Utjecaj termo-energetskih postrojenja na okoli

Utjecaj termo-energetskih postrojenja na okoli

Ugljenokopi (povrinski kop)

Transport i skladitenje ugljena

Naftne buotine

Transport i skladitenje nafteTransport i skladitenje nafte

Rafinerije

Izgaranje

Ostali otpad iz termo-energetskih postrojenja

Povlaenje iz slube, raspremanje (decommissioning)

Izgaranje fosilnih goriva

CxHy + (x+y/4)O2 xCO2 + y/2 H2O

CxHy + (x+y/4)O2 + 0,79/0,21(x+y/4)N2 xCO2 + y/2 H2O

CxHy + S CO2 + CO + SO2 + NOx + H2O

Emisije iz termoenergetskih postrojenja (prema European Environmental Agency EEA)

po GJ gorivaivaTragovi radioaktivnih elemenataPepeo

Federal environmental regulators proposed new rules today for mercury and other toxic air pollution from coal-fired power plants a move that could cost industry billions of dollars while preventing thousands of premature deaths a year.The new standards, which the Environmental Protection Agency issued under court order,

EPA proposes new rules for power plant emissionsBy MATTHEW TRESAUGUE HOUSTON CHRONICLE

March 16, 2011, 12:02PM

Protection Agency issued under court order, would require many older power plants to install scrubbers and other pieces of costly equipment to reduce emissions of the pollutants.The EPA estimates the cost of compliance would be more than $10 billion a year for utilities and other operators of power plants but would bring $140 billion in annual health benefits.

European standards presentation

Standardi kvalitete zraka u Europskoj uniji

Standardi kvalitete zraka u Europskoj uniji - nastavak

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 24.03.1989.260.000-750.000 barrel (36.000-105.000 tona)

What

Year?

Where did it occur? What tanker was it? How much oil did it

spill (in tons)?

1983 The Persian Gulf Nowruz Oil Field 600,000

1983 South Africa Castillo De Belluer 250,000

1988 The Monongahela

River

Storage Tank 3,800,000

1993 Off The Shetland

Islands

Braer 26,000,000

1996 Off SW Wales Sea Empress 18,000,000

2001 Galapagos Islands Jessica 240,000

Stakleniki plinovi

Vodena para

Ozon

Izgaranje prirodnog plina:

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + 800 kJ/mol

16 kg CH4 + 64 kg O2 44 kg CO2 + 36 kg H2O

1 kg CH4 + 4 kg O2 2,75 kg CO2 + 2,25 kg H2O + 50 MJ

55 kg CO2/GJ prirodnog plina55 kg CO2/GJ prirodnog plina

68 kg CO2 / GJ nafte

93 kg CO2 / GJ ugljena

Carbon dioxide and temperature in the last 1000 years

The present CO2 level of 380 ppm is unprecedented in at least thepast 420,000 years and it is expected to rise to 550-950 ppm by the year

2100. Temperatures may rise by 1.4-5.8C by 2100.

CO

2 (

pp

m)

Globally averaged temperature projections from two state-of-the-art climate models

driven by the same scenario of the future CO2 concentrations give similar results. (GDFL

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model; NCAR - National Center for

Atmospheric Reserach model)

Projections of Future Changes in Climate

Best estimate forlow scenario (B1)is 1.8C (likelyrange is 1.1C to2.9C),2.9C),andfor high scenario(A1FI) is 4.0C(likely range is2.4C to 6.4C).

Projected warming in 21st century expected to be greatest over land and at most high northern latitudes and least over

Projections of Future Changes in Climate

latitudes and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean

Vjerovatnost da ce prosjecne ljetne temperature biti vece od najvisih do sada

Topljenje ledenjaka

Topljenje ledenjaka

Poveanje razine mora

Predstoji neizbjena tranzicija globalnog energetskog sustava sa sadanjeg baziranog na fosilnim gorivima koji je tako oito neodrivna novi, trajni, odriv sustav

Tehnoloko drutvo u kakvom ivimo ima dvije mogunosti*:

1) Pokuati ispraviti sustavne greke prije katastrofalnih dogaaja

2) ekati dok katastrofe ne razotkriju sustavne greke, i samo-zavaravanja.zavaravanja.

*Iz predavanja:Climate change, energy and the green economyR K Pachauri, Chairman,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*Global Renewable Energy ForumLon, Mexico, 7-8 October 2009*Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za mir 2007.

suraivati ne suraivati

drugi zatvorenik

surauje

drugi zatvorenik

surauje

5 god 10 god

Zatvorenikova dilema*

suraivati ne suraivati

drugi zatvorenik

ne surauje

drugi zatvorenik

ne surauje

0 god 1 god

*iz teorije igara

pripremiti se ne pripremiti se

nema posljedica

globalnog zatopljenja

nema posljedica

globalnog zatopljenja

Super!Potroili za nita!

Zatvorenikova dilema

primjenjena na globalno zatopljenje

pripremiti se ne pripremiti se

posljedice globalnog

zatopljenja su katastrofalne

posljedice globalnog

zatopljenja su katastrofalne

Nema nam spasa!Dobro smo proli!

Utjecaj koritenja fosilnih goriva na okoli

Utjecaj na ljudsko zdravlje Prerane smrti (bolesti dinih organa)Prerane smrtiTrokovi lijeenjaGubitak radne sposobnostiUtjecaj na floru i faunuSmanjenje prinosaOdumiranje umaSmanjenje rekreativne vrijednostiPomor riba i morskih ivotinjaUtjecaj na bioloki diverzitetUtjecaj na bioloki diverzitetUtjecaj na graevine, Oneienje odjee, automobilaSmanjenje vidljivostiTrokovi smanjenja emisijaIzljevi nafteUnitavanje povrinskog sloja zemlje (povrinski ugljenokopi)Globalne klimatske promjeneDizanje razine mora

Procjena teta i utjecaja na okoli u 1998.: 4345 miljarde dolara (11% svjetskog bruto proizvoda)

Procjena teta i utjecaja na okoli u 1998.: 4345 miljarde dolara (11% svjetskog bruto proizvoda) $14,4 /GJ ugljena$12,5 /GJ nafte$8,2 /GJ prirodnog plina

Cijene energenata:ugljen: $5,2-$5,5 /GJ (uvoz Plomin)nafta: $113-$125 / barrel = $17,7-$19,6 /GJ (trina cijena)nafta: $113-$125 / barrel = $17,7-$19,6 /GJ (trina cijena)benzin: 10 kn/l = $60 /GJ (maloprodajna cijena HR) prirodni plin: 2,66 kn/m3 = 15,6/GJ (maloprodajna cijena HR)