Fundamentals of Water Quality & Sediment Monitoring
Bruce A. Pruitt, PhD, PH, PWS, , ,Research Ecologist
Engineer Research and Development Center
Environmental LaboratoryEnvironmental Laboratory
Ecological Resources Branch
31 October 2013
Water Operations Technical Support
Webinar Outline / ObjectivesWebinar Outline / Objectives
Water Quality / Sediment Monitoring in Your Plan The Driver – Hydrology Water Quality Conditions and Sediment Yield Erosion and Sediment Processes Importance of Water Quality (Background) Water Quality / Sediment Monitoring in Your Plan Incorporation of Water Quality / Sediment Monitoring in Conceptual
Modeling (Correspondence with Objectives, Hypotheses, Tasks, and P d t )Products)
Pathogen / Sediment Case Study Corps Water Quality Guidance
R i d Rewind
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ESTABLISH PROJECT DELIVERY TEAM DEVELOP GOALS & OBJECTIVES
orta
nt
FORMULATE TESTABLE HYPOTHESES APPROPRIATE TO EACH OBJECTIVE
CRAFT CONCEPTUAL MODEL
IDENTIFY SCALE (B d W t h d A t d P j t A )
Mos
t Im
poSt
ep
CONDUCT RECONNAISSANCEIDENTIFY SURROGATES
BASELINE MONITORINGSTRATIFY BY
ECOREGION MLRA CORPS DISTRICT OTHER
IDENTIFY SCALE (Bound Watershed, Assessment and Project Area)
PHYSIOGRAPHY
(RAPID ASSAYS)
ESTABLISH BACKGROUND CONDITIONS
STRATIFY BY PROJECT SCALE
WATERSHEDSTREAM REACH
SHORELINE LENGTH
ECOSYSTEM AREA
IDENTIFY SUCCESS CRITERIA & PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
ESTABLISH SAMPLE STATIONS
LONG-TERM MONITORING
DEVELOP QA/QC PLAN
IDENTIFY PARAMETERS OF INTEREST
SUPPORTIVE OF DECISION-MAKING (What is the
Question?)
STATISTICAL AND/OR
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS PLAN
IDENTIFY RAPID ASSAYS OF CONDITION /SUCCESSConductEstablish
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STATISTICAL AND/OR MODEL ANALYSESSynthesize Conclusions
Why Stratify/Classify? Great variety of aquatic ecosystems in United States Great variety of aquatic ecosystems in United States
Narrows the focus to a group of aquatic ecosystems that function similarly making it possible to:
Reduce the level of natural variability that must be considered Identify and assess the functions most likely to be performed Simplify the development of models Reduce the amount of data that must be collected and analyzed Reduce the amount of data that must be collected and analyzed
Why Step Phasing? Facilitates Adaptive Monitoring for intensive or long-term studies Facilitates Adaptive Monitoring for intensive or long term studies Promotes stratified systematic or random sampling Reduces the amount of data that must be collected and analyzed Establishes surrogates / proxies / metrics for correspondence with direct
th t b t l t d d li d t th t h d / timeasures that can be extrapolated and applied to other watersheds / aquatic ecosystems Identifies boundary conditions of model segments Expedites and reduces cost of study
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p y
HydrologyHydrologyW t h dW t h d S lS lWatershed Watershed ScaleScale
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Watershed Yield Varies with:1. Size, Shape, and Orientation of the Watershed2. Size, Landscape Position and Watershed
Position of Active Floodplains/Wetlands3 Drainage Net ork Patterns Dentritic Parallel3. Drainage Network Patterns – Dentritic, Parallel,
Trellis, Retangular, Angular, Contorted4. Land Use – Forested, Road Density,
Silviculture/Agriculture, Commercial/Residential Development, etc.p
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Stormflow Production from a Small Vegetated Watershed
