Visual Display ofVisual Display ofDynamic InformationDynamic Information
Chapter 5Chapter 5
Visual Display ofVisual Display ofDynamic InformationDynamic Information
Uses of Dynamic InformationUses of Dynamic Information
Quantitative Visual Displays Quantitative Visual Displays
Qualitative Visual Displays Qualitative Visual Displays
Signal & Warning Lights Signal & Warning Lights
Representational Displays Representational Displays
Head-up DisplayHead-up Display DiscussionDiscussion
Uses of Dynamic InformationUses of Dynamic Information
Quantitative ReadingsQuantitative Readings
Qualitative ReadingsQualitative Readings– Trend, Rate of changeTrend, Rate of change
Check ReadingsCheck Readings– ““Normal” or notNormal” or not
Situation AwarenessSituation Awareness– Perceive and Attach meaning, Project into Perceive and Attach meaning, Project into
the near futurethe near future
– (e.g.) Air traffic controller(e.g.) Air traffic controller
Uses of Dynamic InformationUses of Dynamic Information
Design or Select a DisplayDesign or Select a Display– Critical: All the Critical: All the informationinformation needsneeds of the user of the user
be fully understoodbe fully understood
– (e.g.) (e.g.) 汽車引擎溫度汽車引擎溫度 : check vs. qualitative: check vs. qualitative
– (e.g.) (e.g.) 鐘錶之秒針鐘錶之秒針
- End -- End -
Quantitative Visual DisplaysQuantitative Visual Displays
Basic Design of Quantitative Displays Basic Design of Quantitative Displays
Fixed scale / Moving pointer (analog)Fixed scale / Moving pointer (analog)
Moving scale / Fixed pointer (analog)Moving scale / Fixed pointer (analog)
Digital display Digital display Fig 5-1Fig 5-1
– Comparison of Different DesignsComparison of Different Designs
Digital: Precise numeric valueDigital: Precise numeric value Remain visible long enoughRemain visible long enough
Analog: Frequent or continual change of valueAnalog: Frequent or continual change of value Direction or rate of change (qualitative)Direction or rate of change (qualitative)
Quantitative Visual DisplaysQuantitative Visual Displays
Basic Design of Quantitative Displays Basic Design of Quantitative Displays
– Guideline for selection of analog displaysGuideline for selection of analog displays
Moving pointer (circular) preferred, in generalMoving pointer (circular) preferred, in general
Natural interpretation (up, down, …): Straight-lineNatural interpretation (up, down, …): Straight-line
Do not mix types of pointer-scale indicatorsDo not mix types of pointer-scale indicators
Manual control: moving pointer (vs. scale)Manual control: moving pointer (vs. scale)
Slight changes in quantity are important: moving pointerSlight changes in quantity are important: moving pointer
Too great the range of value: (open-window) moving scalesToo great the range of value: (open-window) moving scales
Quantitative Visual DisplaysQuantitative Visual Displays
Basic Features of Quantitative DisplaysBasic Features of Quantitative Displays
– Scale range Scale range Fig 5-2Fig 5-2
– Numbered intervalNumbered interval
– Graduation intervalGraduation interval
– Scale unit Scale unit
Quantitative Visual DisplaysQuantitative Visual Displays
Specific Features of Conventional Specific Features of Conventional Quantitative DisplaysQuantitative Displays– Numeric Progressions of Scales Numeric Progressions of Scales Fig 5-3Fig 5-3
– Length of Scale Unit Length of Scale Unit Fig 5-4Fig 5-4
– Design of Scale MarkersDesign of Scale Markers
– Scale Markers and InterpolationScale Markers and Interpolation
– Design of Pointers: tip, meet (but not overlap) scale Design of Pointers: tip, meet (but not overlap) scale markers, color of pointers, close to the surfacemarkers, color of pointers, close to the surface
– Combining Scale Features Combining Scale Features Fig 5-5Fig 5-5 5-65-6
– Scale Size and Viewing DistanceScale Size and Viewing Distance
Quantitative Visual DisplaysQuantitative Visual Displays
Specific Features of Electronic Specific Features of Electronic Quantitative Displays Quantitative Displays Fig 5-1Fig 5-1
– Only one of the segment shownOnly one of the segment shown
– Complete bar: speedComplete bar: speed
Quantitative Visual DisplaysQuantitative Visual Displays
Design of AltimetersDesign of Altimeters
– VerticalVertical vs. Circular scales vs. Circular scales
– IntegratedIntegrated vs. Separated vs. Separated
– AnalogAnalog vs. Digital vs. Digital Fig 5-7Fig 5-7
Quantitative Visual DisplaysQuantitative Visual Displays
Object Displays (Configural Displays)Object Displays (Configural Displays)– Integrate information about several variablesIntegrate information about several variables
– Compatibility of Proximity PrincipleCompatibility of Proximity Principle
Integrate (mental proximity): Close display proximityIntegrate (mental proximity): Close display proximity
(e.g.) closeness in space, common color(e.g.) closeness in space, common color
– Emergent Features (Pomerantz, 1981)Emergent Features (Pomerantz, 1981)
Combine dimensions → Perceptual objectCombine dimensions → Perceptual object
– Object displays vs. Bar graph display Object displays vs. Bar graph display Fig 5-8Fig 5-8 5-95-9
Integrate: Object displayIntegrate: Object display
Check indivisual: Bar graph displayCheck indivisual: Bar graph display (end)(end)
Qualitative Visual DisplaysQualitative Visual Displays
