Regulations for International Markets
保护性法规REGULATIONS FOR PROTECTION电干扰人员保护 ( 安全 )
眼睛的安全 ( 激光 )
电信
电子产品ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS
FCC Rules control electromagnetic noise, protect radio frequency spectrum and telecommunications
http://www.fcc.gov
UL standards protect people from danger from electrical shock, fire and injury
激光设备Laser DevicesCD ROMs
DVD
必须满足 FDA 要求CDRH 要求保护视力
核准方式Types of Approvals
Type of Equipment StandardInformation Technology Equipment Personal Computers Printers Fax machines Electronic games
FCC Part 15UL 1950
Telecommunications Equipment
FCC Part 15FCC Part 68UL 1950
Home Appliances UL (many standards)
Medical Equipment FCC Part 15UL 2601
Lights UL
Industrial Equipment UL
Radio TransmittersRemote control devices
FCC Part 15
Radio-controls for games (airplanes) FCC Part 95
Calculators and Watches NONE
Battery-powered electronics Maybe FCC Part 15
标签示例EXAMPLE LABEL
V I
S NFI D
NOM
COMPANY NAMEMODEL: XYZ123
LISTEDITEE123456
EN60950
100-240VAC 50/60 Hz130-170VA; 0.8-1.3A
MADE IN CHINA FOR INDOOR USE ONLYFUSE REPLACEMENT: T1.2
LEVEL 3LR12345
COMMON INFORMATION
(Company and Ratings)
US/CANADAUL and/or CSA
WORLD MARKETS
SPECIAL INFORMATIONUse, Fuse,Warnings
EN60950
NOMS NFI DV I Japan Germany Australia Sweden, Norway
Finland, Denmark Mexico
FCC 法规减少电磁干扰FCC RULES REDUCE ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
Radiated
Conducted
FCC 管理和保护频谱FCC CONTROLS AND PROTECTS FREQUENCY SPECTRUM发射机
对讲机蜂窝电话电视微波炉卫星接收器
Canada has the same or very similar Technical Specifications
设备进口IMPORTATION OF EQUIPMENT
FCC Form 740 required for importing electronic equipment:“Statement Regarding the Importation of
Radio Frequency Devices Capable of Causing Harmful Interference”
Download from:o http://www.fcc.gov/formpage.html
一类产品和二类产品CLASS A and CLASS B
一类产品:办公室和工业用品
二类产品: 居民用品
电子产品必须满足 FCC 法规ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS MUST MEET FCC RULES
ExamplesPersonal Computers Video GamesCD Players Office machinesCopying machines Electronic toysRadio Receivers TVsFax machines Microwave ovens
Class A Productso Test and Report
Class B Products: Two Wayso Method #1: Declaration of Conformityo Method #2: Certification
FCC 核准FCC APPROVALS
认证o Transmitters and some computers
认证 ( 旧名:注册 )
o Telecommunications
一致性声明o Computers and radio receivers
核实o Commercial computers
重要的 FCC 法规Important FCC Rule Parts
FCC Part 2: 一般性要求FCC Part 15: 数字式设备和低功发射机FCC Part 18: 微波炉FCC Part 22: 蜂窝电话FCC Part 95: 遥控玩具
Part 15 的免除项EXEMPTIONS to Part 15NO FCC NECESSARY FOR THESE PRODUCTS
Motor vehicles, aircraft and watercraft
Electronic control systems by public utilities or in industrial plants
Industrial, commercial or medical test equipment.
Appliances.
Specialized medical digital devices
Medical diathermy equipment and ultrasonic equipment, while exempt from the Part 15 digital device standards, are subject to the regulations in Part 18
Digital devices that have a power consumption of 6 nanowatts or less, digital watches and solar calculators
Joystick or mouse controllers
惩罚PENALTIES
没收所有不合格设备个人 / 公司 $100,000/$200,000 的刑事责任罚款刑事责任罚款总额为不合格设备销售额毛收入的两倍每次违章每天罚款 $10,000
个人计算机、打印机和外设PERSONAL COMPUTERS, PRINTERS & PERIPHERALS
在经批准的实验室测试
Test Product at approved
Laboratory
Report with Technical
Information
Declaration of Conformity Sell Product
Declaration of Conformity. Does not go to the FCC
无线电发射机RADIO TRANSMITTERSExamplesCordless Phones, Radio Transmitters, CB Radios, Wireless Products
CERTIFICATION:
Test ProductReport with Technical
Information
Send Report and Application to FCC or TCB
GRANTwith FCC ID Number
Sell Product
电信连接到电话系统的设备TELECOMMUNICATIONSDevices that connect to the phone system
ExamplesTelephones, Fax Machines, Caller-ID, Modems, ADSL Devices
Test ProductReport with Technical
Information
Send Report and ACTA
Registration Number
CERTIFICATION or DOC:
Sell Product
无线电发射机Radio Transmitters
Some radio transmitters must also comply with radiation hazard levelso Cell Phoneso Hand-held radioso Low power radios
“SAR” testing. How much does radio wave affect human tissue
Expensive: $5,000 - $10,000
FCC 核准FCC ApprovalsDetermine Equipment typeIs an “FCC Certification” Necessary?