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(Variable Source Area Concept)
STORM HYDROGRAPHSLag Time or
Rain EventLag Time or
Hydrologic ResponseG
E RecessionLimb
Q o
r STA
G LimbRising
Limb
Q Baseflow
TIME
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TIMETime of Rise
HYPOTHETICAL WATERSHED RESPONSE, STORM HYDROGRAPHS
NATURAL WATERSHED
URBAN OR ALTERED WATERSHEDST
AG
E
NATURAL WATERSHED
Delayed Flow
Q o
r S
TIME
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HillslopeHillslope Hydrology: Geomorphic Position, Water Source, Hydrology: Geomorphic Position, Water Source, HydrodynamicsHydrodynamics
atio
n
ULD
ER
SLO
PESUMMIT BACKSLOPE TOESLOPE Geomorphic Position
Evapotranspiration
Pre
cipi
ta
SHO
U
FOO
TS
Evapotranspiration
rcol
atio
n
Direct Precipitation onto Saturated Areas
Direct Precipitation onto Stream Channel
Infiltration
Per
Groundwater Saturated Return Flow
S b f Fl
Flood Events
Groundwater Flow
Subsurface Flow(Seepage)
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GROUND WATER
Capture and re-routing of Subsurface Interflow
Effects:1) Reduces delayed flow2) Routes surface water &
sediment rapidly down road ditch, to a concave feature (e.g., ephemeral stream), and ultimately a perennial stream
3) “Starves” downslope riparian zone / wetlands of water source
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Hydrology to Sediment T tTransport
Bridging the Gap
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HILLSLOPE HILLSLOPE AND AND EROSIONEROSION1) Shear Stress
τ = γ d cos θ sin θ
τ = shear stressγ = specific weight of water
d = mean depth of flowθ = local slope angle
Appling-Cecil
2) R = Shear resistance of soil surface horizon
Eolian (wind blown)
Pacolet-MadisonD idDavidson
Congaree-Chewacla-
Colluvial Alluvial
Congaree-Chewacla-Alluvial LandShear Stress <
Shear ResistanceShear Stress >Shear Resistance
Mass WastingMass Wasting DepositionDepositionLow Low ErosionErosion
Illuvial
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Bed mat’l particle size Natural Channel PlanformChanges Down Valley
Stream dischargeStream discharge
Mean VelocityMean VelocityIn
crea
seMean VelocityMean Velocity
SlopeSlope
SourceSource TransportTransport SinkSink
StoredStored AlluviumAlluvium
Rosgen ClassA, D B, C, E C, F, DA
Stored Stored AlluviumAlluvium
Channel WidthChannel Width
Incr
ease
Channel DepthChannel Depth
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Drainage Area (~Downstream Distance)
River Continuum Concept (Vannote et al. 1980)
PO
M
P/R < 1 Shredders1
Sou
rce
Dould
er
CPP/R < 1
VascularVascularH d oph tesH d oph tes
PeriphytonPeriphyton
Shredders
Collectors
Predators
Grazers2
)Sedi
men
t S
A, B
, D
Cob
ble/
B
P/R = 1
HydrophytesHydrophytes
ShreddersCollectors
3
4
der
(195
2)
993)
S
994)
Estri
buti
on
rave
l
PO
M
P/R 1
PeriphytonPeriphyton
Shredders
PredatorsGrazers
5
6ra
hle
r O
rd
rim
ble
(19
nkRos
gen
(19
C, F
,
e Si
ze D
is
Sand
/Gr
FP
Ph t l ktPh t l ktCollectors
7
8
StTr
dim
ent
SinR
A
Par
ticl
t/C
lay
P/R > 1
PhytoplanktonPhytoplanktonPredators9
10
Sed
C, F
, DA
Sand
/Sil
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ZooplanktonZooplankton11
12
SEDIMENT LOAD DEFINITIONA
DEN
DED
LO
A
WASHLOAD
SUSP
DLO
AD TOTAL SEDIMENT LOAD = SUSPENDED LOAD + BEDLOAD
BED WASHLOAD = FINE PARTICLE FRACTION OF THE BEDLOAD THAT IS
SUSPENDED DURING STORM EVENTS(USUALLY THE SILT/CLAY FRACTION)
LOAD CALCULATION: M = Q X C
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LOAD CALCULATION: M = Q X C
Hydrology to Sediment: Bridging the Gap with a Metric
