power to nearby grid or system as shown in Figure There are various forms of recycling of energy which have existed so far like:- In India, we are fully dependent on the traditional sources of energy. Fig indicates some of the primary energy sources in India . Energy Harvesting for Road Application We introduces a new concept of energy recycling using the vibrations produced by the vehicle in the road and a transducer known as piezoelectric transducer . This method is best utilized for efficient recycling of energy if it is put to proper use. Vehicles such as cars, bus, trucks are the major user on the road. When every vehicle is moving, it will release energy in the form of force or vibration direct to the road surface. An energy harvesting system will capture these energies and convert it into an electrical energy. Piezoelectric Generator for Road Application Discovered by J and P Curie in 1880, this is the method of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The piezoelectric effect exists in two domains, the first is the direct piezoelectric effect that describes the material’s ability to transform mechanical strain into electrical charge, the second form is the converse effect, which is the ability to convert an applied electrical potential into mechanical strain energy.
fig. (a) piezoelectric material with net dipole moment in upward direction (b)&(c) direct piezoelectric effect, any compression or tension generates an emf in the closed circuit (d)&(e) inverse piezoelectric effect, on applying voltage deformation in piezoelectric element occurs How to use energy from roads The design proposes the placement of piezoelectric sensors beneath the road surface which would produce electricity from the vibrations caused by the movement of vehicles on the
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
road. The technology works in this way: When a car or truck passes over pavement, the pavement vibrates slightly. By placing relatively inexpensive piezoelectric sensors underneath a road, the vibrations produced by vehicles can be converted into electricity.
Mathematic Form Of Energy Produced It consists of one or more PZ elements between two masses. This is called a Piezo stack. Consider a vehicle, of mass m, passes over the piezoelectric element, then there will be a slightly decrease in the potential energy of the vehicle due to the deformation in the road. this changed potential energy is transferred into the piezo stack. Here mg is the deforming factor and it will decide how much the stack will compress and g = force due to earth's gravitational field
Let ∆l is the deformation produced in the piezo stack. Then change in potential energy of the vehicle is given by mg∆l. Let us consider the ideal case when the whole energy lost by the vehicle is transferred to the piezo stack, and it converts all the energy into the electrical energy. Here ∆l depends on two factors
- elastic properties of the piezoelectric element
WINTER PROJECT WORK 2012- 2014
- mass, m, of the body consider the piezo stack having thickness h and area of cross section A, then Young's modulus is defined by
therefore
Thus energy transferred to the stack = m.g.∆l
E =
This is the energy transferred by the moving body to the piezo stack. Limitations. 1. But the energy have to transfer through the material of which the floor(road) is made up of. In this case there will always be structural damping. 2. Now consider the case of appearance of charge. Let n number of electrons transfer because of applied force f (or m.g). For a particular value of force the charge generated will be the same. It will depend on the structure of the crystal of which piezoelectric element is made up of. References :
[1] Kshitiz Upadhyay and Anup Shanker, Indian Journal of Applied Engineering and
Technology Vol-2(1), 2012
[2] Kamarul Faiz bin Mihaj, Dr. Kok Boon Ching, Dalam Pendidikan Dan Latihan Teknikal Dan
Vokasional (CiE-TVET 2013)
[3] Arjun A.M., Ajay Sampath, Sandhya Thiyagarajan, and Arvind V, International Journal of
Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 2, No. 6, December 2011
Recommended