Quantitative Basis for Qualitative DisplayQuantitative Basis for Qualitative Display
– A limited number of predetermined rangesA limited number of predetermined ranges (( 例例 ) ) 溫度:冷、正常、熱溫度:冷、正常、熱
– Maintaining some desirable rangeMaintaining some desirable range (( 例例 ) ) 車速車速
– Observing trend, rate of changeObserving trend, rate of change (( 例例 ) ) 飛機:高度變化速度飛機:高度變化速度
– Qualitative vs. Quantitative readingsQualitative vs. Quantitative readings Tab 5-1Tab 5-1
Open-window (digital) vs. Circular vs. VerticalOpen-window (digital) vs. Circular vs. Vertical
Qualitative Visual DisplaysQualitative Visual Displays
Design of Qualitative ScalesDesign of Qualitative Scales– Color Coding Color Coding Fig 5-10Fig 5-10
– Shape Coding Shape Coding Fig 5-11Fig 5-11
Check ReadingCheck Reading– Normal position: 9 o’clock (or 12 o’clock) positionsNormal position: 9 o’clock (or 12 o’clock) positions
– Extended lines between the dials Extended lines between the dials Fig 5-12Fig 5-12
Status IndicatorsStatus Indicators– Reflect separate, discrete conditions: On /Off , Reflect separate, discrete conditions: On /Off , RR / /YY / /GG
– Lights: (e.g.) Traffic light (color & vertical position)Lights: (e.g.) Traffic light (color & vertical position)
(end)(end)
Signal & Warning LightsSignal & Warning Lights
DetectabilityDetectability
– Size, Luminance, & Exposure timeSize, Luminance, & Exposure time Fig 5-13Fig 5-13 Exposure time: Exposure time: summation effectsummation effect
– ColorColor of Lightsof Lights: : depend ondepend on
Absolute level of brightness of signalAbsolute level of brightness of signal
Relative brightness contrast: Signal/ BackgroundRelative brightness contrast: Signal/ Background
– Flash Rate of LightsFlash Rate of Lights:: << << flicker-fusion frequency (30Hflicker-fusion frequency (30Hz.)z.)
Signal & Warning LightsSignal & Warning Lights
DetectabilityDetectability
– Context of Signal LightsContext of Signal Lights
Stationary → moving (misperceived)Stationary → moving (misperceived) Tab 5-2Tab 5-2
Discriminate signal lights with other lightsDiscriminate signal lights with other lights
Signal LightSignal Light Background LightBackground Light CommentComment
FlashingFlashing SteadySteady BestBest
SteadySteady SteadySteady OKOK
SteadySteady FlashingFlashing OKOK
FlashingFlashing FlashingFlashing WorstWorst
Signal & Warning LightsSignal & Warning Lights
Recommendations Recommendations (p.151-152)(p.151-152)
– WhenWhen: Actual or potential dangerous condition: Actual or potential dangerous condition
– How manyHow many: : One (If several: Master warning light + One (If several: Master warning light + word panel)word panel)
– Steady or FlashingSteady or Flashing
Continuous condition: SteadyContinuous condition: Steady
Continuous but hazardous: FlashingContinuous but hazardous: Flashing
Occasional emergencies or new conditions: FlashingOccasional emergencies or new conditions: Flashing
Signal & Warning LightsSignal & Warning Lights
Recommendations Recommendations (p.151-152)(p.151-152)
– Flash rateFlash rate
3 to 10 Hz (4 best) with equal intervals of light & dark3 to 10 Hz (4 best) with equal intervals of light & dark
Different rates: < 3Different rates: < 3
– Warning-light intensityWarning-light intensity: : at least at least twicetwice as bright as bk. as bright as bk.
– LocationLocation: : within 30ºwithin 30º
– ColorColor: Red: Red
– SizeSize: at least 1º visual angle: at least 1º visual angle
(end)(end)
Representational DisplaysRepresentational Displays
目的:目的: Situational AwarenessSituational Awareness
Bank Angle (aircraft) Bank Angle (aircraft) Fig 5-14 Fig 5-14
– Moving aircraftMoving aircraftOutside-in, Bird’s eye, Ground-based DisplayOutside-in, Bird’s eye, Ground-based Display
不符 不符 pilot pilot 所見所見
– Moving horizonMoving horizonInside-out, Pilot’s eye DisplayInside-out, Pilot’s eye Display
不符 不符 moving compatibilitymoving compatibility
– Combine Both Combine Both (Fogel, 1959)(Fogel, 1959)
Rapid: moving aircraft; Slow: moving horizonRapid: moving aircraft; Slow: moving horizon
Representational DisplaysRepresentational Displays
3-D Perspective Display3-D Perspective Display
– Plan-view (2-D) vs. Perspective Display Plan-view (2-D) vs. Perspective Display Fig 5-15Fig 5-15
RT : 3D<2D (except head-on)RT : 3D<2D (except head-on)
3D: altitude maneuver (34%) & level turns (33%)3D: altitude maneuver (34%) & level turns (33%)
2D: level turns (60%)2D: level turns (60%)
– True 3-D DisplayTrue 3-D Display
Representational DisplaysRepresentational Displays
Principles of Aircraft-Position DisplaysPrinciples of Aircraft-Position Displays
– Principle of pictorial realismPrinciple of pictorial realism
Spatial analog of the real worldSpatial analog of the real world
– Principle of integration Principle of integration Fig 5-7 5-9Fig 5-7 5-9
– Principle of compatible motionPrinciple of compatible motion
– Principle of pursuit presentation Principle of pursuit presentation Fig 10-12Fig 10-12
(vs. compensatory display)(vs. compensatory display)
(end)(end)
Head-up DisplaysHead-up Displays
DiscussionDiscussion
General Guide to Visual Display SelectionGeneral Guide to Visual Display Selection– Heglin (1973) Heglin (1973) Tab 5-3Tab 5-3
ViewView– Object DisplayObject Display
– Representational DisplayRepresentational Display
– Enhance Situational AwarenessEnhance Situational Awareness