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Memoni Language Project Project commencement: June 2006Prepared by Siddique Katiya Montreal Canada Saturday, June 17, 2006Version v 1.1 last updatedResearch in Progress Interested people are encouraged to participate in this project.

Memoni Language Project Research in Progress

draft version 1 Siddique katiya Montreal Canada

MEMONI LANGUAGE PROJECT

Project Coordinator Siddique Katiya Montreal CanadaConsultation Abdur Razzaq Thaplawala Karachi Pakistan

Members of Memoni Orthography committee:Siddique Katiya Montreal Canadavacantvacantvacantvacan

The Memoni Language project proposed writing system in Latin (roman) script using modern English alphabet with 26 letters no glyph or diacritic (accent) marks for stress are considered. In each English letter may represent more than one sound and each sound (phoneme) may be written by more than one letter

Proposed method and Project Priorities:(1) Publication of standard Memoni Orthography of essential words(2) Publication of Memoni basic word dictionary including its meanings, word origin, comparison with Urdu, Guajarati and Sindhi wherever possible(3) Analysis of Memoni Grammar rules(4) Analysis of Memoni sentence structures Syntax

HOW CAN YOU PARTICIPATE IN THIS PROJECTEveryone is welcome to collaborate with this project; the major challenge to this project is the establishment of standard Memoni orthography of basic routine words in roman script.

www.as-sidq.or/memoni

contact: [email protected]


Language Code (mby) ISO/DIS 639-3 international standard (Draft International Standard)

Introduction of Memoni Language

Memoni is a unwritten (oral) language which is spoken by (in its different versions) by at least 2 to 5 million people. Technically the Memoni is a language of Memons who are a minor linguistics group, in Indian subcontinent that are identified as mainstream Sunni Muslims and their ancestry can be traced back to 15th century Sindh, Indus valley region in a province of present day Pakistan. There are several other groups such as some Ismaili and Khoja who also speak the similar language which is identify as kutchi language. It is quite possible that familiar version of Memoni may be spoken by some non-Muslim such as Hindus and Jains.

It is generally believe that Memoni is originated from Sindhi language. As Memons began to migrated to the neighbouring regions Kutch, Khatiwar and Gujrat around 15th Century A.D., their language evolved into a mixture of Sindhi and Khojki, a dialect of Gujarati spoken in Kutch. Memoni in sound (such as stress and intonation) is very much like that of Sindhi, but the vocabulary is closer to that of Gujarati and Urdu. At the same the Sindhi language also went through changes and most likely influenced by the Punjabi and Hindi (Rajasthani) languages. This is why there are significant difference in Memoni and Sindhi. The 17th century A.D. and onward, the Memons become very successful Muslim business community in Indian subcontinent and beyond. They used excessively the Guajarati language in their written and oral communication. Until 1970’s Memons businesses in Pakistan kept their books, records and business documents in Guajarati. Toward the end of 20th century Memoni further under went some changes in Pakistan and elsewhere due to Urdu and English influences. Towards the end of 20th century, the Urdu has been widely accepted and used as a Islamic language by the Muslims in the Indian subcontinent and eventually the English will be replaced by either Gujarati or Urdu.

Memoni is falling into disuse and the younger generation is unlikely to learn it as their mother tongue for various reasons:

1. Non-existence of language learning tools especially disappearance of Gujarati in Pakistan2. Many second generation parents do not know their mother tongue themselves 3. Development of inferiority complex about their heritage by many Memons4. Fear of being discriminated or being ridiculed by some Urdu speaking

Memoni dictionary Project:

Urdu English dictionary is adapted from With acknowledgements to DINESH PRABHU ([email protected])

Memoni is an oral language and there was no serious effort to preserve the language in writing in the past. The present day Memoni is not very rich in vocabulary, and has no more than 500 words of its own. When an oral communication gets some how technical, the Memon speaker tend to borrow other words from other languages. In Pakistan and India, the Memon more and more rely on mainstream Hindustani (Urdu/Hindi) language and some cases Guajarati and now English to communicate with each others.


Memoni Grammar and Sentence Structure(note: more research is needed to support some of the comments)

As previously explained, the Memoni language is originate from an ancient Sindhi language which is belongs to an Indo-Iranian (North-Western Zone) family of languages. Like many Indian languages, Memoni nouns are either masculine or feminine and they could have singular and plural forms. Also adjective, adverbs must agree to its object and verbs ending inflected to agree with 1 st and 3rd

person female singular. The Memons borrow vast majorities of the nouns from Hindustani (mixture of Urdu & Hindi) languages. The Memoni language retains majority of its pronouns (a substitute of a noun), adjectives, adverbs and verb from its native language Sindhi.

Subject Pronouns

awN I ; ayN you (polite form) ; tu you ; assN we ; ee He/ She / It ; ou they

Object Pronouns ( there are no equivalency in Memoni , same as subject pronouns sometime additional word added “watay” literally meaning near)

Possessive Pronouns and adjectives either masculine or femininemeNjo/ meNji mine ; aaNjo/ aaNji / tojo/ toji yours ; eeNjo/ eeNji (his hers, its) ; aasNjo / aasNji ours ; eeNayjo / eeNayji theirs

Reflexive Pronouns ????Myself, yourself , himself, herself, itself ,ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Demonstrative pronouns ,ee = this ; ou = thatInterrogative pronounsKuro what; ketya where, keday when;

Relative pronouns ??

AdjectivesAn adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun, pronouns and noun phrases. An adjective "qualifies" or "modifies" a noun (a big dog). Unlike English the adjectives in Memoni generally appear before a noun or verb and can either masculine, feminine or neutral (I like Pakistani food awN Pakistani khawa pasand keratoi (It is hard ee bahuj muskeel eye ). We can often use two or more adjectives together (a beautiful young Pakistani lady - akry bahuj Haseen jawaan Pakistani khaatun)

Determiners such as articles a, an, the , there are no equivalency in Memoni except that “a” is frequently use either akro or akry a man akro maru a woman akry chockery

Possessives: ???? see possessive pronounsmy, your, his, her, our, their

Other determiners Each (her ) , every ( her) either (koybe), neither (koybe na) any , some, no much, many; more, most little, less, least few, fewer, fewest what, whatever; which, whichever both, half, all several enough

Comparative Superlative Adjectives big, bigger biggest there are no equivalency in Memoni


AdverbsAn adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ran quickly). But adverbs can also modify adjectives (flower is really beautiful - phool bahuj khubsurat eye ), or even other adverbs (It works very well - ee bahuj saro kum kerayto). Unlike in English the adverbs usually comes before a verb.

PrepositionA preposition is a word governing, relation to another word or element, as in and usually coming after a noun or pronoun and expressing example In Pakistan (Pakistan may)

ConjunctionsA conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence. Nay and ; mager but ; ya or ; na nor ; say for ; - yet; - so ; - although; keyUkay because ; - since; - unless

Verbs:Verbs are sometimes described as idea of action, idea of existence of state of being. The verbs also tell us what a subject does or are what they describe:Main Verbs per read, kha eat soom sleep , root word of a verb generally informal form of a 2 nd

person singular.

Helping Verbs do give are have can must will

Tense is a form of a verb used to indicate the time - past, present and future, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. Simple, continuous and perfect tenses. Unlike in English Memon generally uses simple and continuous tenses and perfect continuous tens are rare. Memon also uses different technique with help of various words to described time and relation of action. In English regular verbs have only three forms (I do do, did) wheres Memoni’s verb are inflected a greater or lesser extent. Inflection is the process of adding inflectional morphemes (generally called verb ending ) to a word, which may indicate grammatical information (e.g., case, number, person, gender or word class, mood, tense, or aspect).