Effective Discharge
Transport X Frequency
Transport Rateency
Transport Rate
or F
requ
Frequency
Rat
e
Discharge
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Hypothetic Relationship Between Effective or Bankfull Dischargeand Cumulative Sediment Transport (Wolman and Miller 1960)
Importance ofImportance ofW t Q litW t Q litWater QualityWater Quality
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I t d ti f ti
Factors affecting aquatic ecosystems depicted at trophic levels
Hydrology/Hydraulics
Desiccation20
Introduction of exotics
Harvesting Game Species
H d l i M difi ti
Bedforms/Habitat
Consumers:Fish, Wildlife,
Humans
Hydrologic ModificationsImpoundmentsDitching/DrainingConsumptive Use
Dissolved Oxygen
Bedforms/Habitat
Bed Mat’l/Substrate
10 Consumers:benthic Invertebrates,
zooplankton, some fish
Habitat DisruptionPhysical AlterationsAccelerated Sedimentation
Light PenetrationProducers: Algae, macophytes,
WQ ImpairmentOrganic EnrichmentNutrient Enrichment Dissolved Oxygen
TemperatureTerrestrial, plant leaf litter,bacteria, detritus
Nutrient EnrichmentToxics/Contaminants
Dissolved Oxygen
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Pruitt 2010
Types of Trophic States in Reservoirs and Lakes
Trophic State Water Quality Characteristics
Types of Trophic States in Reservoirs and Lakes
Oligotrophic Clear waters with extreme clarity, low nutrient concentrations, little organic matter or sediment, and minimal biological activity.
Mesotrophic Waters with moderate nutrient concentrations and , therefore, p , ,more biological productivity. Waters may be lightly clouded by organic matter, sediment, suspended solids or algae.
Eutrophic Waters extremely rich in nutrient concentrations, with high biological productivity Waters clouded by organic matterbiological productivity. Waters clouded by organic matter, sediment, suspended solids, and algae. Some species may be eliminated.
Hypereutrophic Very mucky, highly productive waters due to excessive nutrient loading. Many clearwater species cannot survive.
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Pruitt 2010
General Ranges of Primary Productivity of Phytoplankton and RelatedCharacteristics of Lakes of Different Trophic Categories
c) tivity
ss ton
ficie
nts
tate
( -tr
ophi
mar
y Pr
oduc
tD
ay)
kton
Bio
mas
3 ) yll a Ph
ytop
lank
t) nc
tion
Coe
ff
anic
Car
bon
spho
rus
ogen
gani
c So
lids
Trop
hic
St
Mea
n Pr
im(m
g C
/m2 /D
Phyt
opla
n(m
g C
/ m
3
Chl
orop
hy(m
g/m
3 )
Dom
inan
t (-p
hyce
ae)
Ligh
t Ext
in(ŋ
/ m
)
Tota
lOrg
a(m
g/L)
Tota
l Pho
s(µ
g / L
)
Tota
l Nitr
o(µ
g / L
)
Tota
l Ino
r g(m
g/L)
Oligo- 50-300 20-100 0.3-3 Chryso- 0.05-1.0 <1-3 <1-5 <1-250 2-15
Meso- 250-1000 100-300 2-15 Bacillario- 0.1-2.0 <1-5 10-30 250-600 100-500
Eu- > 1000 > 300 10-500 Cyano- 0.5-4.0 5-30 30-5000 500-15000 400-600
TrophicState
Secchi Disk Depth (m)Average (Range)
Oligotrophic 9.9 (5.4 – 28.3)
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Pruitt 2010
Mesotrophic 4.2 (1.5 – 8.1)
Eutrophic 2.45 (0.8 – 7.0)
R dfi ld R ti (D l d f D O )
Nutrient LimitationRedfield Ratio (Developed for Deep Oceans)C:N:P = 106:16:1Freshwater SystemsN:P > 10, Phosphorus-limited system, p yN:P < 10, Nitrogen-limited systemIn general,Eastern water bodies: P-limitedWestern water bodies: N limitedWestern water bodies: N-limited
Why is P limited in lakes?1. Weathering of rock and parent material releases little
bi l i ll il bl h h t t d l kbiologically available phosphorus to streams and lakes (exception – many western physiographies).
