W h i t e P a P e r
Why Runtime GoveRnance is cRitical FoR soa
August 2007
Copyright ©2007. Progress Software Corporation. All rights reserved.
table oF contents
> 1.0ExecutiveSummary 1
> 2.0RuntimeGovernance—WhatIsIt? 1
> 3.0RuntimeGovernanceToday 3
> 4.0WhatIsDiscovery? 4
> 5.0ServiceProviderDiscovery 6
> 6.0ServiceConsumerDiscovery 6
> 7.0RegistryIntegration 8
> 8.0FlowMapping 9
> 9.0RogueServiceElimination 11
> 10.0Summary 13
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1.0 executive summaRy
Mostarchitectsofaservice-orientedarchitecture(SOA)understandthenecessityofgovernanceduringdesignanddevelopmenttocontrolthewayservicesarebuiltandusedandpromotetheirreuse.ThereisalsoaneedforSOAgovernanceintheruntimeenvironment.Thispaperexplainswhy.Itexamines:
> Whatruntimegovernanceis
> Thestagesofruntimegovernance
> Fundamentalruntimegovernancefunctions—discovery,registryintegration,androgueserviceelimination—andhowProgress®Actional®productsprovidethem
> AdevelopercaseshowingthevalueofProgressActionalruntimegovernancecapabilities
2.0 Runtime GoveRnance – What is it?
Interoperabilityandservicereuseareamongthemajorpromisesofservice-orientedarchitecture(SOA).Yetinteroperabilityandreusecanonlybefullyrealizedwheneveryoneisworkingonthesamepage.Hence,notsurprisingly,SOAhasbeenakeydriverintheincreasingemphasison,andinterestin,governanceinrecentyears.Leadingthechargeforgovernancehavebeenenterprisearchitects,whoknowquitewellthatforSOAsystemstodelivervalue,theremustbecontrolinareasrangingfromservicedesignanddeploymentprocesses,togranularitemssuchasschemasandWSDLcreation.
Formerly,giventheearlystageofSOAtechnologyandpractices,itmadesensethatorganizationsimplementingsuchsystemsfocusedprimarilyontheseareas,especiallysincemostcompanieswerestillinthedevelopmentanddesignphase.Today,however,withSOAservicesnowinproductionwithinmanyorganizations,systemarchitectsarerealizingthatthemostcriticalareaforcontrolandgovernanceisnowruntime.DatapointafterdatapointhasdemonstratedthatmanySOAimplementationsarejustnotworkinginproductionasdesignedorexpected.Problemsrangefromserviceinterruptionstoentirebusinessprocessesfailingandsecurityandcompliancerisksthatgeneratecostlydelaysandlengthytriagecycles.Astheseproblemscontinuetopileup,runtimegovernanceis,notsurprisingly,nowtakingcenterstageforcompanieslaunchingandutilizingSOAs.
The Four Stages
Runtimegovernancecanbedividedintofourprimaryareas:process,measurement,enforcement,andfeedback.Processcomesfirstbecauseifitiscompromised,circumvented,ornotadheredto,therecanbenoeffectivecontrol.
“SOA is designed for a
world…where every project
team is empowered to
immediately and directly
solve its problems using
whatever tools are
appropriate, but with
controls, so that even though
the project teams think
they’re directly connecting
to other applications, the
infrastructure under the
covers is taking care of
quality of service, security,
and reliability—automatically
and seamlessly.”
Dan FoodyVice President Actional ProductsProgress Software
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Process
WhileagreatdealofprocessisemployedintheSOApre-productionside,activegovernancekicksinwhenanapplicationismigratedfromdevelopmentandintoproduction.Itisatthispointthatruntimegovernancecandetectandreportifservicesorconsumersinproductionareadheringtogovernanceguidelines.Experienceindicatesthatviolationscanresultnotonlyfrom“rogue”servicecomponentsthathavesomehowbypassedthedevelopmentgovernanceprocess,butalsofromservicesthathavegonethroughtheproperreleaseprocessaccordingtotheestablishedgovernanceguidelines,yetsomehowresultinviolationswheninproduction.
measurement
Whilesignificantgovernanceworkandplanningoccurindesignanddevelopment,whatiscriticaltogovernanceiswhatoccursintheruntimeenvironmentand,moretothepoint,knowingwhatisgoingonacrossyourSOAduringruntime.Forexample:
> Areallmyservicesincompliancenow?