Present TenseawN kerato awN kerati I do; ayN kerota you do ; tu kerayto tu kerayti you do ; Past TenseawN kerio awN keri I di ; ayN keria You did tu keray You di; I did do, I didFuture TenseawN kernoI I will doFuture Continuous Tense none I will be doing

Present Continuous and Perfect Continuous TenseayN keri rehio yaN I am doing, I am doing tomorrow

Present Perfect TenseanY keri giniY I have done


MEMONI URDU orig ps ENGLISH

aabaad aabaad P adj. populated/inhabited/peopled/prosperous/happy

aabru aabru P n.f. honor/fame/good name/dignity

aadaab aadaab A n.m. manners (plu.of adab)

aadat aadat A n.f. custom/habit/usage/practice/manner

aadil aadil A adj. just/sincere/righteous

maru aadmi P n.m. man (lit.offspring of Adam)

aag aag H n.f. flame/fire (fig.anger/passion/love/lust)

aah aah P n.f. sigh

aastay aahistah P adv. softly/leisurely/slowly

aa'inah / seeso aa'inah P n.m. mirror

aajiz aajiz A adj. powerless/weak/helpless/dejected

aakhiry aakhir A adj. last/final

aalim aalim A adj. learned/wise/intelligent

aam aam A adj. common/public/general/ordinary (plu.'awaamm)

aan.dhee aan.dhee H n.f. dust-storm/hurricane

aan.soo aan.soo H n.m. tears

ayN aap H pron. self/selves/respectful term of address

aaraam aaraam P n.m. rest/repose/respite/relief/ease/comfort

sajawat aara'ish P n.f. decoration/adornment/beauty

aarzoo aarzoo P n.f. yearning/desire/wish/longing

aasaan aasaan P adj. light/facile/easy

aashiq aashiq A n.m. lover/suitor

aasmaan aasmaan P n.m. heaven/sky

aasmaani aasmaani P adj. heavenly/celestial/azure

aasrao aasraa H n.m. means of subsistence/protection/shelter

aawaara aawaarah P n.m. wanderer/vagrant/destitute

aawaaz aawaaz P n.f. noise/sound/cry/shout

aj aaz P n.f. ardent desire/lust/covetousness

aazaad aazaad P n.f. free/unrestrained

aazmaa'ish aazmaa'ish P n.f. trial/experiment/testing/proving

hingry ab H adv. now/presently

adaa adaa A n.f. payment of debt/settlement

adaa adaa P n.f. charm/grace/beauty

URDU ENGLISH MEMONI DICTIONARY




adaalat adaalat A n.f. court of justice/tribunal/justice/law

adib adib A n.m. learned man of letters (plu.udabaa')

afsaano afsaanah P n.m. tale/legend/fiction

afsos afsos P n.m. regret/remorse/dejection

agar agar P conj. if/in case

aiyaash aiyaash A adj. luxurious/rakish/addicted to leasure

ajab ajab A n.m. wonder/astonishment

ajeeb ajeeb A adj. wonderful/surprising/rare/admirable/unique

ajnabee ajnabee A n.m. stranger/foreigner/alien

akbar akbar A adj. greatest (sup.of kabir)

chapo akhbaar A n.m. news/newspaper

aksar aksar A adj. most/much/many/frequent

aksar aksar A adv. frequently/usually/generally/often

alfaaz alfaaz A n.m. words (plu.of lafz)

amaanat amaanat A n.f. something given in trust/deposit/security

andar an.dar P prep. within/inside/inward

andaazo andaazah P n.m. measurement/guess/rough estimate

anjaam anjaam A n.m. end/conclusion/result/issue

anjuman anjuman P n.f. assembly/meeting/society/council

aql aql A n.m. intellect/reason/knowledge

armaan armaan P n.m. desire/yearning/wish

arsh arsh A n.m. roof/canopy/highest heaven

arz arz A n.f. land/region/earth

arz arz A n.f. petition/request/exposition/review

asar asar A n.m. mark/sign/trace/effect

asbaab asbaab A n.m. causes/motives/means

a'nso ashk P n.m. tearS

asl asl A n.m. root/foundation/essence (plu. usool)

asli asli A adj. original/genuine/real/true

atr atr A n.m. perfume

aulaad aulaad A n.f. children (plu.of walad)

auqaat auqaat A n.f. status/position

auqaat auqaat A n.m. times (plu.of waqt)

aurat aurat A n.f. woman/wife/nudity




awaam awaam A n.m. populace/common people (plu.of 'aam)

azaab azaab A n.m. torment/pain/punishment

azeez azeez A adj. dear/beloved/honored/respected/worthy

baadal baadal H n.m. cloud(s)