2. Root zone in riparian zone intercepts and retains most soluble P.
3. Rainfall contains very little P (no gaseous phase in P-cycle).4. Any soluble PO4 released into water is rapidly adsorbed onto
particles or precipitated with other cpds
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Fe
OH2OH2
Geothite
Ortho-P
Aquatic Chemistry
Fe
O P
OO
OOP
OO
OO
Fe
F
O +Anaerobic Conditions
Nutrient Spiraling
Ortho P
OH2
( ) ( ) ( )Pb+Cd+
Fe
OH2
(-) (-) (-)
( ) ( ) ( )
Net Negative Charge = High Cation Exchange Capacity or MetalSequestration
Si+4
Si+4
Al+3
(-) (-) (-)
O
Clay Phyllosilicate (e.g., mica, vermiculite)
q
H d d t ChO
OM - - OH
OM - C - OHpH-dependent Charge
Low pH OM - C - OH2+ Ortho-P
-2
O
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High pHOM - C - O - Metals, NO3+
Data AcquisitionData AcquisitionFl i l S di tFl i l S di tFluvial SedimentFluvial Sediment
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INTEGRATED SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SAMPLER
1) DEPLOY 1) DEPLOY DHDH--59 59 @ PRE@ PRE--SELECTED INTERVALS CROSSSELECTED INTERVALS CROSS
STREAMSTREAM
2) COMPOSITE VERTICAL2) COMPOSITE VERTICALWATER COLUMN EVENLYWATER COLUMN EVENLYWATER COLUMN EVENLYWATER COLUMN EVENLY
3) ANALYZE FOR NTU (on3) ANALYZE FOR NTU (on--site),site),TSS, and WASHLOAD (lab)TSS, and WASHLOAD (lab)TSS, and WASHLOAD (lab)TSS, and WASHLOAD (lab)
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BEDLOAD SAMPLINGBEDLOAD SAMPLING(32 lb. with 3” orifice)1) SELECT BEDLOAD SAMPLER
2) DEPLOY BL-84 @ PRE-
1) SELECT BEDLOAD SAMPLERSIZE BASED ON ANTICIPATEDSTREAM PSD
) @SELECTED INTERVALS CROSSSTREAM
3) TIME DEPLOYMENT ON EQUAL) QFREQUENCY @ EACH INTERVAL(USUALLY 20 MINS. TOTAL)
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Cable-Weigh SystemWith Bedload SamplerWith Bedload Sampler
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Sub-Bottom Profiling
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling1) Measures velocity at multiple levels1) Measures velocity at multiple levels2) Can be calibrated to measure suspended sediment
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Case Study 1:Case Study 1:P th / S di t St dP th / S di t St dPathogen / Sediment StudyPathogen / Sediment Study
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Pathogen Source(s) (1)
South Fork Broad River Sediment/Pathogenic Flow Conceptual Model(Pathways in red of primary interest; numbers coincide with hypotheses/objectives/tasks)
g ( ) ( )
Overland Flow (3)Infiltrate
Soil Matrix Retention and/or
Food Chain Uptake (2)
I t flSoil Matrix Retention and/or Death (4)
Concentrated Surface Water Flow
Interflow
Groundwater Recharge
Ephemeral (5)(expanding source area)
Perennial-1st Order (6)
South Fork Broad River
S d d L d BedloadBaseflow
S d d L d BedloadStormflow
(7)(9) Suspended Load BedloadSuspended Load Bedload
Wash Load Fluvial Load
Storage
(7)(9)
Pools
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Bed Materialg
- Particle size analysis(both mineral & organic fractions)- Clay/Fe minerals- Nutrient Relationship
(8) Riffles
Runs
CM No Obj ti LOE P i it
Project Objectives
CM No. Objective LOE Priority
1 Determine pathogen taxa & concentration – Source(s) Mod High
2 Determine direct food chain uptake High Low3 Determine transport via overland flow High Mod4 Establish removal via infiltration [soil matrix] Mod Low
5 Identify pathogens in concentrated flow – Ephemeral Flow High High
6 Identify pathogens in concentrated flow – Perennial Flow Mod High
7 Determine suspended load & pathogen concentration during baseflow conditions
Mod High
8 Establish pathogen sinks in bedforms (pools vs. riffles vs. runs)
Mod High
9 Determine suspended, bed, wash load & pathogen concentration during stormflow conditions
High High
CM No. = Conceptual Model Number; LOE = Level of Effort
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CM No. Hypothesis (Landscape/Stream-Reach Scale) Priority
1 Pathogen taxa & concentration can be determined at the source (can we discriminate High
Testable Hypotheses
1 Pathogen taxa & concentration can be determined at the source (can we discriminate between various sources)
High
2 Food chain uptake of pathogens can be established Low
