What have we learned so far this year?
Genre focus …Fiction and Nonfiction The Novel Prose and Poetry Drama Introduction to the Research Process
FICTIONTypes of fiction
1. Short stories 3. Novellas2. Novels 4. Historical fiction
The characters face a problem (conflict) that must be overcome. The made-up series of events that describe how the conflict progresses is called plot. There is a setting that helps set the mood of the story.Mood is the overall feeling that a literary work conveys to the reader.
NONFICTIONBiographiesAutobiographiesMemoirsLetters
Journals and DiariesEssay’s and ArticlesInformational texts
Fiction Vs. Nonfiction Fiction1. Tells about made-
up people & events and can retell historical events from a different point of view.
2. Told from the point of view of a fictional character.
Nonfiction1. Deals exclusively
with real people, events, or ideas.
2. Almost always told from the point of view of the writer, who is a real person
Both fiction and nonfiction have…
1. Have a setting, a time , and place.2. Convey a mood, or overall feeling.3. Features the writer’s unique style, a characteristic way of
using language and expressing ideas.
Point of view The narrator tells the story from a certain
point of view. First-person point of view is the
perspective of a character in the story. Third-person point of view is the
perspective of a narrator outside of the action.
HERE IS A STRATEGY FOR READING FICTION AND
NONFICTIONVisualize…Picture the characters, setting, or
other elements of the text in your mind. Allowing yourself to “see” what you are
reading. This will help you to understand it better.
Making Predictions When you predict, you anticipate future
events and possible outcomes.1. Preview the selection2. 2. Formulate a prediction by using what
you know about the topic3. Verify your predictions as you read and
modify (change) them when necessary.
Narrative texts A narrative is a story. Every narrative shares the elements of
character, conflict, plot, and setting. Fiction-tells am imaginary narrative. A nonfiction tells a story about real
characters and events and must remain true to the facts.
Conflict Conflict is a struggle between opposing
forces.1. External conflict … occurs when a
character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, or society.
2. Internal Conflict occurs within the mind of a character who struggles with opposing feelings, beliefs, needs, or society.
Understanding Plot Plot describes both events in the story
and phases of the story… Beginning Middle End1. Exposition-the beginning of the story. It
introduces the characters, setting, and the basic situation.
2. Rising Action- introduces the central idea…the conflict starts to build.
3. Climax-the point when the conflict reaches its greatest intensity.
Understanding Plot cont.1. Falling Action-consists of everything that
happens after the climax.2. Resolution-resolves the conflict and ties
up all the plot’s loose ends.
Exposition(Beginning)
Resolution(Ending)
ClimaxPrince finds Snow White and kisses her
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Snow White Awakens
EventsThe Prince marries Snow White.
Falling ActionRising
Action
Queen poisons Snow White.
Queen believes she is the most beautiful woman in the world. Her magic mirror tells her that Snow White is.
ConflictEvil Queen wants Snow White dead because of Snow White’s beauty.
Authors Purpose To inform
To entertain
To persuade
To reflect
Author’s Purpose cont.To communicate tools
used to communicate purpose in expository
Facts/details Technical Language Sentence structure Figurative language Word Choice Imagery
Literature Characters Theme Imagery Word choice genre
Propagandaa form of persuasion that can be used for
good and bad purposes
Types of Propaganda
Bandwagon technique—since everyone else is doing it
Card Stacking– emphasizing one side and de-emphasizing anotherTestimonials– quotations, stories, or personal
experiences used to make a product or idea sound worthwhile
Celebrity endorsementsGlittering generalities
Setting & Mood Setting of a literary
work is the time and place of the action.
The setting can also be the source of conflict
Mood is the overall feeling that the literary work conveys the reader.
Details of setting help establish the mood
Theme The theme is different from the topic. A
topic is the focus, while a theme is its unifying idea.
The message can be a lesson about life or an observation about people. Sometimes the theme is implied.
Novel A novel is a full-length work of
fiction (a hundred pages or more). It is usually divided into chapters and includes some of the following literary elements and techniques.
Literary ElementsRefer to page 108
Flashback Foreshadowing Plot Subplots Character Protagonist Antagonist Characterization…direct and indirect Point of view…1st Person and 3rd person
Omniscient third person Irony
Novel vs. Short story Short Story Usually focuses on a
protagonist and a few other characters
Usually tells about one important event or episode.
Focuses on the protagonist’s conflict and how it is resolved
Plot builds to a climax—a moment of decision or insight that often reveals the story’s theme.
Novel Usually presents several minor
characters May develop minor characters Usually takes place over a longer
period of time and weaves together many incidents and subplots
Focuses on the protagonist’s conflict but usually includes several related conflicts
Builds to a climax but usually more complicated in structure
Presents more than one them and may have many subplots to show the theme from different angles
Making inferences Is an educated guess or logical
assumption based on available—though sometimes incomplete—information. You must often “read between the lines” and look beyond what the words say to what they imply.
Making inferences can also help you to determine the main idea.
Irony Page 174 Verbal Irony—A writer, speaker, or
character says something that is the opposite of what that person really means.
Situational Irony– Something happens that contradicts what the reader, the audience, or a character expects.
Dramatic Irony– The reader or audience knows or understands something that a character does not.
Nonfiction Reflective—Addresses an experience and
includes the writer’s insights about the event’s importance (letter)
Persuasive—Tries to convince the reader to adopt a particular point of view(sales brochure, editorial)
Narrative—Tells a story of real-life experience (biography or autobiography)
Expository—Presents facts and ideas, or explains a process (essay, how-to writing)
Literary terms—Expository Terms
Cause & effect—look for– because, why, therefore, so, then, since, as a result
Chronological organization– look for– first, then, since, next, once, before, after, later, etc.
Compare & Contrast—look for– Compare: like, same, similarly…Contrast – look for– different, however, instead, but.
Problem & Solution– look for—if/then, therefore, the problem is, the question is
Persuasive page 228 An author uses persuasion to convince
the reader to take action. The writer’s position is his or her opinion
or point of view Rhetorical Question Facts Ethical appeal Opinions Emotional appeal
Poetry and ProseTwo Major Genres of Literature
Prose occurs in two forms: fiction and nonfiction
Poetry describes the use of extremely concise, musical, and emotionally charged language
In Prose, sentences are used to express complete thoughts.
In Poetry, the equivalent is a line.
Poetry Form and structure Form and structure—lines, stanza,
speaker, traditional, free verse, couplets Sound—Rhythm, Patterns of stressed,
Rhyme-sounds at the end, alliteration-repeating consonant sounds at the beginning, assonance-repeating vowel sounds.
Imagery & Fig. Language – Simile, metaphor, personification, etc