baadshaah baadshaah P n.m. emperor/king

baghcho baagh P n.m. garden/orchard/grove

baaqee baaqee A adj. remaining/lasting

baaqee baaqee A n.f. residue/remainder/arrears

baareek baareek P adj. fine/slender/delicate/difficult/subtle

baarish / meH baarish P n.m. rain

ghaliyu baat H n.f. word/saying/speech/tale/news/question/business

baazaar baazaar P n.m. market

baazi baazi P n.f. sport/game/wager

baazoo baazoo P n.m. arm/fold of a door/flank of an army

bachcho bachchah P n.m. child

bad anjaam bad anjaam adj. having a bad end

bad chala bad chala adj. of bad conduct/ill-mannered/immoral

bad du'aa bad du'aa n.f. curse/malediction

bad khwaab bad khwaab n.m./f. nightmare

bad naseeb bad naseeb adj. unfortunate/unlucky

badal badal A n.m. exchange/change/substitution

badan badan A n.m. body

badlo badlaa n.m. exchange/retaliation/revenge

baghaawat baghaawat A n.f. revolt/rebellion/disloyalty

baghal baghal P n.f. armpit/side

bahaadur bahaadur P adj. brave/valiant/high-spirited

baHaal baHaal A adj. status quo/refreshed/happy

bahaano bahaanah P n.m. excuse/pretext/evasion/reason

baHs baHs A n.f. dispute/argument/debate/controversy

bakhshish bakhshish P n.f. gift/donation/reward/alms/tip

balaa balaa A n.m. calamity/distress/trial/misfortune

ban.dagi ban.dagi P n.f. devotion/worship/service

bando bandah P n.m. slave/servant/individual/man

baraabar baraabar P adj. equal/even/level/alike/opposite/accurate




bardaasht bardaasht P n.f. endurance/tolerance/patience

barkat barkat A n.f. abundance/prosperity/blessing/auspiciousness

barsaat / versaad barsaat H n.f. rain/rainy season

bus bas P adj. sufficient/enough/plenty

be aabroo be aabroo adj. dishonorable

be adab be adab adj. rude/unmannerly

be bas be bas adj. helpless/weak

be chain be chain adj. restless/uneasy

be daad be daad n.f. iniquity/injustice/oppression

be daagh be daagh adj. spotless/without blemish/innocent

be dard be dard adj. without feeling/pitiless/merciless

be fikr be fikr adj. free from care or worry

be gham be gham adj. happy/without sorrow

be gunaah be gunaah adj. innocent/guiltless

be Hadd be Hadd adj. endless/boundless

be Hayaa be Hayaa adj. shameless/impudent/bare-faced

be hosh be hosh adj. unconscious

be hunar be hunar adj. unskilled

be ikhtiyaari be ikhtiyaari n.f. helplessness/without choice

be imaan be imaan adj. faithless/liar/cheat

be imtiyaaz be imtiyaaz adj. indiscriminating

be insaaf be insaaf adj. unfair/unjust

be i'tibaar be i'tibaar adj. untrustworthy/discredit

be ittifaaqi be ittifaaqi n.f. discord/disunity

be 'izzat be 'izzat adj. without honor or respect

be jaan be jaan adj. lifeless

be jurm be jurm adj. faultless

be kaar be kaar adj. idle/unemployed/useless

be khabar be khabar adj. uninformed/ignorant/stupid

be khataa be khataa adj. faultless/innocent

be ma'ni be ma'ni adj. meaningless/absurd

be naam be naam adj. without name character or reputation

be naseeb be naseeb adj. unfortunate

be nazir be nazir adj. unequalled/matchless/unique




be pardah be pardah adj. unveiled/immodest/exposed

be parwaa be parwaa adj. heedless/indifferent/above want

be qadr be qadr adj. worthless

be qusoor be qusoor adj. innocent/not guilty

be rahm be rahm adj. merciless/cruel

be sabr be sabr adj. impatient

be sharm be sharm adj. shameless/immodest

be taab be taab adj. restless/powerless/impatient

be taaqat be taaqat adj. powerless

be tameez be tameez adj. indiscreet/rude/uncultured

be wafaa be wafaa adj. faithless/ungrateful/treacherous

be wajh be wajh adj. without cause

be waqoof be waqoof adj. foolish/stupid/dolt

be zaar be zaar adj. disgusted/displeased

be zabaan be zabaan adj. dumb/speechless/modest

be zar be zar adj. destitute/poor

bedaar bedaar P adj. awake/alert/vigilant

begaanno begaanah P adj. strange/alien/foreign

bezaar bezaar P adj. displeased/angry/out of humor

bhool bhool H n.f. forgetfulness/omission/mistake/lapse/fault

bimaar bimaar P adj. sick/ill

bistar bistar P n.m. bed

bukhaar / Bero bukhaar A n.m. steam/temperature/fever/rage

buland buland P adj. high/lofty/sublime/exalted/tall/loud

bunyaad bunyaad A n.f. foundation

buzrug buzurg P adj. great/venerable/aged/noble

chaadar chaadar P n.f. a sheet/veil/waterfall

chaah chaah H n.f. desire/love/affection/need/choice

chaal chaal H n.f. gait/walk/custom/trick/strategem

chaalaak chaalaak P adj. clever/expert/cunning/nimble

chaan.d chaan.d H n.m. the moon

chaan.di chaan.di H n.f. silver/wealth

chaaq chaaq T adj. active/alert/healthy/fat/hale and hearty

chaaqoo chaaqoo P n.m. a small knife




chaaro chaarah P n.m. remedy/cure/help/aid/resource

chain chain H n.m. ease/comfort/rest/peace

chamak chamak H n.f. glitter/splendour/flash/gleam

chand thora chand P adj. how many/how much/few/how often/how long

charaagh charaagh P n.m. lamp

cheez cheez P n.f. thing/commodity

chehro chehraa P n.m. face/visage/a mask

chust chust P adj. alert/active/clever/quick/tight

daad daad P n.m. justice/appeal/revenge/praise

daagh daagh P n.m. scar/blemish/stain/calamity/grief/loss

Daako Daakaa H n.m. robbery

daakhil daakhil A adj. entering

daam daam H n.m. price/value

daaru daaru H n.f. alcohol

daastaan daastaan P n.f. story/fable/tale

dafn dafn A n.m. burial/concealment

dagho daghaa P n.f. deceit/treachery/delusion

dakhl dakhl A n.m. entrance/access/reach/skill

dam dam P n.m. breath/vitality/moment/edge of a sword

Dar Dar H n.m. fear

darbaar darbaar P n.m. court (royal)