> Iscustomerdataencrypted?
> Doestheservicehavetherightsecuritypoliciesinplace?
> Arethebusinessrulesbeingenforced?
enforcement
End-to-endvisibilityandcontroloverbusinessprocessesarecriticaltoenforcingbusinessandITrules,reportingonthem,andhavingtheabilitytodosomethingabouttheminrealtime.Specifically,whengovernanceguidelinesareenforced,aruntimesystemcandynamicallyreacttobusinessopportunitiesorITissuestodirectlyimpactthebottomline.
Feedback
Systematicallytrackinggovernanceinfractionsandtracingtheircausesfacilitatealifecycleapproachinwhichorganizationsareabletoquicklyfixandaddressbreachesupstream.RuntimegovernanceplaysacrucialroleasthelastlineofdefenseandisdesignedtoprotectthecompanyandtheITsystem.Bycarefullycoordinatingdevelopmentgovernance(i.e.,theUDDIregistry)andruntimegovernance,organizationscanbuildaworld-classgovernanceinitiativewitheachpartydoingitspartatthepropertime.
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3.0 Runtime GoveRnance today
ProgressSoftwareCorporationisaleaderintheareaofruntimegovernanceasaresultofourexperiencewithcustomerdeploymentsandouruniquetechnologycapabilities.Withtheabilitytoautomaticallydiscoverservicesandconsumersinproductionenvironments,ProgressActionalsoftwaremakesitpossiblefororganizationsrunningservice-orientedarchitecturestoimmediatelyandautomaticallyapplygovernancepolicies.ThiscapabilityrepresentsafundamentalshiftforwardinSOAgovernance,nottomentionasignificantadvancementinreducingtherisktraditionallyassociatedwithSOAimplementations.Whilesystemarchitectsinthepasthadnochoicebuttopursueastrategyof“theservicesthatwe’vetestedcompliancewithare…,”theynowcanconfidentlystatethat“thereisnoserviceinproductionthatdoesnotmeetthecompliancerequirementsofourgovernancepolicy.”
MakingthisallpossibleareProgressActionalSOAandWebservicesmanagementproducts,whicharedeliveringruntimeSOAgovernanceformanyoftheworld’smostcomplexapplicationenvironments.Actional’sinnovativetechnologyappliesdirectlytoanybasicgovernancemodel,including:
> Serviceproviderdiscovery
> Serviceconsumerdiscovery
> Out-of-the-boxintegrationwithleadingregistries(suchasHewlett-PackardSystinet)
> Flowmappingandservicedependencytracking(bothupstreamanddownstream)
> Rogueserviceelimination
ItgoeswithoutsayingthataruntimegovernancestrategyforSOAisnotlimitedtoWebservicesandHTTPrunningonJ2EEand.NETapplicationservers,butalsoincludesvariousotherprotocolsandplatformsprevalentinrealworldSOAssuchasRMI,EJB,JDBC,etc.
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4.0 What is discoveRy?
Liketheword“governance”itself,theword“discovery”canbedefinedanumberofwaysand,typically,usedunderavarietyofsituations.Somedevelopersneedaservice,sotheysearch(todiscover)servicesthatareavailable.Whentheyfindoneintheregistry,theythencanusedynamicbindingto“discover”theend-point(location)oftheserviceatruntime.Thinkofthisas“googling”foraservice.Sofar,sogood.Butmovingforward,thingsgetcomplicatedbecausethereisnowaytodiscoveranyofthefollowing:
1. Whatservicesareinproduction?Justbecauseaservicedoesnotappearintheregistrydoesn’tmeanitisn’tinuse.
2. Whatservicesarebeingused?Administratorsmightseeloadonasystemoraninterface,butwithoutActionalthereisnowaytotellwheremessagesaregoing.
3. Whoaretheconsumersofaservice?Securitycontrolsandprotectsaccess,butyoustillhavenowayofknowingwhichconsumersareusingyourservicewithouttheexpenseofauditingeverytransaction/messageandgreppinglog-files(subjecttoerrorsandbadperformance).
