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UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

WEAPONS TRAINING BATTALIONMARINE CORPS MARKSMANSHIP CENTER OF EXCELLENCE

MARINE CORPS COMBAT DEVELOPMENT COMMANDQUANTICO, VIRGINIA 22134-5040

LESSON PLAN

ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF WEATHER

CMC.21

COMBAT MARKSMANSHIP COACHES COURSE

REVISED 02/07/2006


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APPROVED BY ___________________________ DATE ___________


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INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION CHECKLIST

ESSENTIAL DATA

LESSON DESIGNATOR CMC.21

LESSON TITLE Analyzing the Effects of

Weather

DATE PREPARED 07 February 2006

TIME 45 min

METHOD Lecture

LOCATION Indoor/outdoor classroom

INSTRUCTORS REQUIRED One

REFERENCE MCRP 3-01A

TRAINING AIDS/EQUIPMENT Slides sCMC.21-1 sCMC.21-7


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DETAILED OUTLINE

ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF WEATHER

(Slide 1)

INTRODUCTION (3 MIN)

1. GAIN ATTENTION. The well-trained Marine who understands howto obtain a steady position, carefully align his sights, andexecute perfect trigger control may still fail to hit the centerof the target. Failure to hit the target can occur because theMarine failed to compensate for the effects of weather. Someconditions, such as wind, can cause significant changes inbullet impact. Other conditions, such as light, temperature,and precipitation have less of an effect, but can easily causethe Marine to miss the targets center. Once the Marinerecognizes how weather conditions affect his rifle, ammunition,and his performance, he can take appropriate measures to correctfor their effects.

(Slide 2)

2. OVERVIEW. This lesson covers weather effects on shooting toinclude the effects on the Marines performance. The effects ofwind, wind classification, wind velocity, and determination ofcorrect windage adjustment are covered. It also covers theeffects of different lighting conditions, temperature, andprecipitation on the Marine, the rifle, and the trajectory ofthe bullet. In addition, coaching instruction fortroubleshooting compensating for the effects of weather iscovered.

3. INTRODUCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES. The Terminal LearningObjective and Enabling Learning Objective pertaining to thislesson are as follows:

a. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE. Given a prepared shooter,

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range supplies, equipment, a range, and without referenceaids coach battlesight zeroing with the service rifle/carbineto ensure personnel achieve a proficiency level IAW MCO

3574.2_. (8530.1.3)

b. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE. Given a shooter, a target,and without reference aids correct errors in compensating forthe effects of weather to ensure weather is compensated forIAW MCRP 3-01A. (8530.1.3b)

4. METHOD. This lesson is taught in a classroom setting usinglecture.

5. EVALUATION. Students are evaluated on topics from this

lesson with a comprehensive written examination. Performance isevaluated with a performance checklist during Table I (Day 1 2).

TRANSITION: There are two ways the weather can affect theMarine before he delivers a shot. The weather can causephysical discomfort as well as affect mental attitude,distracting the Marine from successful target engagement.Proper preparation and practice can eliminate these problems andallow the Marine to shoot accurately in adverse weatherconditions.

BODY (40 MIN)

(SLIDE 3)

INSTRUCTORS NOTE: This lesson contains the Combat

Marksmanship Program (CMP) instruction on these topics as

well as the coaching instruction. This is done to

eliminate the need to go to another reference to prepare

for this instruction. Review the CMP instruction, as

necessary, depending on the knowledge and experience level

of the audience. The focus should be on the coaching

instruction interspersed throughout the lesson.

1. (1 MIN) EFFECTS OF WEATHER ON THE MARINE

a. Mental Attitude. The accomplishments made on the firingline and in the field stem partly from the ability to

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mentally adjust to unusual or adverse weather conditions. Ashooter must continually concentrate on the fundamentals ofmarksmanship. He must also develop mental discipline to

overcome the effects of adverse weather conditions to engagethe target accurately.

b. Physical Effects. Adverse weather conditions havedefinite physical effects on every Marine. The Marine mustbe prepared for the weather so that he is comfortable whenshooting. He must not divert attention from shooting.

Confirm by questions.

