VERBS• ACTION OR LINKING• AUXILIARY (= HELPER)• 4 PRINCIPAL FORMS• SIMPLE TENSES• PERFECT TENSES• PROGRESSIVE TENSES• PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
•THERE ARE 2 MAIN CATEGORIES INTO WHICH VERBS MAY BE DIVIDED: ACTION AND LINKING.
•Action verbs express action: either mental or physical. The subject of the sentence performs the action described by the verb in such situations.
•Linking verbs are used to link the subject to the predicate word (either the p.n. or the p.a.).
ACTION LINKING
Forms of “BE”am, is, are, was, were, will be, been, being
VERBS
Verbs Expressing Condition
look, smell, feel, sound, taste, grow, appear, become, seem, remain
AUXILIARY VERBS
• These are also called helping verbs when they are part of a verb phrase.
• Some auxiliary verbs can also be used as the main verb in certain situations.
• Common Auxiliary Verbs: – be (am, is, are, was, were, will be, been,
being) – have (have, has, had, will have)– do (do, does, did)– can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might,
must
THE 4 PRINCIPAL FORMS OF A VERB
• Every verb has 4 principal forms: – the present tense– the present participle – the past tense – the past participle
• Participles ALWAYS need a helper. They may never function alone as a verb phrase.
• These 4 parts are used to make all of a verb’s tenses and forms.– He looks at the sky every night. (present tense)– He is looking for answers to his questions. (A
helper and a present participle were used to form a verb phrase in a particular tense.)
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
freeze(s) freezing froze frozen
fall(s) falling fell fallen
ride(s) riding rode ridden
come(s) coming came come
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
burst(s) bursting burst burst
cost(s) costing cost cost
cut(s) cutting cut cut
hit(s) hitting hit hit
hurt(s) hurting hurt hurt
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
let(s) letting let let
put(s) putting put put
set(s) setting set set
shut(s) shutting shut shut
bring(s) bringing brought brought
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
catch(es) catching caught caught
get(s) getting got gotten
lay(s) laying laid laid
lead(s) leading led led
lend(s) lending lent lent
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
lose(s) losing lost lost
make(s) making made made
say(s) saying said said
sit(s) sitting sat sat
seek(s) seeking sought sought
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
teach(es) teaching taught taught
begin(s) beginning began begun
drink(s) drinking drank drunk
ring(s) ringing rang rung
shrink(s) shrinking shrank shrunk
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
sink(s) sinking sank sunk
spring(s) springing sprang sprung
swim(s) swimming swam swum
beat(s) beating beat beaten
break(s) breaking broke broken
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
choose(s) choosing chose chosen
lie(s) lying lay lain
speak(s) speaking spoke spoken
steal(s) stealing stole stolen
tear(s) tearing tore torn
wear(s) wearing wore worn
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
blow(s) blowing blew blown
do(es) doing did done
draw(s) drawing drew drawn
eat(s) eating ate eaten
give(s) giving gave given
go(es) going went gone
Verbs to MemorizePresent Tense Present
ParticiplePast Tense Past
Participle
grow(s) growing grew grown
know(s) knowing knew known
rise(s) rising rose risen
run(s) running ran run
see(s) seeing saw seen
take(s) taking took taken
throw(s) throwing threw thrown
write(s) writing wrote written
TENSES• Tense indicates when an action
occurred.• We will learn several different tenses:
simple, perfect, progressive, and perfect progressive.
• SIMPLE TENSES: past, present, future. You know these already since they are the most commonly used tenses. Conjugate a verb to see its form(s) in any of the simple tenses.
HELPERS FOR TENSES
BE HAVE
PRESENTAMIS
ARE
HAVEHAS
PASTWAS
WEREHAD
FUTURE WILL BE WILL HAVE
PERFECT TENSES
•past perfect = past tense of have + past participle of main verb
•present perfect = present tense of have + past participle of main verb
•future perfect = future tense of have + past participle of main verb
HELPER PARTICIPLE
past perfect
had past participle
present perfect
have or has past participle
future perfect
will have past participle
PERFECT TENSES
write HELPER PARTICIPLE
past perfect
had written
present perfect
havehas
writtenwritten
future perfect
will have written
PERFECT TENSES
PROGRESSIVE TENSES
•past progressive = past tense of be + present participle of main verb
•present progressive = present tense of be + present participle of main verb
•future progressive = future tense of be + present participle of main verb
HELPER PARTICIPLE
past progressive
was, were present participle
present progressive
am, is, are present participle
future progressive
will be present participle
PROGRESSIVE TENSES
play HELPER PARTICIPLE
past progressive
waswere
playingplaying
present progressive
amisare
playingplayingplaying
future progressive
will be playing
PROGRESSIVE TENSES
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
• past perfect progressive = past tense of have + “been” + present participle of main verb
• present perfect progressive = present tense of have + “been” + present participle of main verb
• future perfect progressive = future tense of have + “been” + present participle of main verb
HELPER EXTRA HELPER
PARTICIPLE
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
HAD BEEN PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
HAVE, HAS
BEEN PRESENT PARTICIPLE
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
WILL HAVE
BEEN PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
RUN HELPER EXTRA HELPER
PARTICIPLE
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
HAD BEEN RUNNING
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
HAVEHAS
BEENBEEN
RUNNINGRUNNING
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
WILL HAVE
BEEN RUNNING
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
SIMPLE TENSES OF “FREEZE”
•SIMPLE PRESENT: FREEZE(S)
Why are there two forms?
•SIMPLE PAST: FROZE•SIMPLE FUTURE: WILL
FREEZE
PERFECT TENSES OF “FREEZE”
•PAST PERFECT: had frozen•PRESENT PERFECT: have/has frozen•FUTURE PERFECT: will have frozen
PROGRESSIVE TENSES OF “FREEZE”
•PAST PROGRESSIVE: was/were freezing•PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: am/is/are freezing•FUTURE PROGRESSIVE: will be freezing
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES OF “FREEZE”
• PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: had been freezing
• PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:
have/has been freezing• FUTURE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE: will have been freezing