3 Pathogens can be identified in overland flow surface water High
4 Pathogens can be retained in the soil matrix & removed from the biosphere Low
5 Pathogens can be identified in ephemeral concentrated flow High
6 Pathogens can be identified in perennial concentrated flow High
7a Pathogens can be identified during baseflow conditions in the water column of the SFBR High7a Pathogens can be identified during baseflow conditions in the water column of the SFBR (seasonal variability possible)
High
7b Pathogens can be identified during baseflow conditions in the sediment of the SFBR (seasonal variability possible)
High
8 Pathogens can be identified in the bed material; Pathogens are stored in different concentrations depending on bedform type organic & mineral fractions
Highconcentrations depending on bedform type, organic & mineral fractions
9 Same as 7a and 7b during stormflow conditions; can we discriminate between organic & mineral fractions in fluvial sediment
Mod
CM No. Hypothesis (Watershed Scale) Priority1 3 5 There is a relationship between location of stored pathogens and sources (e g Point and Mod1, 3, 5, 6 8
There is a relationship between location of stored pathogens and sources (e.g., Point and Non-Point Sources, GIS land use vs. concentration/taxa, etc.)
Mod
1, 3, 5, 6,9 8
There is distance limit from the pathogen source High
1, 3, 5, 6,9 8
There is a source dependent relationship the pathogen type and transport down stream Mod
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6,9 8
CM No. = Conceptual Model Number
Priority CM No Task (Recommended Stepwise Order) LOE
Tasks / Deliverables
Priority CM No. Task (Recommended Stepwise Order) LOE1 7, 8 Characterize (physical) a representative reach to establish geomorphic features and
sediment properties at each specified sample pointHigh
1 7, 8 & 9 Sample water column & sediment in bedforms within representative reach for specificpathogens & markers
High
1 1, 2, 3, 4 Collect soil samples at the source (baseflow vs. stormflow) for specific pathogens & markers
Mod
2 7, 8 Establish means of discriminating between “free” bacteria in sediment water vs. attached (e.g., whole cores extraction, pore water, etc.)
High
CM No. Product/Deliverable Time Frame1 thru 6 Identify major sources/sinks, transport pathway(s), mechanism(s) & fate of pathogens of
concernLT
7 & 9 Establish relationship b/t turbidity & stage (including seasonal variation) ST/LT
1 thru 6 Develop correspondence b/t landuse & Pathogen location and concentration ST
7 & 9 Establish relationship b/t TSS or SSC & turbidity ST/LT
7 8 & 9 Develop test & validate surrogates for bedload LT7, 8 & 9 Develop, test & validate surrogates for bedload LT
7, 8 & 9 Develop correspondence b/t sediment yield & stream condition LT
7, 8 & 9 Compare sediment yield against available sediment databases LT
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CM No. = Conceptual Model Number; LT = Long Term; ST = Short Term;TSS = Total Suspended Solids; SSC = Suspended Sediment Concentration
Case Study 2:Case Study 2:Ch tt Ri S di t /Ch tt Ri S di t /Chattooga River Sediment /Chattooga River Sediment /
Ecological InvestigationEcological Investigationg gg g
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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES Develop Sediment Protocol for Sampling and Data Analysis
Integrate Sediment Protocol with Aquatic Ecologyq gy
Develop Standards Protective of Stream Functions and Beneficial Uses
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SEDIMENT SAMPLING DESIGNSEDIMENT SAMPLING DESIGNPROJECT GOAL
IDENTIFY SPECIFIC DEFINE
(Phase 1 Stratification and Classification)
IDENTIFY SPECIFICOBJECTIVES
DEFINEHYPOTHESIS
IDENTIFY STUDY(S)
STRATIFY STREAMS(S ) CO G O
IDENTIFY TARGET POPULATION
AREA (S)
IDENTIFY BUDGETARYCONSTRAINTS
BY (SUB)ECOREGION
STRATIFY STREAMREACHES BY CLASSCONSTRAINTS
CONDUCT LITERATUREREVIEW
STRATIFY STREAMREACHES BY RBP
REACHES BY CLASS
REVIEW
REMOTE ASSESSMENT INTRASTRATA VARIATIONWITHIN TOLERANCE ?NO
YES
GOTO
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WITHIN TOLERANCE ? GOTOPHASE 2
STRATIFY BY RAPID BIOASSESSMENT PROTOCOL (RBP)(RBP)
Assessed 59 Sites(3 ID’ed as Reference)