o Only required for:o Transmitterso Telephones and modemso Some types of Radio Receivers
o “scanning receivers”
This requires submission of FCC paperworko Test report and application form
FCC Identifier Number (FCC ID)
FCC 核准FCC Approvals
FCC Approval is required for:
Digital devices:o PCs, computers, fax machines, POS terminals,
printers, digital electronicso CLASS A: Computer equipment that is marketed exclusively for use in
business and industrial environments is called Class A equipment and requires verification (self approval) by the manufacturer.
o CLASS B: Personal computer equipment marketed for use in residential environments is called Class B and requires either certification by the FCC or self-approval under the Declaration of Conformity process
一致性声明( DOC )DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
MAJOR PROVISIONS
Applies to Class B personal computers and peripherals, TV Interface Devices and Radio Receivers
Alternative to Certification. No submission to the FCC
PROCEDURECompliance testing at accredited laboratory. No testing required for products assembled from authorized modular components.
COMPLIANCE INFORMATION STATEMENTCOMPLIANCE INFORMATION SYSTEMTESTING LABORATORIES
RESPONSIBLE PARTY
TEST PROCEDURES
DOC 标签 DOC LABELAssembled from approved components:
System Tested
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
The label shall not be a stick-on, paper label. The label shall be permanently affixed to the product and shall be readily visible to the purchaser at the time of purchase. "Permanently affixed" means that the label is etched, engraved, stamped, silkscreened, indelibly printed or otherwise permanently marked on a permanent attached part of the equipment or on a nameplate of metal, plastic, or other material fastened to the equipment by welding, riveting or a permanent adhesive. The label must be designed to last the expected lifetime of the equipment in the environment in which the equipment may be operated and must not be readily detachable.
申请认证CERTIFICATION APPLICATIONCover Letters:
o Request for Confidentiality (if desired)o Modifications
Test Report from LabUser’s ManualSchematics Block Diagram Test Setup Photographs from Lab Internal/External Photographs by Lab FCC ID Label Artwork: FCC Label Position on Device Operational Description: Attestation Statements (for Transmitters)
FCC ID
FCC ID: AAAnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
AAA: is Grantee Code from FCC. Need to get the Grantee Code from FCC:nnnnnnnnnnnnnn: is from Manufacturer
Get grantee code from web site“https://gullfoss.fcc.gov/prod/oet/index.html”
Cost: $55 (one time only)
The FCC ID number must be on all Certified Devices
FCC 发射机认证对照检查表FCC TRANSMITTER CERTIFICATION CHECKLIST
The Following is needed for testing:
TEST UNITS (one or more)
DRAWING OF ANTENNA
DOCUMENTATION
LABELLING INFORMATION
辐射测试RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTINGTest Site: Measure Radiated Noise
from Equipment Case and Cables
Measuring Antenna
Product
3 m or 10 m
Photos: EMC Test System, Austin, TX emctest.com
SpectrumAnalyzer
Open Area Test Site
Turntable
已进行的辐射测试CONDUCTED EMISSIONS TESTINGMeasure Noise on Power Line
Spectrum Analyzer
LISN
Product
Power Cord
FCC 法规的变更FCC RULE CHANGES
Telecommunications Certification Bodies (TCBs)
Electronic Filing with Internet
www.ATCB.com
Fast Approvals
安全性测试SAFETY TESTING
美国对产品安全性的要求PRODUCT SAFETY IN US
WHY?o Product Liabilityo Customer demandso Legal requirements
美国的安全性测试SAFETY TESTING IN US
Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc.NRTLs: Nationally Recognized Testing
Laboratorieso CSA, ETL, MET, DS&G, WYLE -
"Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories" accredited by OSHA
UL Mark is Accepted in Canada
安全标志SAFETY MARKS
UL "RECOGNIZED": Designation for components, sub-assemblies that meet certain criteria, but are generally not end-use products. Will be investigated for suitability in end product
"LISTED": Reserved for end-use products that have been approved under a specific UL standard
LISTED
UL Mark for Canada: Accepted by all Canadian provinces
CSANRTL Symbol– Accepted by OSHA in the United States as safe.
– One symbol for acceptance in Canada as well as the US
NRTL
UL 标准(示例)UL STANDARDS (EXAMPLES)UL 60950: 信息技术设备UL 1026: 家用电器UL 60601-1: 医用电气设备UL 508: 工业控制设备
测试步骤TEST PROCEDUREUL Testing
Test ProductUL Prepares
Report
Factory Inspection at
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Labels Products
LISTING:
Sell Product
一般性要求General Requirements一般性要求General Requirements
Labeling and marking
Language
User Instructions
Service Information
Design requirements
Thermal and electrical characteristics
Abnormal operation
Connection to the supply
Construction details / physical requirements
标签与标志Labeling and Marking标签与标志Labeling and Marking
Rated voltage or voltage range:115/230V~ or 100-240V~ or 230V~ or 400V 3~
Rated frequency:50-60Hz or 50/60Hz
Rated current or power:10/5A or 10-5A; 200W or 200VA
NOTE:
230/ 400V~ are the harmonized voltages for the European Union.