WithActional,thisscenariochangescompletelybecauseActionalallowsfortrueruntimediscoveryofbothserviceprovidersandserviceconsumers.Actionalbringsend-to-endvisibilityintowhattoday’scomplexcompositeapplicationsareactuallydoingandmapsouteachandeverydependency.Yet,withActional,thistypeofdiscoverydoesnotrequiremanualconfigurationandcorrelation,butconstantlyupdatesbyobservingtheflowofrealmessages.Thepointofautomaticruntimediscovery,afterall,istofindwhatyoudon’tknowisgoingonwithinyourSOA.
Whensearchingforservices,Actionalvisuallyrespondsbyprovidingalistofavailableservicesandothermetadataabouttheservice(e.g.,policies,securityrequirements,businessmetrics,service-levelagreements,etc.).Withitsfamiliaruserinterfaceandicon-basedgraphicrepresentations,Actionalmakesdiscoveryamuchricheranddynamicexperiencethanwithtraditionalregistryproducts.AnActional-discoveredservicenetworkisshowninFigure1below.Additionaldrill-downinformationisjustadouble-clickawayasshowninFigure2.
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Noticetheoperation-leveldetailprovidedinFigure2.OneofthechallengesfacedbyorganizationsastheymanagetheirSOAlifecycle(viaversionsandrevisions)isthattypicalregistryproductsprovideonlyservice-levelvisibility.TheoperationallevelrichnessprovidedbyActionaldramaticallyincreasesusability.
Figure 1: An Actional-”discovered” service network
Figure 2: With Actional, you can drill down to obtain application, path, and message-level information in the SOA. This information is automatically discovered by the software and can be shared with a registry or repository.
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WithActional,informationlearnedthroughthegovernanceprocesscanalsobeeasilysharedwithopenregistryorrepositoryproductsforaconsolidatedapproachtoservicemetadatamanagement.Imagineasearchbeingdoneonaservicereturningactualperformancestatisticsorcurrentservicelevels.Developerswillhavebetterinformation,enablingabetterdecision-makingprocess,increasingSOAreturnsacrosstheboard.Betterinformationalsoaidsinplanningandoperations,primarilyinthecostsavingsassociatedwithreuse.Otherbenefitsincludeimprovedmorale,lowersupportcosts,andincreaseduseoftechnologywithintheorganization.
5.0 seRvice PRovideR discoveRy
ActionalmanagesanSOAviaanumberofagentsorpoints.ItmonitorsSOAoperations,i.e.,theexecutionofSOAprocessesbytheunderlyingITinfrastructure,throughpointsofvisibility.ItdynamicallyadjustsoroptimizesSOAoperationalbehavior,forexample,tomeetspecificSLAs,bypointsofcontrol.Anditenforcessecurityandcompliancepoliciesviapointsofenforcement.Pointsofvisibilityareinstalleddirectlyontheproviderplatform,andcontrolpointsareinstalledcentrally(toserviceanumberofproviders)orlocallyonthesamenodeastheprovider.BothpointsofenforcementandpointsofcontrolaremanagedcentrallybytheActionalserver,thoughpoliciesareenforcedinadistributedmannertogainverybroadscalabilityandunparalleledperformance.
Withoutanyconfiguration(otherthanproductinstallation),servicesareautomaticallydiscovered(bycorrelatinginformationfromthepointsofvisibility),ensuringthatservicesarenotimplementedoutsideofthepurviewofgovernanceprotocolsandprocess.Tobeclear,noa-prioriknowledgeofservices,theirlocation,orimplementationisrequiredinorderfordiscoverytooccur.Andoncediscovered,consumers(upstreamdependenciesontheagentedplatform)andproviders(downstreamdependenciesontheagentedplatform)areautomaticallymappedandtracked,evenwhenthereisnoagentontheupstreamordownstreamhosts.Serviceproviderdiscoveryis,however,justonepieceofthepuzzle.Customerexperience,whichistoooftenoverlookedinSOAmanagementcircles,showsthatservice-consumergovernanceisactuallythemoredifficultproblem.
6.0 seRvice consumeR discoveRy
Putaserviceontothenetwork,andActionalprovidesthecapabilitytotrackserviceusagebyconsumer(withoutanysoftwarerequiredontheconsumersideandwithoutanyconfigurationoftheserviceitself).Sinceapictureisoftenworthathousandwords,let’stakealookatanActionalauto-discoveredserviceflowmap.