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TRANSITION: The weather condition that has the greatest effecton shooting performance is wind. Wind can have a great effecton the Marine as he prepares for his shot and on the bullet

after it leaves his rifle. Dry fire practice and knowledge ofthe measures to compensate for the wind will minimize theeffects of wind on shooting performance.

(Slide 4)

2. (3 MIN) EFFECTS OF WIND

a. The Marine. The effect the wind has on the Marinedepends on the velocity of the wind and the firing position.The stronger the wind, the more difficult it is to hold the

weapon steady. The wind is the one weather condition thataffects all Marines in the same way. However, a shooter cantake measures to counter the effects the wind has on yourability to fire accurately:

1) If the situation permits, choose a shooting positionthat is the least susceptible to the effect of the wind.The prone shooting position offers the most stablefiring position in windy conditions, while windyconditions make the standing position the least stable.

2) If the situation permits, counteract the effects ofwind by timing your shots. By waiting for a steady windor a lull in the wind, the Marine can balance himselfproperly and deliver a well-aimed shot on the target.

3) The effects of wind can be partially offset if theMarine trains carefully and has a positive mentalattitude.

(Slide 5)

b. The Bullet. The effect the wind has on the round as ittravels down range is referred to as deflection. The winddeflects the bullet laterally in its flight path to thetarget. It is an effect that increases with the distance tothe target. The deflection of the bullet can be compared tothat of a boat crossing a river with a strong current. Theskipper of the boat may aim for a point directly across theriver, but may end up farther downstream because of thecurrent. There are two factors that affect the amount of

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deflection of the bullet:

1) The Velocity of the Wind. The greater the velocity

of the wind, the more it will deflect the bullet.

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2) The Range to the Target. Because the initialvelocity of the bullet as it leaves the muzzle of therifle is high, the wind has little effect on bullets

traveling short distances. The velocity of the rounddecreases as it travels down range, causing the wind toproduce a greater deflection. Therefore, the winddeflection increases the farther a round must travelbefore it strikes the target.


TRANSITION: As we have learned, wind has a significant impact

on not only the Marine, but also the bullet once it leaves therifle. Winds blowing from different angles have differenteffects on the bullet. The velocity and direction of the windin relation to the bullet must be determined to offset thewinds effects.

(Slide 6)

3. (5 MIN) WIND CLASSIFICATION

Classifying the wind is a two-step process. First, shooter must

determine the direction of the wind and then, the value of thewind.

a. Wind Direction. Winds are classified according to thedirection from which they are blowing in relation to thedirection of fire. For example, if the flag is blowingleft, the wind is known as a right wind because it is comingfrom the right. A shooter can determine the direction ofthe wind in several different ways. When shooting takesplace on the range, the direction of the range flagsindicates the direction of the wind. The Marine on the

range should use the range flags as a training aid to assisthim in determining the winds direction. He can associatetheir direction with an observation of vegetation movementnear the target. When a shooter is in a field environment,he should use any available means to determine winddirection such as observing the direction vegetation ismoving or feeling the wind against the body.

(Slide 7)

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b. Wind Value - The Clock System. The clock system is usedto determine the value of the wind as full, half, or no

value. The clock system refers to a sectored circle inwhich winds blowing from different directions are assigneddifferent values. These values along with the speed of thewind are used to calculate the sight adjustments tocompensate for the wind. The direction of fire to thetarget is always considered to be 12 oclock. The directionfrom which the wind is blowing determines the relative valueof the wind. The relative value of a wind indicates itsability to deflect the bullet in its flight to the target.

1) Full Value Wind. Wind blowing from either right or

left directly across the Marines front (3 oclock or 9oclock) is assigned a full value, since it has thegreatest effect on bullet deflection.

2) No Value Wind. Winds blowing directly in theMarines face (12 oclock) or at his back (6 oclock)are of no value, since they do not deflect the bullet.

3) Half Value Wind. Winds blowing from otherdirections are assigned intermediate values. Forexample, wind blowing from 1:30 is referred to as a halfvalue wind. A half value wind deflects a bullet halfthe distance laterally as a full value wind. Forexample, if a 10 mph wind from 3 oclock (full value)deflects a bullet 9 inches to the left at 300yards/meters, the same 10 mph wind from 1:30 (halfvalue) would deflect the bullet only 4.5 inches to theleft at 300 yards/meters.