dard dard P n.m. pain/affliction/sympathy/compassion

darkhwaasht darkhwaasht P n.f. request/petition/appeal

darmiyan darmiyan P n.m. middle/midst/interval

darwaazah darwaazah P n.m. door/gate

darya darya P n.m. a large river/sea

dastoor dastoor P n.m. custom/usage/manner/rule

daulat daulat A n.f. riches/fortune/happiness/cause/means

daur daur A n.m. revolving/period/cycle/orbit

dawaa dawaa A n.m. medicine

da'waa da'waa A n.m. claim/law suit/charge/demand/accusation

da'wat da'wat A n.f. invitation/banquet

deedaar deedaar P n.m. sight/interview

deen deen A n.m. faith/religion




deewaanah deewaanah P n.m. madman

deewaar deewaar P n.f. a wall

dil dil P n.m. heart/soul/courage/generosity/wish

dil daar dil daar P adj. charming/beloved

dil lagi dil lagi P n.f. amusement/diversion

dil.chasp dil.chasp P adj. interesting/pleasing/delightful

dilaaso dilaasaa P n.m. consolation/encouragement

dimaagh dimaagh A n.m. brain/intellect/airs/conceit

diqqat diqqat A n.f. difficulty/intricacy/minute point

door door P adj. distant/remote/far

dost dost P n.m. friend/lover

du'aa du'aa A n.f. blessing/prayer/wish

dunyaa dunyaa A n.f. world/worldly goods

durust durust P adj. right/proper/well/safe/precise

dushman dushman P n.m. enemy

faa'ido faa'idah A n.m. benefit/profit/utility

faakhir faakhir A n.m. boaster

faaqo faaqah A n.m. starvation/fasting/poverty

faasilo faasilah A n.m. distance/space/separation

faisalo faisalah A n.m. settlement/decree/decision

fakhr fakhr A n.m. glory/honor/pride/egotism

fareb fareb P n.m. deceit/trick/fraud

farishtah farishto farishtah P n.m. angel/apostle/prophet/messenger

farmaa'ish farmaa'ish P n.f. order for goods/requisition/pleasure/will

farmaan farmaan P n.m. mandate/order/royal decree

farq farq A n.m. difference/distance/separation/defect

faryaad faryaad P n.f. complaint/cry

farz farz A n.m. duty/moral obligation/statute

fatwaa fatwaa A n.m. judicial decree

fauj fauj A n.f. army/crowd/multitude

fauran fauran A adv. immediately/quickly/directly

fikr fikr A n.m./f. opinion/notion/care/concern/anxiety/counsel

firdaus firdaus A n.m. garden/paradise

fitnoo fitnah A n.m. sedition/revolt/mischief/temptation




fitrat fitrat A n.f. nature/creation/deceit/intrigue/wisdom

fursat fursat A n.f. opportunity/leisure/rest/recovery

gard gard P n.f. trifle/dust

gardan gardan P n.f. the neck

garm garm P adj. hot/burning/ardent/choleric/lively

gawaah gawaah P n.m. a witness

gawaahee gawaahee P n.m. testimony/evidence

gawaarao gawaaraa P adj. palatable/agreeable/pleasant/nice

gaz gaz P n.m. a yard measure

ghaa'ib ghaa'ib A adj. hidden/absent

ghaddaar ghaddaar A adj. disloyal/treacherous

ghaflat ghaflat A n.f. negligence/drowsiness/stupor

ghair ghair A adj. other/different/alien/bad

ghair ghair A adv. besides

ghair ghair A n.m. stranger/foreigner

ghair ghair A prep. without/except/but/save

ghairat ghairat A n.f. honor/modesty/bashfulness/envy/enmity

ghalat ghalat A adj. wrong/incorrect/inaccurate

ghaleez ghaleez A adj. dirty/filthy/gross/coarse/obscene

gham gham A n.m. grief/sorrow/concern/care

gharaz gharaz A n.f. intention/meaning/design/view/want

gharib gharib A adj. poor/destitute/strange/innocent/wonderful

ghaur ghaur A n.m. deep thought/meditation/close/attention

ghubaar ghubaar A n.m. vapor/fog/mist/dust/vexation

ghulaam ghulaam A n.m. slave/boy/youth

ghuroor ghuroor A n.m. pride/vanity

ghusso ghussah A n.m. anger/passion/rage/anxiety/grief

gilah gilah P n.m. complaint/blame/reproach/lamentation

girah gatah girah P n.f. knot/joint/knuckle

gird gird P n.m. round/circumference/environs

giriftaar giriftaar P adj. captured/seized/smitten/prisoner/captivated

khal bol guftgoo P n.f. conversation/discourse

gulaab gulaab P n.m. rose

gum gum P n.m. lost/missing/distracted




gumnaam gumnaam adj. nameless/anonymous/unknown/inglorious

gumraah gumraah adj. astray/lost/wicked/depraved

gumsum gumsum adj. still/silent

gunaah gunaah P n.m. fault/sin/crime/guilt

gustaakhee gustaakhee P n.f. rudeness/arrogance/audacity

guzaaro guzaarah P n.m. living/subsistence/passage/abode

guzaarish guzaarish P n.f. petition/request/explanation

guzar guzar P n.f. a pass/a living/a road

Haadiso Haadisah A n.m. accident/occurence/calamity/misfortune

Haal Haal A n.m. state/condition/narrative/circumstance

Haalat Haalat A n.f. condition/state/circumstance (plu.Haalaat)

haar haar H n.f. loss/defeat/fatigue

haar haar S&P n.m. necklace/garland

haath haath H n.m. hand/arm/clutches/power/slap/reach

Haazir Haazir A adj. present/ready/in attendance

Hadd Hadd A adv. very/at most/utmost point

Hadd Hadd A n.f. boundary/limit

hafto haftah P n.m. a week

Hairaan Hairaan A adj. amazed/confounded/perplexed/worried

Haiseeyat Haiseeyat A n.f. rank/capacity/merit/status/prestige

Hakeem Hakeem A n.m. wise`man/doctor/philosopher

halaak halaak A adj. ruined/destroyed

halaak halaak A n.f. ruin/destruction/slaughter/death

Halaal Halaal A adj. legal/permitted

ham ham P conj. also/likewise/together/with/similar

hamdard hamdard n.f. sympathizer/partner in adversity

hameshaah hameshaah P adv. always

hamjolee hamjolee n.f. playmate/equal/peer/friend

Hamlo Hamlah A n.m. attack/assault/invasion

hamraah hamraah n.m. fellow-traveller

hamraaz hamraaz adj. confidant

hamsaayah hamsaayah n.m. neighbor

hamsafar hamsafar n.m. fellow-traveller

hamzabaan. hamzabaan. adj. unanimous/of the same language




Haqeeqat Haqeeqat A n.f. truth/reality/narration/condition

Haqq Haqq A adj. just/truth/right

har har P adj. all/every/each

Haraam Haraam A adj. unlawful/forbidden

Haraarat Haraarat A n.f. heat/fever/ardor/fervor/zeal

harbaar harbaar adv. every time

hardam hardam adv. every moment

harek harek adj. every one

hargiz hargiz P adv. ever/never

haryaalee haryaalee H n.f. greeness/freshness/grass

Haseen Haseen A adj. beautiful/elegant/charming/handsome

Hasrat Hasrat A n.f. regret/intense sorrow/desire/longing

hasti hasti P n.f. life/existence

hatauRa hatauRa H n.m. sledgehammer

hatauRee hatauRee H n.f. small hammer

hathelee hathelee H n.f. palm of the hand

hathyaar hathyaar H n.f. tool/weapon

Hausalo Hausalah A n.m. capacity/courage/spirit/resolution/desire

hawaa hawaa A n.f. wind/breeze/air/atmosphere

Hawaalo Hawaalah A n.m. charge/custody/care

Hawaas Hawaas A n.m. senses

hawas hawas A n.f. ambition/desire/lust

Hayaa Hayaa A n.f. modesty/shame

Hayaat Hayaat A n.f. life/existence

Hazrat Hazrat A n.m. dignity/a title of respect

heeraa heeraa H n.m. diamond

hidaayat hidaayat A n.f. instruction/guidance/righteousness

Hifaazat Hifaazat A n.f. guarding/security/safety

Hijaab perdo Hijaab A n.m. veil/modesty/bashfulness/night

hijrat hijrat A n.f. separation/flight (flight of the Prophet from Mecca to Medina)

Hikmat Hikmat A n.f. wisdom/knowledge/cleverness/device

hilaal hilaal A n.m. new moon/thecrescent

Himaayat Himaayat A n.f. protection/patronage/support/defence

himmat himmat A n.f. spirit/mind/courage/desire/design




hiraas hiraas P n.m. fear/terror/confusion/sorrow/disappointment

Hisaab Hisaab A n.m. reckoning/account/computation/rate/sense

Hisso Hissah A n.m. share/portion/lot

hosh hosh P n.m. sense/mind/understanding

hujoom hujoom A n.m. crowd/mob/tumult/assault/attack

Hukm Hukm A n.m. order/decree/statute/law

hunar hunar P n.m. skill/art

hushyaar hushyaar P adj. intelligent/alert/awake

Husn Husn A n.f. beauty/elegance

Huzoor Huzoor A intj. Your Highness!