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To understand Figure 3 note that:
1. Softwarewasonlyinstalledononemachine:thecoloredmachineinthecenter,whichhappenstobea.NETServer.
2. Thedeveloperofthisapplicationthoughttheremightbeahandfulofconsumers,butdidn’treallyhaveanyidea.HehadsharedtheWSDLwiththreeorfourotherdevelopmentteams.
3. Nosoftwareatallwasinstalledonthegrayhosts,norwasanyconfigurationdonetothedeveloper’sapplication(ortotheWSDLusedbytheconsumers).
4. IfthisdeveloperwereconsumingotherWebservices,thoseserviceproviderswouldshowupjustliketheserviceconsumershavedonehere.
5. IftheWindowsservershownintheabovescreenshot(thecolorednode)wereactuallyanActionalcontrolpoint(orasupportedhardwaredXMLfirewalllikeIBMDataPower)installedinaDMZasanXMLsecurityfirewall,thevisibilityActionaldeliverswouldenablecustomer-specificpolicy/governance/compliance.
Service-consumergovernanceisabigchallengebecauseorganizationshavenowayofknowingwhichconsumersareusingwhichservices,andwhatSLAstheyarereceiving.Inotherwords,organizationsknowwhomtheyhaveallowedtouseaservice,buthowdotheyknowifunauthorizedusersareaccessingaservice?Inthesameway,howcantheyknowifallcriticalbusinessandsecuritypoliciesarebeingappliediftheydon’tknowiftheserviceorconsumerevenexists?TheproblemisthesamewithSLAs:thereisnowaytoknowhowtheservicelevelsthatcustomersareactuallyreceivingcomparetowhatthey’vebeenpromised.PerformingdiscoverywithActionalsolvestheseproblemsbecauseitprovidesawayforITtotrackand“bill”forthoseservicesinuse.
Figure 3: Actional auto-discovered flow map of an application with 30+ service consumers
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Inmanysituations,we’vediscovereddevelopmentapplicationsusingproductionservices(orviceversa).ButActionalgoesfurther,providingvisibilityintoawiderangeofSOAmanagementissues:
1. Iftherearetenconsumersofaservice,howwilltheeleventhimpacttheotherconsumers?
2. Howmuchservicecapacityisavailablefornewconsumerswishingtoaccessmyservice?
3. Aserviceresponsetimeaveragesonesecond(1s).Aremytenserviceconsumerssatisfied?
4. I’vebeendevelopingaservice,andithasmovedtoproduction.Iwanttomovemydevelopmentservertoanewproject.Isanyonestillusingit?
5. I’vecreatedanewservice,butI’mnotsurehowusefulitis.Whointheorganizationisusingitandwhataretheyusingitfor?
6. I’vedevelopedasimpleservice,andit’sbeingusedsomuchthatIhavenomorecapacity.ButIdon’thavebudgettoaddcapacity.HowdoItrackandbillinfrastructureandadditionaldevelopmenttothoseusingtheserviceinaconsistentandfairmanner?
Of course, this can be looked at from the consumer perspective as well:
1. IwouldliketouseserviceX,butI’mnotsurewhatresponsetimeit’sbeendelivering,andresponsetimeiscriticaltome.Iknowwhattheserviceprovidersays,butisthatreallytheperformanceI’llget?
2. I’musingaservicefromanotherpartoftheorganization,whichwantsmetocontributetoitsbudget.Iknowothersareusingtheserviceforfree,sowhyshouldIpay?
3. HowwellhasserviceproviderAdeliveredontheSLAsthatithaspromisedothers?CanItrustitsplanningabilities?
4. GroupGhasaless-than-desirablereliabilityhistory,andIknowitisusingserviceX.HowwillgroupGfailuresaffectmyperformance?
7.0 ReGistRy inteGRation
Aregistry(orrepository)isoftenusedasthecentralindexofserviceartifactsforarchitectural(design-time)governance.ActionalhasafullydocumentedSOAPAPI,withfullsecurityandtieredadministrationsupportforextensibilitytoanyopenregistryproduct.Actionalalsosupportsdeeperintegrationwithotherspecificregistries.Thegeneralarchitectureofregistryintegrationfollows.