TRANSITION: Once the direction of the wind is determined andthe corresponding value assigned to it, velocity is determinedto make adjustments to a shooters rifle sights to compensatefor deflection. Velocity is the speed the wind is blowing.There are two primary field expedient methods for determiningwind velocities in miles per hour (mph): the Observation Methodand the Flag Method.

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(Slide 8)

4. (5 MIN) DETERMINING WIND VELOCITY

a. The Observation Method. The Observation Method is theprimary method used to determine wind velocity in a tacticalsituation and a shooter should practice it on the range.

1) During KD firing, the flag method is an ideallearning tool to get a shooter familiar with observinghis surroundings and to determine wind velocity on therange. For example, the range flags may move indifferent directions making it difficult to gauge thewind. This includes the flags at either end of the

firing points in the pits, as well as, the flags at eachyard line. In these cases, shooters will have todetermine by observing the terrain closest to thetarget. A shooter can achieve this by associatingflags moving with trees moving, or grass near the impactarea, or dust created by another shooters roundimpacting the berm near the target.

2) Using the Observation Method, the Marine observeshis surroundings and gauges the wind velocity by objectsmoving around him and the feel of the wind on his body.

a) Under 3 mph. Wind can hardly be felt on theface, but the presence of a slight wind can bedetected by drifting smoke.

b) 3 to 5 mph. Wind can be felt lightly on theface.

c) 5 to 8 mph. Wind keeps tree leaves in constantmotion.

d) 8 to 12 mph. Wind raises dust and loose paper.

e) 12 to 15 mph. Wind causes small trees to sway.

f) 20 to 25 mph. Wind causes large trees to sway.

(Slide 9)

b. The Flag Method. The Flag Method of determining wind

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velocity is the primary method used on the KD range. Theflag method is based on the observation of a flag or someother cloth object that is blowing in the wind. It requires

the Marine to estimate the angle (in degrees) that the flagis blowing away from its vertical pole. Dividing this angleby 4 will give the wind velocity in mph.

1) Angle of the flag from the pole = Speed in mph4

2) This information is based on a dry flag. A wet flagis heavier and may give a false reading by indicating alower velocity than the wind is actually blowing.


TRANSITION: As discussed, it is important to understand theeffects of wind on marksmanship and accurately estimate thewinds direction, value, and velocity. With this knowledge, theMarine needs only apply this information to a relatively simplemathematical formula or to a windage chart to determine thecorrect windage adjustment to ensure an accurate shot on thetarget.

(Slide 10)

5. (8 MIN) DETERMINING CORRECT WINDAGE ADJUSTMENTS

There are several methods that are used to calculate windageadjustments needed on the rifles windage knob to compensate forthe wind prior to firing.

(Slide 11)

a. Windage Chart Observation Method. To calculate thenumber of clicks to make the proper windage adjustment onthe rifle sight, refer to the observation method windagechart. Once wind velocity and value along with range to thetarget are determined, review the chart to determine theproper windage adjustment.

1) Match wind velocity, value, and range to the targetwith the chart.

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2) The number in the block that intersects the valueand the range is the correct number of clicks to apply

to the rear sight windage knob.

(Slide 12)

b. Windage Chart Flag Method. Another method is to referto the windage chart for the flag method that is in the databook. Match the figures in the chart with the windconditions and range. The number in the block thatintersects the value and the range is the correct number ofclicks to apply to the rear sight windage knob.

c. Calculating Windage Clicks. A third method uses afairly simple mathematical formula to determine how manyclicks of windage are applied to the rifle to compensate forthe effects of wind. This formula is good only for theservice rifle/carbine based on full value wind. If the windis not full value, adjust accordingly. The rifle has awindage scale which is gauged in 1/2 inch per 100yards/meters of range per click on the rear sight windageknob.

1) Range X Wind Velocity in mph = Clicks for fullRange Constant value wind

2) The range constant depends on the type ofammunition. The range constant for M855 ammunition isas follows:

a) If the range to the target is 200-400yards/meters, the range constant is 5.

b) If the range to the target is 500-700yards/meters, the range constant is 4.