标签与标志Labeling and Marking标签与标志Labeling and Marking
Manufacturer’s name or registered trademark.
Model or type number.
Fuse replacement info (if applicable).
IEC symbols wherever possible.
Warnings and Cautions appropriate for the particular equipment.
语言Language语言Language
‘Safety-related’ information to be in appropriate language.
Service Instructions may be in English.
Many times, the entire User Manual must be translated (for specific market areas, dependent on intended end-user, etc).
使用说明User Instructions使用说明User InstructionsInstallation Instructions - information regarding
mounting, connection to the supply, ventilation, etc.
All information regarding use, cleaning, maintenance (if necessary).
All safety warnings and cautions.
服务信息Service Information 服务信息Service Information
Fuse and component replacement information.
Special instructions to avoid hazards.
Schematics, wiring diagrams.
Special field installation and/or supply connection information.
不正常的操作Abnormal Operation不正常的操作Abnormal Operation
“None of the following conditions shall create a hazard within the meaning of the Standard:”
Fan Fail
Transformer Overload
Component Short- and Open-circuits
Failure of unapproved Thermal Limiting device.
Locked Rotor.
and others, depending upon equipment.
其它市场OTHER MARKETS
Europe: EU Directive approach to complianceNon-EU Europe: May accept CE MarkingAustralia: C-Tick Mark for EMC (CISPR emissions
now)
Japan: VCCI- Voluntary Control Council for Interference (CISPR emissions only)
South Africa: Emissions requirements onlyMexico: NOM Certification
CE 标志CE MARKING
CE Marking is for European UnionoEMC DirectiveoLow Voltage Directive (Safety)oMachinery Directive (Safety)
Self-Declaration allowed for many products
标签示例EXAMPLE LABEL
V I
S NFI D
NOM
COMPANY NAMEMODEL: XYZ123
LISTEDITEE123456
EN60950
100-240VAC 50/60 Hz130-170VA; 0.8-1.3A
MADE IN CHINA FOR INDOOR USE ONLYFUSE REPLACEMENT: T1.2
LEVEL 3LR12345
COMPANY NAMEOR MODEL NUMBER
US/CANADAUL and/or CSA
SPECIAL INFORMATIONUse, Fuse,Warnings
VOLTAGEFREQUENCY
POWER OR CURRENT
UL & CSA allow manufacturers to use “E” number or “LR” number instead of Manufacturer’s Name
一般性费用GENERAL COSTSCosts for FCC Approval
o Testing for PCs and Digital Devices: $1000-2500o Testing for Transmitters: $2500-4500o Testing for Telecommunications: $2500o FCC Fees:
o Low Power Transmitters: $1000o High Power Transmitters: $1000o Telecommunications: $500
Costs for ULo Testing Fees: $2000-5000o UL Fees: $4500-10,000
Price depends on equipment
New TechnologiesWireless Growth in US
More than 300 new Wireless products are approved every month
LANs
Bluetooth
Alarm Systems
US Electronics Industry
US Electronics Exports
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
$M
$550B Industry
$200B~Export Industry in 2001
Telecom export market ~$4.5B
Wireless Broadband
Market Access Estimates o Frost & Sullivan's North American
Broadband Wireless Access Services Marketo2000: Wireless broadband service
$842.3Mo2007: >$10B(?)
Wireless LAN Market SizeVDC, (Natick, MA):
Global Market for Wireless LAN related equipment INICs, bridges, residential gateways)
o 2001: $923Mo 2002: $1,050Mo 2003: $1,426.3M o 2004: $1,906Mo 2005: $2,384M
Communications and Imaging
New wider bandwidth technologies necessary to implement short range communication deviceso IEEE 802.11 for LANSo IEEE 802.15.3a (TG3a) for PANs
o Devices worn on or located near the bodyo PDAso HPCs (Handheld Personal Computers)
Collision Avoidance
Current and Emerging Wireless Technologies
UWB: 3.1 – 10.6 GHz, 22-29 GHzBluetooth: 2.4 GHzWi-Fi: IEEE 802.11WCDMA: Cellular 3G; GSM Migration
o 1920-1980 MHz & 2110-2170 MHz
CDMA-2000: Cellular 3G; CDMA Migration (4X wider channel)
Wi-Max: 10-66 GHz PMP IEEE 802.16
What’s the Trend?Market Potential for Wireless Technologies
Growth Rates of Chipsets 2003-2008 by Technology
Comparison of Short Range Data Capability
Challenges: Looking Forward
Interference
Security Issues
Intercompatibility
Integration & Standardization o UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System)o Frequency Harmonization
Charging for Access: How to make $?