Very Good Good
17 Metrics Tested(5 Sensitive to Sed.
Impairment –
Fair Poor
V PImpairment –EPT, %EPT, %Dom Taxa,
NCBI, Clingers
Very Poor
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SEDIMENT SAMPLING DESIGN(Phase 2: Project Sampling Design)(Phase 2: Project Sampling Design)
FROM PHASE 1RANDOMLY SELECT
SAMPLE POPULATIONWITHIN EACH STRATA
DEFINE SAMPLING &MONITORING FRAMEWORK
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
BIOLOGICALGEOMORPHOLOGICAL
CONDUCT INTERDISCIPLINARY
HYDROLOGICAL
STUDIES
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL
DATA REDUCTION &INTERPRETATION Results and Conclusions
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INTERPRETATION Results and Conclusions
In-Situ SEDIMENT SUSPENDED LOAD SAMPLING
SINGLE-STAGE SAMPLER/MULTIPARAMETER PROBE
AUTOMATED, STAGE-ACTUATED SAMPLER
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Selection of Background Sediment Dataset
10000
Chattahoochee ChestateeSoque Power (Chestatee)Power (Chattahoochee) Power (Soque)
1000
100
SSC
(mg/
l)
10
1
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0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Q/Qmean
10000SC01 SSCSC02 WF08WW02A R2 POOR
1000
WW02A R2WW01 WW03WW05 WW08WW09 SC07WF02 WF03WF09 WF12WF10 WF11upper95% low er95% FAIR
POOR(m
g/l)
upper95% low er95%Pow er (SSC)
FAIR
BIOLO
Threshold of Biological Impairment = 284 mg/l
100
TSS
or S
SC (
GOOD
OGICAL
Margin of Safety = 58 mg/l
y = 58.30x1.37
R2 = 0.6610
VERY
INDE
1
GOODEX
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0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000Q/Qmean
Historic regional data (SSC) from USGS Station 02331000 (Chattahoochee River @ Leaf, GA)
FIGURE 4. TOTAL SEDIMENT RATING CURVE (All Stations)
10000.00
y = 0.1518x1.2233
R2 = 0.6406100.00
1000.00
DIM
ENT
q. m
i.)
1 00
10.00
TOTA
L SE
Don
s/da
y/sq
0.10
1.00
1 10 100 1000
T (t
DISCHARGE (cfs)
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y = 0.7397e1.1629x
R2 = 0 8447R = 0.8447
300
350
400AD
.m
i.)SC01
150
200
250
OTA
L LO
Ans
/day
/sq
0
50
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
TO(t
on SC02
WF08WW02AR2
ROAD DENSITY
Road density = Length of road divided by the corresponding watershed area
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Develop the Surrogate!
SOLUBLE REACTIVE PHOSPHORUS vs. TSS
SRP vs. TSS (Biger Creek)Develop the Surrogate!
607080
/l)
15 453 9 6823304050
RP (u
g/
y = 15.453x + 9.6823R2 = 0.9964
01020SR
0 1 2 3 4 5
TSS (mg/l)
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TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS vs. TURBIDITYD l th S t !