3) The range that the formula uses is measured in 100-yard/meter increments. At a range of 300 yards/metersto the target, a 3 would be entered for the range in theformula.

4) In adjusting the windage on the rifle, the rearsight aperture must always be moved into the direction

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from which the wind is blowing. For example, if thewind is blowing from the right, the rear sight aperturemust be moved right.

(Slide 13)

5) A working example of this formula is:

A 10 mph wind is blowing from 9 oclock. The range tothe target is 500 yards/meters. Therefore, Range (R)=5,Velocity (V)=10 mph, 500-yard/meter Range Constant=4.

R X V = 5 X 10 = 50 = 12.5 or 13 clicks left4 4 4 on the windage knob

d. Recording Types of Wind Conditions in the Data Book. Thetypes of wind conditions that existed during firing are recordedin the data book. This information helps determine howdifferent wind conditions affect your battlesight zero (BZO).


TRANSITION: While windy conditions can affect the path of the

bullet as well as a shooters mental state, light conditionsaffect marksmanship in a different way. The effects ofdifferent light conditions do not affect the trajectory of thebullet, but the way the target is perceived. Shooter mustunderstand the effects of light and how they affect targetengagement to overcome them.

(Slide 14)

6. (2 MIN) EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LIGHT CONDITIONS

Many inexperienced Marines do not recognize that lightconditions can affect shooting accuracy. A change in lightcondition can cause a Marine to aim at the incorrect aimingpoint. What appear to him as center mass on the target may infact be several inches higher or lower, left or right. Ashooter may need to adjust his rifle sights to compensate forthe effects of changing light conditions. Regardless of howindistinct the target appears, maintaining a center mass hold

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ensures the best chances for an effective shot. Common lightconditions include:

a. Bright Light. Bright light conditions exist under aclear blue sky with no fog or haze present to filter thesunlight.

1) Bright light can make a target appear smaller andfarther away. As a result, it is easy to overestimaterange.

(Slide 15)

2) Bright light shining from above makes the front

sight post appear shorter and bright light from the sidemakes the front sight post appear narrower. Thisaffects aiming because the Marine will aim at centermass using the perceived tip of the front sight post,which is altered due to the effects of light.

(Slide 16)

b. Haze. Haze exists when smog, fog, dust, smoke, orhumidity is present. Haze is not bright, but it can beuncomfortable to the eyes. Haze can make a target appearindistinct, making it difficult to establish sight picture.

c. Overcast. Overcast conditions exist when a solid layerof clouds blocks the sun. The amount of light changes asthe cloud cover thickens. Overcast conditions make a targetappear larger and closer. As a result, it is easy tounderestimate range.

1) Light Overcast. Light overcast conditions existwhen no blue sky is visible and a thin layer of cloudsis present. In light overcast, both the target and therifle sights appear very distinct. Light overcast iscomfortable on the eyes with no glare present, makingprobably the best light condition for shooting.

2) Dark Heavy Overcast. Dark heavy overcast conditionsexist when the sky is completely overcast with most ofthe light blotted out by the clouds. As the overcastthickens, it becomes difficult to identify the targetfrom the surroundings.

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d. Scattered Clouds. Scattered cloud conditions exist whenthe clouds are broken up into small patches with the sun

appearing at times between the clouds. A shooters eyes mayhave problems adjusting between a target that is brightlylit and one that is shadowed.

e. Moving Clouds. Moving clouds exist when scatteredclouds move across the sky rapidly, making the sun appearperiodically. Rapidly moving clouds can fatigue the eyes dueto the rapid changes from bright light to shadows. Thiscondition is probably the most difficult to contend withbecause the light changes rapidly. If the situationpermits, this condition can be compensated by selecting one

of the two light conditions (bright light or shadow) inwhich to fire. Best results are obtained, if each shot isfired under the same light condition.

f. Record Light Condition in the Data Book. A shootershould record a significant change in light condition in theREMARKS block of the data book. This information helpsdetermine how the type of light condition or change incondition affects a shooters BZO.