Huzoor Huzoor A n.m. presence of superior authority

ibaadat ibaadat A n.f. prayers/devotion

ibrat ibrat A n.f. warning/admonition

suruwat ibtidaa' A n.f. commencement/beginning

iHsaan iHsaan A n.m. beneficence/favor/good deed

iHsaas iHsaas A n.m. feeling/emotion

iHtiyaat iHtiyaat A n.f. caution/heed

ijaazat ijaazat A n.f. permission/leave/sanction

ikhlaas ikhlaas A n.m. sincerity/purity/love/selfless worship

ikhtiyaar ikhtiyaar A n.m. choice/option/power/influence/control/authority

ilaaj ilaaj A n.m. cure/treatment/antidote

ilaaqo ilaaqah A n.m. jurisdiction/area/tenure

ilm ilm A n.m. knowledge/science/doctrine

imaan imaan A n.m. belief/faith/creed/conscience

imaarat imaarat A n.f. building/edifice

imtiHaan imtiHaan A n.m. examination/test/trial/proof/experiment

imtiyaaz imtiyaaz A n.m. discrimination/discernment/distinction

in'aam in'aam A n.m. gift/reward/largesse

inkaar inkaar A n.m. denial/contradiction

inqilaab inqilaab A n.m. revolution

insaan insaan A n.m. man/human being/mankind

insaaniyyat insaaniyyat A n.m. humanity/civility

intikhaab intikhaab A n.m. selection/choice/election

intiqaam intiqaam A n.m. revenge/reprisal




intizaam intizaam A n.m. management/order/method/arrangement

intizaar intizaar A n.m. waiting (anxiously)/expectation

iqraar iqraar A n.m. promise/pledge/confession/declaration/covenant

iraadaho iraadah A n.m. aim/object/will/desire

irshaad irshaad A n.m. instruction/order/command/guidance

ishraaq ishraaq A n.m. dawn/day break/lustre

ishtihaar ishtihaar A n.m. notification/poster/reputation/renown/ advertisement

israaf israaf A n.m. waste/extravagance

israar israar A n.m. obduracy/persistence/obstinacy

isti'fo isti'faa A n.m. resignation

isti'maal isti'maal A n.m. application/usage/use

i'tibaar i'tibaar A n.m. trust/confidence/faith/reliance

i'tiraaz i'tiraaz A n.m. objection/criticism/protest

ittifaaq ittifaaq A n.m. agreement/concord/chance/event/opportunity

ittifaaq say ittifaaqaan A adv. accidentally

ittiHaad ittiHaad A n.m. union/alliance

iz-haar iz-haar A n.m. disclosure/proclamation/statement/testimony

izzat izzat A n.f. honor/esteem/glory/reputation

jaadu jaadu P n.m. magic/conjuring/charm/effect ofevilspirits

jaa'edaad jaa'edaad P n.f. property/estate/assets

jaagir jaagir P n.f. property / wealth

jaahil jaahil A adj. ignorant/illiterate/barbarous

jaa'iz jaa'iz H adj. legal/permitted

jaan jaan P n.f. soul/life/mind/vigor/sweetheart/beloved

jaaree jaaree A adj. running/flowing/current/continuing

jahaan jahaan P n.m. the world

jahaannum jahaannum A n.f. hell

jahaaz jahaaz A n.m. ship/vessel

ja'ly ja'l A n.f. counterfeit

jalaal jalaal A n.m/f. splendor/majesty

jalwo jalwah A n.m. lustre/splendour/display/show

jamaal jamaal A n.m. beauty/elegance

janaab janaab A intj. sir!/your honor

janaazo janaazah A n.m. corpse/funeral




jang jang P n.f. battle/war

jannat jannat A n.f. paradise/garden

jashn jashn P n.m. a feast/celebration

jawaab jawaab A n.m. answer/equal/parallel/match

jawaan jawaan P adj. young/youth

jazbo jazbah A n.m. passion/rage/desire/feeling

jeewaN jeewan H n.m. life/existence

jigar jigar P n.m. liver/heart/soul/mind

jism jism A n.m. body

josh josh P n.m. heat/zeal/enthusiasm/passion/lust

judaa judaa P adj. separate/apart/asunder/peculiar

judaaee judaaee P adj. separation/absence

junoon junoon A n.m. madness/insanity

jurm jurm A n.m. crime/guilt

jurmaanah jurmaanah P n.m. fine/penalty

justjoo justjoo P n.f. search/inquiry

kaafi kaafi P&A adj. sufficient/enough

kaafir kaafir A adj. impious/ungrateful

kaafir kaafir A n.m. infidel/sweetheart/mistress

kaaghaz kaaghaz P n.m. paper/letter/document

kaamyaab kaamyaab adj. prosperous/successfulhappy/satisfied

kaar kaar P n.m. affair/work/labor/duty/profession

kaash kaash P intj. would that!

kabootar kabootar P n.m. pigeon/dove

kafan kafan A n.m. shroud

kamaal kamaal A n.m. excellence/perfection/miracle/art

kamar kamar P n.f. waist/girdle/zone/army flank/arch

kamee kamee P n.f. deficiency/loss/abatement/reduction/dearth

kameeno kameenah P adj. mean/vulgar/base/defective

kamzor kamzor adj. weak/feeble/powerless

karam karam A n.m. kindness/favor/bounty/clemency

kareem kareem A adj. bountiful/generous/merciful/epithet of God

kashish kashish P n.f. drawing/attraction/allurement

kashti kashti P n.f. ship/boat/vessel/tray




kasrat kasrat A n.f abundance/excess/bulk

khaak khaak P n.f. dust/earth/ashes

khaalis khaalis A adj. pure/genuine/sincere(friend)