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8.0 FloW maPPinG
Therearemanyobviousartifactstosharewitharegistry:forexample,owner,location,security,andpolicyrequirements.Actionalalsouniquelysharesserviceinterrelationship(dependency)informationbasedonitspatent-pendingFlowMapping™technology.Dependencyinformationiscriticalonadailybasisforperformingrootcauseanalysis,forcapacityplanningforupgrades,forversioningservices,andforschedulingmaintenancewindows.Flowmappingcanevenbeusedtotrackbusinessprocesses,andwithsupportforasynchronousmessaging,policiescanbetriggeredwhenthingshappen(events)orwhentheyfailtohappen(non-events).
Developers
Registry
Governance
Browse existing services,deploy new services
and policies.
Share businessservice information
Auto-discoveryAuto-policy
Create & enforceruntime policies
Schemas, descriptions, WSDLs, policies, security,
performance, customer SLAs, metrics, reporting
Define, enforce, and audit design and runtime policies
Architects
Define descriptionsand policies,
guide services
Shared BusinessService Metadata
Actional SOAManagement
Service
RogueServiceClient
Figure 4. Integrating runtime governance with a registry and design-time governance
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Aflowmapisessentiallyanapplicationtopologymapthatindicateswheremessagetrafficisflowingthroughthenetwork.Serviceinterrelationshipsareautomaticallydiscoveredandneverneedtobeconfiguredmanually.Inaddition,noticethegraysystemsinFigure5.TheseneverhadanyActionalsoftwareinstalled,yetActionalcanmanageonenodeawayfromanynodewithanagentinstalled.Finally,eventrafficlinesrepresentinformation.Inthecaseabove,theyshowtherelativetrafficvolume.Forexample,wecanseethatthepathbetweenOrderMgmtandDataCenterGWtologisticsisheavilyused.
Flowmappingisimportantbecauseofthewaypoliciesareapplied.Policiestakeadvantageoftheflowmappingcapabilitiestoknowwhentherearedownstreamproblemsthatrelatetoservice-levelcommitmentsupstream.Forexample,theCSRportal,communicatingtotheenterpriseservicebusviatheCustomerGW,mayhavearesponsetimeSLAofonesecond(1s).AlthoughtheCustomerGWisfunctioningfine,perhapstheLogisticssystemonthebackendisnot.ActionalisawareofthedependencybetweenthetwoandhowtheSLArelatestothemandcangenerateanalerttohelpsignificantlyreducedowntimeandservice-levelviolations.
KeepinmindthattheSLAsarepath-andprocess-dependent.Thinkofaservicebeingusedbytwodifferentconsumers.InFigure5above,CSRPortalandDomesticCustomereachusetheInventoryManagementserviceslightlydifferently.ACSRPortaluser’stransactiongoesthroughtheCustomerGW,thenOrderManagement,andthentoInventoryManagement.Butadomesticcustomer’stransactiontravelsthroughtheCustomerGWandthendirectlytotheInventoryManagementservice.TheaverageresponsivenessoftheInventoryManagementserviceisnotnearlyasimportantasthe
CustomerGW
DomesticCustomer
Logistics
DataCenterGW
InventoryMgmt
1db.writenow.com
WarehouseAPPL
b2b.fedex.com
OrderMgmt
ESB
CSRPortal
Figure 5: A typical service flow map
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responsivenessforeachtypeofuserortheexactpathtraveled,whichinthisexampleisnotthesame.Forthisexactreason,theflowmapandauto-discoveryofthepathanddependenciesareallkeyforgovernanceandpoliciesbasedonuserortransactiontypes.
9.0 RoGue seRvice elimination
Arogueserviceisaserviceputintothenetworkwithoutanygovernancevisibility.ArogueserviceaddssignificantrisktotheviabilityoftheSOAinfrastructure.Forexample:
1. Arogueservicecouldexposesensitivedata,therebyputtingthecompanyatriskfromnon-compliancewithregulationsandlaws.Often,compliancewithregulationssuchasHIPAAandSarbanes-Oxleyandprivacylawsareexplicitlyruntimerequirements.