TRANSITION: In addition to the effects that wind and lightconditions have on a Marine, the trajectory of the bullet, andthe appearance of the target, excessive heat and cold can alsoaffect a Marine, the trajectory of the bullet, and the weapon.It is essential to learn how to compensate for extremes intemperature to engage a target effectively.

Slide 17

7. (5 MIN) EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE

a. Extreme Heat

1) Effects of Extreme Heat on the Marine. Hottemperatures can lead to rapid fatigue and causedistractions that can result in inaccurate shooting.This can cause blurred vision and reduce concentration

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levels. Excessive heat can cause muscle cramps, heatexhaustion, or heat stroke. Increased fluid intake,good physical condition, and periodic rest breaks (if

possible) help offset these effects.

2) Target/Front Sight Post. At high temperatures,ground mirage can cause a target to appear indistinctand drift from side to side. Heat waves or mirage maydistort the target shape or the appearance of the frontsight post. Mirage created by the heat of the riflebarrel can cause difficulty in seeing the sightsclearly. Maintaining a center mass hold ensures thebest chance for accurate target engagement.

3) The Rifle and Bullet. In hot weather, rifle chamberpressure increases, causing the bullet to exit themuzzle at a higher velocity and impact the target abovethe point of aim. Hot air is less dense than cooler airand provides the bullet with less resistance. Thisallows the bullet to travel faster, causing it toexperience less deflection when there is wind.Ammunition should be protected from direct exposure tothe sun to avoid changes in propellant temperature.

(Slide 18)

b. Extreme Cold

1) The Marine. Extreme cold can cause the Marine toshiver, feel uncomfortable, have lapses in memory, andhave difficulty holding a frigid rifle with numb hands.Shivering can make aiming very difficult, if notimpossible. Trigger control is difficult to executeproperly if the fingers are numb. Additionally, thepotential for frostbite is a concern. Proper dress incold climates is paramount.

2) The Rifle and the Bullet. Extreme cold affects therifle and the bullet. In cold weather, rifle chamberpressure decreases, causing the bullet to exit themuzzle at a lower velocity and impact the target belowthe point of aim. The air is denser at lowertemperatures and tends to slow the speed of the bullet,causing the bullet to experience a greater deflectionwhen there is wind.

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c. Record Temperature in the Data Book. A substantialtemperature change (20 degrees or more) should be recorded

in the REMARKS block of the data book. A substantial changerequires that a shooter re-zero his rifle.


TRANSITION: Precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail, andsleet, can affect shooting performance. The temperature andwind that accompany precipitation affect the bullet. However,if a Marine is distracted by precipitation, he may shoot poorlyregardless of any corrections he made to compensate for the

effects of temperature and wind.

(Slide 19)

8. (1 MIN) EFFECTS OF PRECIPITATION

a. The Marine. Precipitation can affect concentration andcomfort. Depending on the amount of precipitation, thetarget may be obscured or not visible at all making itdifficult to establish sight picture. A positive mentalattitude provides the best performance.

b. The Rifle and Bullet. Freezing rain and other types ofprecipitation can make the weapon difficult to handle or mayfoul the weapon and cause stoppages. Water buildup in thebarrel or compensator can cause erratic shots. Therefore,the rifle should be carried Weak Side Sling Arms (MuzzleDown) to keep moisture out of the bore.


TRANSITION: Analysis of the target during KD firing can oftenreveal a shooter with a problem in compensating for the effectsof wind. The coach must work with his shooters to identify andcorrect problems in compensating for the effects of wind andlight conditions. A knowledgeable coach can often anticipateproblems and reinforce the correct procedures for compensatingfor the effects of weather in various firing conditions.

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(Slide 20)

9. (10 MIN) COACHING INSTRUCTION: TROUBLESHOOTING

COMPENSATING FOR THE EFFECTS OF WEATHER

a. Understand Wind Conditions Peculiar to Range

1) No two ranges are constructed alike. Identical windconditions affect shooting performance differently ondifferent ranges due to range terrain, structure, or thetype or size of range flags. These factors affect theappearance of the range flags in relation to how theyappear in the windage chart in the data book. They causethe true wind value of an individual range to be greater

or lesser than what is indicated by the range flags inthe data book windage chart. For example:

a) A 2 click adjustment in the windage chart asindicated by the range flag may require a 3 clickadjustment on a particular range because the rangeflags are heavier than the standard flag. In thiscase, the coach may tell his shooters that based onthis range, shooters have to carry an additionalclick for windage adjustments.

b) If a range has a tree line bordering target #1and a clearing bordering target #50, the wind valueis greater at target #50 than it is at target #1.