khaamosh khaamosh P adj. silent

khaano khaanah P n.m. house/room/compartment/partition

khaandaan khaandaan P n.m. family/lineage/dynasty

khaas khaas A adj. special/particular/private/noble/unmixed

khaatir khaatir A n.f. heart/mind/memory/sake/behalf/choice/favor

khaatun khaaٹum P n.f. lady/princess/wife

khabar khabar A n.f. news/information/report/rumor/notice

khafaa khafaa P adj. angry/displeased

khafaa khafaa A n.f. concealment/secrecy

khair khair A adj. good/best

khair khair A adv. very well

khair khair A n.f. welfare/happiness

khalaas khalaas A n.m. deliverance/redemption/freedom

khanjar khanjar A n.m. dagger

kharaab kharaab A adj. bad/depraved/ruined/spoiled/wretched/obscene

khareed khareed P n.f. purchase

khataa khataa A n.f. mistake/slio/oversight/error

khatm khatm A adj. finished/done

khatm khatm A n.m. conclusion/seal

khatrah khatrah A n.m. danger/fear/risk

kager khatt A n.m. letter/note/mark

khayaal khayaal A n.m. thought/imagination/opinion/care/respect

khidmat khidmat A n.f. service/office/duty

khilaaf khilaaf A n.m. opposition/contraiety/falsehood

khilaaf khilaaf A prep. against

khizaano khizaanah P n.m. treasury/treasure

khoob khoob P adj. good/excellent/beautiful/amiable

khood khood P n./adj. self/private/personal/own

khoon khoon P n.m. blood/murder

khoosh khoosh P adj. pleasing/happy

khuda khuda P n.m. God




khushk khushk P adj. dry/withered/cynic

khutbo khutbah A n.m. sermon/oration/introduction

khwaab sapno khwaab P n.m. sleep/dream

khwaahish khwaahish P n.f. desire/request/demand

khwaar khwaar P adj. wretched/deserted/friendless/poor

kinaaro kinaarah P n.m. shore/river bank/edge/margin/limit

kitaab chopry kitaab A n.m. book/writing/despatch

koshish koshish P n.f. attempt/endeavor/labor/exertion

kufr kufr A n.m. paganism/infidelity/profanity

kul kul A adj. all/complete/entire/aggregate/universe

laachaar laachaar adj. helpless/destitute/forlorn/disabled

laa'iq laa'iq A adj. worthy/suitable/able/qualified/decent

laajawaab laajawaab adj. rendered speechless/silenced

laash laash T n.f/m. corpse

laawaaris laawaaris adj. heirless

laazim laazim A adj. necessary/compulsory/important

lagaam lagaam H n.f. bridle/rein

lamHo lamHah A n.m. minute/moment

lan.gar lan.gar P n.m. anchor/cable/rope/public kitchen/alms

lateefo lateefah A n.m. pleasantry/witticism/joke

lazzat lazzat A n.f. taste/flavor/enjoyment/pleasure

lutf lutf A n.m. kindness/favor/grace/pleasure

mahino maah P n.m. the moon/month

maaHaul maaHaul n.m. surroundings/environs

maal maal A n.m. riches/property/merchandise/revenue

maalik maalik A n.m. master/lord/owner/God

maatam maatam A n.m. mourning/grief

maayoos maayoos A adj. without hope/disappointed

madad madad A n.f. help/assistance/reinforcement/wages

magar magar P conj. unless/perhaps/except/but/however

maghroor maghroor A adj. proud/arrogant

maghz maghz P n.m. brain/pith/intellect

maHabbat maHabbat A n.f. love/friendship

maHboob maHboob A n.m. lover/friend/sweetheart




maHdood maHdood A adj. limited/bounded/finite

maHfil maHfil A n.f. congregation/assembly

maHfooz maHfooz A adj. kept safe/guarded/secure/memorized

maHroom maHroom A adj. deprived/unlucky/prohibited/disappointed

maHsoos maHsoos A adj. felt/perceived/sensible

maidaan maidaan A n.m. open field/battlefield/ground

majboor majboor A adj. compelled/helpless/oppressed

majmo majma' A n.m. congregation/assemblage/crowd/collection

majnoon. majnoon. A adj. insane/madly in love

makaan makaan A n.m. house/place/habitation

makhmal makhmal A n.m. velvet

makkaar makkaar A adj. cunning/artful/deceitful

ma'mool ma'mool A adj. governed/prepared/customary

mana' mana' A n.m. prohibition/refusal/hindrance/forbidding

ma'nee matlab ma'nee A n.m. meaning/intent/signifcance/reality/essence

manzar manzar A n.m. countenance/visage/sight/aspect/scene

manzil manzil A n.f. day's journey/destination/storey/house

manzoor manzoor A adj. admired/chosen/approved/accepted/granted

maqaam maqaam A n.m. dwelling/station/position/basis

maqbaro maqbarah A n.m. tomb/grave

maqbool maqbool A adj. accepted/chosen/grateful

maqsad maqsad A n.m. intention/purpose/aim/goal/desire

mard mard P n.m. man/male/hero/husband

mareez mareez A n.m. patient

marhalo marhalah A n.m. stage/inn/day's journey/difficulty

marham malam marham A n.m. ointment/salve/cure

marhoom marhoom A adj. dead/deceased

sangay marmar marmar G n.m. marble

martabo martabah A n.f./m. degree/office/class/order

mashhoor mashhoor A adj. noted/famous/reported/proclaimed

masroor masroor A adj. glad/cheerful/pleased

mast mast P adj. drunk/intoxicated

matlab matlab A n.m. object/aim/meaning/motive/wish/desire

maujood maujood A adj. present/existing/at hand/ready




mauqo mauqa' A n.m. occasion/opportunity/place/situation

mausam mausam A n.m. season/time

maut maut A n.f. death/mortality

mazaaq mazaaq A n.m. joke/taste/relish/perception

mazaar mazaar A n.m. shrine/tomb/grave

mazo mazah P n.m. taste/relish/enjoyment/pleasure

mazboot mazboot A adj. strong/firm/resolute/valid

mazhab mazhab A n.m. religion/sect/doctrine

mazloom mazloom A adj. injure/oppressed/wronged

mihmaan mihmaan P n.m. guest

miHnat miHnat A n.f. labor/toil/difficulty/trial

mihrbaani mihrbaani P n.f. favor/kindness

misaal misaal A adj. simile/likeness/metaphor/example

mizaaj mizaaj A n.m. mixture/temperament/humor/pride

mom mom P n.m. wax

mubaarak mubaarak A adj. auspicious/blessed/felicitation

muddat muddat A n.f. period(of time)

mufeed mufeed A adj. profitable/beneficial/useful

muft muft P adj. free/gratis

muhaajir muhaajir A n.m. refugee/emigrant

muHallah muHallah A n.m. quarter(of acity)/street/ward

muhlat muhlat A n.f. retarding/delay/respite/leisure

muHtaj muHtaj A adj. needy/poor/defective

mu'ijzah mu'ijzah A n.m. miracle

mujrim mujrim A adj. criminal/culpable/faulty

mujrim mujrim A n.m. felon/criminal/sinner

mukhtasar mukhtasar A adj. concise/abbreviated

mulaa'im mulaa'im A adj. soft/tender/gentle/placid

mulaaqaat mulaaqaat A n.f. meeting/encounter/interview/visit

mulaazim mulaazim A n.m. servant/aide

mulk mulk A n.m. nation/realm/territory

mumkin mumkin A adj. possible/feasible

mumtaaz mumtaaz A adj. exalted/eminent/chosen

munaasib munaasib A n.f. proper/suitable/fit/apt/congruous




muqaabil muqaabil A adj. opposite/converse/against/matching

muqaddar muqaddar A n.m. fate/destiny/predestination

muqarrar muqarrar A adj. established/fixed/certain/customary/permanent

muraad muraad A n.f. desire/will/intention/vow/tenor/meaning

murdah murdo murdah P adj. dead/weak/decrepit

murshid murshid A n.m. teacher/spiritual guide

musaafir musaafir A n.m. traveller/stranger

museebat museebat A n.f. misfortune/calamity/adversity/evil

mushkil mushkil A adj. difficult/intricate/hard/painful

mutaqbiq mutaqbiq A adj. conformable/suitable/like/in accordance with

muyassar muyassar A adj. facilitated/easy/possible/feasible

naa naa P&H pref. no/not/termination of the infinitive

naabood naabood P&H adj. nonexistent/annihilated/extinct

naach naach H n.m. dance

naachaar naachaar P&H adj. helpless/destitute/forlorn

naacheez naacheez P&H adj. trifling/insignificant/worthless

naadaani naadaani P&H n.f. ignorance

naafarmaan naafarmaan P&H adj. disobedient

naafiz naafiz A adj. having effect/piercing

naagawaar naagawaar P&H adj. unpleasant/unpalatable

naa'ib naa'ib A n.m assistant/deputy

naainsaafi naainsaafi P&H n.f. injustice

naaittifaaqi naaittifaaqi P&H n.f. discord/disagreement

naajaa'iz naajaa'iz P&H adj. unlawful

naakaam naakaam P&H adj. unsuccessful

naakhun naakhun P n.m. nail/claw

naalaa'iq naalaa'iq P&H adj. unworthy/unsuitable/improper

naam naam P n.m. name/title/honor/fame/

naamah naamah P n.m. treatise/book/history

naama'loom naama'loom P&H adj. unknown

naamanzoor naamanzoor P&H adj. disallowed

naamumkin naamumkin P&H adj. impossible

naamuraad naamuraad P&H adj. disappointed

naapasand naapasand P&H adj. disliked/unacceptable/offensive




naaqaabil naaqaabil P&H adj. unfit/unworthy/incapable

naaraazi naaraazi P&H n.f. discontent

naasamajh naasamajh P&H adj. ignorant/dull/foolish

naashukr naashukr P&H adj. ungrateful

naataa naataa H n.m. relationship/alliance/kin/affinity

naaz naaz P n.m. coquetry/airs/pride/elegance/softness/delicacy

naazuk naazuk P adj. thin/slender/fragile/delicate

nabi nabi A n.m. a prophet

nafrat nafrat A n.f. aversion/disgust/fright/terror

nafs nafs A n.m. soul/spirit/essence

naghmaah naghmaah A n.m. melody/song/musical note

nakhraah nakhraah A n.m. airr/coquetry/trick/pretence/swagger

namaaz namaaz A n.f. prayer

namoono namoonah P n.m. example/sample/specimen

naql naql A n.f. narration/tale/mimicing/copying/aping

naqli naqli A adj. artificial/spurious/counterfiet

naqshah naqshah A n.m. portrait/model/design/example

narm narm P adj. smooth/tender/soft/slow

naseeb naseeb A n.m. fortune/fate/destiny

naseeHat naseeHat A n.f. advice/counsel/admonition

nashaah nashaah P n.m. intoxication/pride/arrogance

nataa'ij nataa'ij A n.m. results/consequences (plu.of nateejah)