2. Rogueservicesusecapacitywithoutanyaccountability.
3. Rogueservicesactundertheradarofcorporatecompliancebycircumventingthegovernancesystemandprocess.
4. Rogueservicesdecreasemotivationforcomplyingwiththegovernancepoliciesbecauserogueservicescannotbepoliced.
Actionalcanprovidefirmswiththeabilitytoautomaticallyinitiatepolicywithouttyingpolicytoaparticularservice,eliminatingthemotivationtoevadecompliance.Onceinplace,thepolicycanbeappliedbroadly,toallservicesacrossthenetwork—eventhosethathavenotyetbeenimplemented.Forexample,sayarogueserviceisdiscovered.Thesecuritypolicyof“customerdatamustbeencrypted”isimmediatelyandautomaticallyappliedtotherogueservice,therebyprotectingthecompanyandthecustomer.Thepowerofthisisthatanyonedeployingaservicewillautomaticallyinheritabase-linegovernanceframeworktowhichitmustcomply.Andcompliancewillnotbeanafterthought,butwillbepresentfromdevelopment,throughuseracceptancetesting,intoproduction.
Example: Developer Use Case
Runtime,ofcourse,isdifferentfromsimpleproduction.Developersbuildingaserviceareinaproductionsituationeventhoughtheyareindevelopmentbecause,fromtheirperspective,theirdevelopmentactivitiesaretheirproduct.Also,theirdevelopmentactivitiesmustbegoverned.Thefollowingcasesetsforthtwo situations atafinancialcompany(anActionalcustomer)thatillustratetheseissuesandreallybringhometherequirementsforruntimegovernance:
1. AdeveloperspentawholedaygreppinglogfilesforIPaddressestoseeifanyonewasusingthedevelopmentserver.Nowthatthedevelopmentcyclewascomplete,
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thedevelopmentserverwasbeingrebuilt,andthedeveloperknewpeoplewouldcomplainwhentheserverwentaway.
2. Anotherdevelopersaid,“Ithinkthereareaboutthreeorfourapplicationsusingmyservice…I’vegiventheWSDLtoafewpeople,butIthinkthey’vesharedit.”Sureenough,Actionaldiscovered34differentapplicationsusingthisWSDL(seeFigure3above).Theywereallusingadevelopmentserverthatwasa“cubicle-level”project.Bytheway,this“innocent”applicationhademployeeSocialSecuritynumbersinaservicethatwasnowbeingusedby34differentprocesses.Inotherwords,itwasasecuritydisasterwaitingtohappen.
Eveninadevelopmentenvironment,itbecamecriticaltomanagegovernanceinruntimeinordertoplancapacityproperly,measureROI,andavoidintegrationcatastrophes.Notsurprisingly,thereasonthatProgressSoftwarehadbeencontactedbythiscustomerinthefirstplacewasduetothefactthat(inthewordsoftheCIO)“integrationhadbecometooeasy.”Inotherwords,theSOAinitiativewasgainingsomuchmomentumthatenterprise-widefailureswereinevitableiftheorganizationdidn’tgetvisibilityintoitsservice-integrationlayer.
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10.0 summaRy
Runtimegovernanceisacriticalpieceoftheoverallgovernancestrategyofanyorganization,generatingtheprocessadherence,measurement,enforcement,andfeedbackthatarenecessaryforaneffectivelifecycleapproach.We’vediscussedsomecriticalexamplesofwherethiscomesintoplay,aswellassomekeybenefitsthatActionalbringstothesolution.
InplanningaproperSOAdeployment,itisimportanttohaveruntimegovernance“baked-into”thedevelopmentcycleearlyinordertoavoidhavingthelastlineofdefensebecometheonlylineofdefense.Keepinmind,withrogueserviceelimination,runtimegovernanceisnotjusta“nice-to-have”pointsolutionforreplacingamanualprocess.ItisamandatoryrequirementforproperSOAsecurityandcompliancebecauseithelpstoeliminateriskassociatedwithnon-complianceandinvisibleinterdependenciesthatcanleadtocatastrophicSOAfailures,missedbusinessopportunities,andpotentiallydevastatingviolationsofgovernmentregulations.
ActionalhasrecordedWebinars,presentations,andwhitepapersonthecomplexitiesofservicelifecyclemanagementathttp://www.progress.com/actional.Thesearerecommendedreadingforcompaniesexploringthefullcapabilitiesofruntimegovernance.
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