2) Through the coachs experience or through theexperience of other Marines on the range, the coachshould impart his knowledge to shooters of the wind valueas indicated by the range flags. After reporting to anew coaching assignment, the coach should immediatelyfamiliarize himself with the wind conditions on thatparticular range as they relate to the windage chart inthe data book. This includes knowledge of the wind valueas indicated by the flags from the first firing point tothe last and from the pits to the 500-yard line.

3) If the flags on a range differ greatly from theirappearance in the windage chart in the data book, rangepersonnel can alter the flags to match. Sewing a washerin the bottom right corner of a flag weighs it down.Shortening a flag makes it lighter.

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c. Adjusting Positions in Windy Conditions. While the KDCourse of Fire dictates the firing position, the coach canassist the shooter in exploring variations of the basic

firing positions in an effort to find the most stableposition. When firing in windy conditions, the coach canencourage the shooter as follows:

1) Wait for the wind to settle down between shots, iftime permits, and fire in like conditions.

2) Assume a more aggressive stance when firing from thestanding position. The shooter can tighten his upperbody and widen his stance by spreading his feet a littlewider.

3) Push the left elbow outboard to drive the rifle buttfirmly into the shoulder. Ensure the body is squared tothe target to provide a pocket for the rifle butt in theshoulder.

d. Reminding Shooters of Light Conditions. The coachshould continuously remind his shooters that a change inlight conditions can cause the shooter to aim at what hethinks is the correct aiming point, but really is not: Incertain light conditions what appears to be center mass onthe target is in fact several inches higher or lower, leftor right. The coach should stress maintaining a center masshold, regardless of how indistinct the target appears.

e. Troubleshoot Dramatic Wind or Elevation Changes onQualification Day

1) If a shooter fires in a predominant wind for two orthree days, his true zero will tend to favor thatdirection. This is because shooters tend tounderestimate the wind. For example, if the shooterfired under a right wind for three days and onqualification day the wind was blowing from left toright, the shooters groups may be misplaced to theright of target center.

2) If the shooter fires in overcast conditions for acouple of days and then must fire in bright, clearconditions, he may notice he is shooting 1 or 2 clickslow of target center. Remind shooters that different

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light conditions can affect their zeros.


TRANSITION: It is vital to develop the ability to compensatefor the effects of weather through weapon sight adjustment andmental and physical preparation to become a combat-effectiverifleman. Through an understanding of how wind, temperature,light, and precipitation affect him and the trajectory of thebullet, the Marine can develop the skill and confidence toengage targets accurately under a variety of adverse weatherconditions.

(Slide 23)

OPPORTUNITY FOR QUESTIONS: (1 MIN)

1. Respond to questions from the class.

2. Prompt Marines with questions to the class.

a. QUESTION: What is the Marines greatest weapon againstadverse weather conditions?

ANSWER: A good mental attitude.

b. QUESTION: Which of the four shooting positions does thewind have the greatest effect on?

ANSWER: The standing position.

c. QUESTION: What are the two methods for determining windvelocity?

ANSWER: The Observation Method and the Flag Method.

INSTRUCTORS NOTE: Ask Marines as many questions

as necessary to ensure they fully understand

the material presented in this class.

SUMMARY: (1 MIN)

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On the range and in combat, the Marine will be subjected to awide variety of adverse weather conditions including wind,

excessive temperatures, precipitation, and light conditions. Anunderstanding of how these weather conditions can affect yourperformance, the rifle, and the trajectory of the bullet can aidlearning to compensate for these conditions. Through physicaland mental preparation and sight adjustment, combined withpractice and adherence to the fundamentals of marksmanship, theeffects of adverse weather on your performance can be overcome.

SLIDES

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