Warm Up
How is a conditioned stimulus different than an unconditioned stimulus?
True or False: An originally neutral stimulus must be paired with an unconditioned stimulus in order to elicit the intended response
Test Next Wednesday (10/23)
It will cover ONLY classical and operant conditioning, and social learning
We will review in class Tuesday
ALSO- Tutoring after school Tuesday 2:15-2:45
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
learning from consequences of behavior
Reinforcement or Punishment
Skinner’s Experiment
Pavlov is to the dog experiment, as Skinner is to the rat experiment
Rats had to press a bar in order to receive the food (reinforcement)
Reinforcement
Stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that a response will be repeated
Can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-63ysqT5nu0
Negative Reinforcement
Takes away an unpleasant stimulus
Escape Conditioning-remove or terminate unpleasant stimulus
Avoidance Conditioning- prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus; often has a warning signal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHhcidCoGAE
Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer
Primary- satisfies a biological need (hunger/thirst/sleep)
Secondary-paired with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning and has acquired value (Almost any stimulus)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Behavior Reinforced EVERY time- Continuous Schedule
Behaviors Reinforced with intervals- Partial Schedule
Partial Schedule
253-254
Pull out the 4 types of partial reinforcement and describe each (in your notes!)
Shaping
Desired behavior is “modeled” by first rewarding any act similar to desired behavior and then requiring closer acts before giving a reward
Shaping
For example, to teach a child to write his or her first name, you initially give praise for writing the first letter correctly. After the child has mastered that first step, letter-by-letter you give praise until the entire name is correctly written.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iox5BVm5-qk
Response Chains
Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence
Simple skills make harder tasks possible
Ride a training bike, have parent guide you, ride a real bike
Negative Punishment
When a child "talks back" to his/her mother, the child may lose the privilege of watching her favorite television program. Therefore, the loss of viewing privileges will act as a negative punisher and decrease the likelihood of the child talking back in the future.
Positive Punishment
If you stroke a cat's fur in a manner that the cat finds unpleasant, the cat may attempt to bite you. Therefore, the presentation of the cat's bite will act as a positive punisher and decrease the likelihood that you will stroke the cat in that same manner in the future.
Disadvantages of Punishment
257-259
What are the problems with punishment? Please identify and add to your notes
THEN WE ARE DONE WITH NOTES- YOU MADE IT!