nateejaa nateejaa A n.m. result

nau.jawaani nau.jawaani n.f. youth/prime of life

naubat naubat A n.f. turn/time

nawaazish nawaazish P n.f. kindness/favor/patronage

nazaarah nazaarah A n.m. sight/view/vista

nazar nazar A n.f. look/glance/favor/motive/view/countenance

nazdeek nazdeek P adj. near

nazm nazm A n.f. poetry/verse

nazm nazm A n.m. order/arangement

neelaam neelaam (Port. n.m. auction

nek nek P adj. good/lucky/virtuous/pious

nigaah nigaah P n.f. look/glance/sight/custody/care




nigaah.baan nigaah.baan n.m. protector/guard

nihaal nihaal P n.m sapling

nikaah nikaah A n.m. matrimony

niraalee niraalee H adj. unequalled/rare/strange

nisbat nisbat A n.f relation/affinity/attribute/comparison

nishaan nishaan P n.m. mark/sign/signal/emblem/target/scar/trace

nishaanee nishaanee P n.f. mark/sign/souvenir/keepsake

niyaaz niyaaz P n.f. desire/plea/poverty/need

niyyat niyyat A n.f. intention/purpose/will/aim

nizaam nizaam A n.m. order/arrangement/custom/system

noor noor A n.m light

nuktah nuktah A n.m. subtlety conceit/point of wit/epigram

numaa'ish numaa'ish P n.f. show/display/sight/spectacle

nuqsaan nuqsaan A n.m. loss

nusrat nusrat A n.f. victory

aafaat p A n.f. evils/disasters/misfortunes (plu.of aafat)

paagal paagal H adj. mad/insane/idiotic/distressed

paani paani H n.m. water/rain/lustre/character/honor

paas paas P n.m. custody/regard/supervision

paighaam paighaam P n.m. message/news/advice

pak pak P adj. pure/holy/immaculate/chaste/undefiled

pal pal H n.m. a moment

palak palak H n.f. an instant /a moment/ eyelash

panaah panaah P n.f. protection/asylum/refuge

paraknaa paraknaa H v. to examine/ to test

pardah pardah P n.m. curtain/screen/veil/secrecy/privacy

pareshaan pareshaan P adj. troubled/distracted/distressed

parwaanao parwaanah P n.m. moth/lover/warrant/permission

parwarish parwarish P n.f. fostering/rearing/sustenance/protecting

pasand pasand P n.f. choice/approval/preference

pasino pasinaa H n.m. perspiration/sweat

huner peshaah P n.m. craft/trade/profession

qaabil qaabil A adj. worthy/able/competent/deserving/clever

qaaboo qaaboo P n.m. power/command/authority/possession/hold




qaa'ido qaa'idah A n.m. custom/rule/manners/habit/established/order

qaa'im qaa'im A adj. erect/stagnant/firm/durable

qaanoon qaanoon A n.m. rule/law/system/state

qaatil qaatil A n.m. murderer/assassin/homicide

qaazee qaazee A n.m. judge

qabr qabr A n.f. grave/tomb

qabzo qabzah A n.m. gridp/clutch/possessing/power/hilt of a sword

qadam qadam A n.m. step/pace/footstep

qadd qadd A n.m. stature/size/height

qadr qadr A n.f. dignity/honor/worth/value

qaid qaid A n.f. imprisonment/confinement/obstacle/control

qalam qalam A n.m. reed/pen/handwriting

qareeb qareeb A adj. near/adjacent/akin/approaching

qarz qarz A n.m. debt/loan

qasam qasam A n.m. an oath

qatl qatl A n.m. killing/murder/assassination

qaul qaul A n.m. word/saying/promise/consent/vow

qaum qaum A n.m. nation/people

qeemat qeemat A n.m. price/value/woth/cost

qism qism A n.f. sort/kind/species/portion/nature

qismat qismat A n.f. fortune/fate/share/portion/head/category

qisso qissah A n.m. tale/fable/romance/quarrel/dispute

qiyaamat qiyaamat A n.f. resurrection/Judgement flank/arch

qubool qubool A n.m. consent/acceptance/assent/recognition

qudrat qudrat A n.f. power/strength/universe/nature

qurbaan qurbaan A n.m. sacrifice/victim/offering

qusoor qusoor A n.m. fault/defect/blame/sin/failure

raah raah P n.f. road/pathcustom/journey/method

raaHat raaHat A n.f. rest/repose/comfort/tranquility/ease

raastah raastah P n.m. path/road/manner

raaz raaz P n.m. mystery/secret

raazi raazi A adj. willing/satisfied/agreed/pleased

radd radd A n.m. rejection/repulsion/returning

raftaar raftaar P n.f. speed/pace/walk/motion




rahm rahm A n.m. mercy/pity/compassion/kindness/tenderness

ran.g ran.g P n.m. color/dye/fashion/enjoyment

ran.geen ran.geen P adj. colored/lively/elegant/flowery/figurative

ran.j ran.j P n.m. grief/sorrow/trouble/inconvience

ran.jish ran.jish P n.m. grief/indignation/misunderstanding/anguish

raqs raqs A n.m. dance/dancing

rasi rasan P n.f. rope/string/cord

rashk rashk P n.m. jealousy/envy/malice/spite

rasm rasm A n.f. marking/writing/established usage/model/law

rasool rasool A n.m. a prophet

raunaq raunaq A n.f. lustre/beauty/elegance/freshness

raushan/roshan raushan/roshan P adj. light/illuminated/bright/clear/splendid

rawaanah rawaanah P adj. despatched/proceeding

resham resham P n.m. silk

rishto rishtah P n.m. thread/line/relationship/kinship/alliance

rooH rooH A n.f. soul/spirit/life/essence/divine revelation

roz roz P adj. daily

roz roz P n.m. a day

rozah rozah P n.m. a fast

rukh rukh P n.m. face/cheek/side/point

rukhsat rukhsat A n.f. leave/permission/dismissal/indulgence

ruswaa ruswaa A adj. infamous/dishonored/disgraced

saabit saabit A adj. confirmed/established/fixed/stable

saaf saaf A adj. clean/pure/innocent/clear/legible/plain

saahib saahib A n.m. master/lord/ruler/companion/title

saaHil saaHil A n.m. shore/beach

saal saal P n.m. year

saan.ch saan.ch H n.f. truth/reality

saan.s saan.s H n.m./f. breath/sigh

saayo saayah P n.m. shadow/shade/shelter/apparition

saazish saazish P n.f. conspiracy/intrigue/collusion

sabab sabab A n.m. cause/reason

sabaq sabaq A n.m. lesson/lecture/advancing

sabr sabr A n.m. patience/endurance/submission/suffering




sadmo sadmah A n.m. shock/blow/calamity/collision/suffering

safar safar A n.m. journey

safed safed P adj. white

saHeeH saHeeH A adj. right/correct/genuine/sound/pure/just

sailaab sailaab A/P n.m. flood/deluge/torrent

sajdo sajdah A n.m. prostration

sakht sakht P adj. hard/firm/cruel/harsh/vehement

salaam salaam A n.m. salutation/peace/safety/compliment

saleeqo saleeqah A n.m. good disposition/good taste/mode/skill

sar sar P n.m. head/top/pinnacle/origin/chief/desire

sard sard P adj. cold/damp/dull/dead

serakh sar-e raah adv. road

saudo saudaa P n.m. trade/marketing/goods

sawaab sawaab A n.m. reward/recompense

sawaal sawaal A n.m. question/petition/application/request/demand

sazaa sazaa P n.f. correction/punishment/requital

seeno seenah P n.m. chest/bosom

seerat seerat A n.m. quality/nature/disposition

shaabaash shaabaash P intj. bravo! well done!(contr.of shaadbaash)