10000
Develop the Surrogate!
y = 1.33x1.18
R2 0 84
1000
mg/
l)
R2 = 0.84
10
100
TSS
(m
10.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.00.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
TURBIDITY (NTU)
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Big Blue Lake (Southwest)
005101520253035
Temperature (degC), Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) and pH
Big Blue Lake (Southwest)
0
10
20
30 h (ft
)
40
50
60
Dep
th
70
Temperature (C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) pH (Std. Units)
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Good Correspondence Observed Between Biological Index and Normalized Suspended Load
[TSS] > 284 mg/l Adversely Affected Aquatic Biological StructureBiological Structure
[TSS] < 58 mg/l During Stormflow Provides Adequate MOS (Protective of Aquatic Life and Supportive of Beneficial Uses)
Corresponding Turbidity Limits of 69 and 22 NTUs Establish the Thresholds of BiologicalNTUs Establish the Thresholds of Biological Impairment and MOS, Respectively
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
• DEVELOP NUMERIC STANDARDS THAT INTEGRATE TOTAL SEDIMENT LOADING AND BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS
• BASE STANDARDS ON DISCHARGE AND/OR STAGE UTILIZING A SLIDING SCALE (DIMN SED RATING CURVE BIO SEDSLIDING SCALE (DIMN. SED. RATING CURVE, BIO-SED CURVE)
• ESTABLISH SURROGATES: TSS vs. NTU; BEDLOAD vs. 1/3 LOWER BAR; EMBEDDEDNESS vs. BEDLOAD; SEDLOAD vs. PFANKUCH; SEDLOAD vs. BANK STABILITY
• IDENTIFY SOURCES AND SINKS• IDENTIFY SOURCES AND SINKS
• IMPLEMENT REGS, POLICY, BMP’s, AND RESTORATION PROTECTIVE OF STREAM FUNCTION AND BENEFICIAL USES
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REWIND
1. Understand the question, need, and the decision that needs to be made.
2 Identify goals and objectives formulate testable hypotheses and2. Identify goals and objectives, formulate testable hypotheses, and develop a water quality and sediment monitoring plan which supports the decision-making process
3. Project scale, stratification, classification4. Conceptual model5. Hydrologic and aquatic geochemical processes ~ water quality,
sediment issues, and development of a monitoring plan6 Correspondence between direct measures and laboratory analyses and6. Correspondence between direct measures and laboratory analyses and
surrogates7. Other
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Suggested References
1. Horne, A.J. and C.R. 1994. Goldman. Limnology, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
2. Dunne, T. and L.B. Leopold. 1978. Water in Environmental Planning. W.H. , p gFreeman and Co.
3. Davis, R.A. Jr. 1992. Depositional Systems: An Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 2nd Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
4 Maidment D R Ed 1993 Handbook of Hydrology McGraw Hill Inc4. Maidment, D.R. Ed. 1993. Handbook of Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, Inc.5. Stumm, W. and J.J. Morgan.1981. Aquatic Chemistry: An Introduction
Emphasizing Chemical Equilibra in Natural Waters, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.
6. Pankow, J.F. 1991. Aquatic Chemistry Concepts. Lewis Publishers, Inc.7. Keith, L.H. 1988. Principles of Environmental Sampling. ACS Professional
Reference Book, American Chemical Society.8 Gilbert R O 1987 Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution8. Gilbert, R.O. 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution
Monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold.9. Chapra, S.C. 1997. Surface Water-Quality Modeling. Waveland Press, Inc.10.Martin, J.L. and S.C. McCutcheon. 1999. Hydrodynamics and Transport for
Innovative solutions for a safer, better worldBUILDING STRONG®
Water Quality Modeling. CRC Press.
Acknowledgementsg
► Water Operations Technical Support (WOTS)
► Colleagues, esp. Sarah Miller, Kyle McKay, Jock Conyngham, Craig Fi h i hFischenich
► Very special thanks to Courtney Chambers
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Questions and Feedback
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Next Presentation: 7 November 2013, 10:30AM: Geomorphic, Hydrologic and Hydraulic Surveys, Sarah Miller, ERDC-EL
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