shaagird shaagird P n.m. pupil/apprentice/servant

shaah shaah P n.m. king/prince/monarch

shaa'ir shaa'ir A n.m. poet

shaakh shaakh P n.f. branch/bough/dilemma/difficulty/objection

shaam shaam P n.f. evening

shaamil shaamil A adj. including/comprising/connected/mingled/common

shaan shaan A n.f. dignity/glory/grandeur

shaayad shaayad P adv. perhaps/probably

shafaqat shafaqat A n.f. kindeness/compassion/mercy

shahd medH shahd P n.m. honey

shaheed shaheed A n.m. martyr

shahr shahr P n.m. city

shahzaado shahzaadah n.m. prince

shaikh shaikh A n.m. elder

shaitaan shaitaan A n.m. satan/devil/demon




shakhs shakhs A n.m. a person/individual/being/body

shakk shakk A n.m. doubt/suspense/hesitation

shakl shakl A n.f. form/appearance/model/image/diagram

shama' bathi shama' A n.f. lamp/candle

sharaab sharaab A n.f. wine/liquor

sharaafat sharaafat A n.f. nobility/civility/good manners

shareef shareef A adj. noble/eminent/honorable

sharm sharm P n.f. shame/modesty

shart shart A n.f. condition/agreement/wager

shauq shauq A n.m. taste/fondness/desire/interest

shekhi shekhi A n.f. bragging

sher sher P n.m. lion/tiger/brave man

shikaar shikaar P n.m. hunting/prey

shikaayat shikaayat A n.f. complaint/accusation/illness

shikwo shikwah A/P n.m. complaint/chiding

shi'r shi'r A n.m. verse/couplet

shishah shishah P n.m. glass/bottle/glass pane

shor shor P n.m. noise/outcry/tumult/clamor/ardor

shukr shukr A n.m. gratitude

shu'lo shu'lah A n.m. flame/blaze/flash/light

shumaar shumaar P n.m. counting/numbering/estimation/account

shu'oor shu'oor A n.m. wisdom/intellect

shuroo' shuroo'wat shuroo' A n.m. beginning

sifaarish sifaarish P n.f. recommendation

silsilo silsilah A n.m. chain/series/pedigree/genealogy

culture siqaafat A n.f. culture

sirf sirf A adj. only/mere/sheer

sitaarah sitaarah P n.m. star

sitam sitam P n.m. oppression/tyranny/injustice/violence

siwaa siwaa P adv. except/save/but/besides

siyaah / karo siyaah P adj. black/dark/unfortunate/bad

soono soona H adj. void/empty/desolate/lonely

subH sevar subH A n.f. morning/dawn

suboot suboot A n.m. evidence/proof/conviction/constancy/stability




suHbat suHbat A n.f. companionship/society/conversation

sukoon sukoon A n.m. peace/rest/tranquility

sukh sukoot A n.f. silence/peace/rest/tranquility

surat surat A n.f. form/figure/countenance/aspect/manner/plight

surkh / lal surkh P adj. red

sust sust P adj. loose/frail/lazy/slow/dull

ta'ajjub ta'ajjub A n.m. wondering/admiration/amazement/surprise

taak taak P n.f. look/regard/aim/view

ta'alluq ta'alluq A n.m. connection/relation/consideration

taaqat taaqat A n.f. strength/power/might

ta'areef ta'areef A n.f. explanation/description/praise/definition

taasir taasir A n.f. effect/impression

taazo taazah P adj. fresh/new/tender/happy

tabaah tabaah P adj. ruined/spoiled/depraved/wretched

tabdeel tabdeel A n.f. change

tabi'at tabi'at A n.f. nature/temperament/disposition

taiyaar taiyaar P adj. ready/prepared/finished/alert/ripe

taiyyaar taiyyaar A adj. ready

taj taj P n.m. crown/tiara

tajribo tajribah A n.m. experience/experiment/test/proof

takht / takhto takht P n.m. throne/seat

TakkaR Takkar H n.f. collision/encounter/rivalry/competition

takleef takleef A n.f. imposition of a burden/difficulty/inconvenience

talaaq talaaq A n.f. divorce/repudiation

talaash talaash A n.f. search/inquiry/quest

talab talab A n.f. search/inquiry//wish/demand/request

talwaar talwaar H n.f. sword

tamaam tamaam A adj. entire/complete/perfect/end

tamaasho tamaashaa A n.m. entertainment/fun/amusement/sport/spectacle

tameez tameez A n.f. discernment/judgement/observance of etiquette

tan / dhar tan P n.m. body

tangi tangi P n.f. narrowness/hardship/poverty

tanhaa tanhaa P adj. alone/solitary

Tapakno Tapaknaa H v. to leak/to drip/to falldown(fruits)




taqaazao taqaazaa A n.m. demanding settlement of a debt/importunity

taqdeer taqdeer A n.f. fate/luck

taqriban taqriban A adv. approximately

taqwao taqwaa A n.f. piety/abstinence/fear of God

taraanao taraanah P n.m. harmony/symphony/a kind of song

taraf taraf A n.f. side/margin/direction

tariqo tariqah A n.m. method/custom/path/way

tarkeeb tarkeeb A n.f. composition/mixture/plan/mode/method

tarraqqee tarraqqee A n.f. elevation/promotion/proficiency

tars tars H n.m. compassion/pity/mercy

tasallee tasallee A n.f. consolation/comfort/satisfaction

tasawwur tasawwur A n.m. imagination/fancy/idea

tashreef tashreef A n.f. honoring

tasleem tasleem A n.f. salutation/greeting/resignation/submission

tasweer / photo tasweer A n.f. picture/portrait/painting

taubah taubah intj. Heaven forbid!

taubah taubah P n.m. repentance

tauheen tauheen A n.f. disgrace/contempt/defamation/dishonor/insult

taur taur A n.m. manner/condition/mode/state

teer teer P n.m. arrow

tez tez P adj. sharp/keen/caustic/pungent/swift/clever

ThanD ThanD H n.f. cold/chill

Thikaano Thikaanaa H n.m. fixed abode/proper place/goal/limit

Thokar Thokar H n.f. obstacle/kick/stumble

toHfo toHfaa A n.m. gift

toofaan toofaan A n.m. storm/tempest/hurricane

TooT TooT H n.f. breaking/fracture/loss

TukRo TukRaa H n.m. a piece/a morsel/a part/fraction

joss ubaal H n.m. boiling/rage/anger

ujaaR ujaaR H adj. ruined/waste/abandoned

ummid ummid P n.f. hope/expectation/trust

umr umr A n.f. age/life-time/span of life

ustaad ustaad P n.m. master/professor

waabastah waabastah adj. bound together/attached




waahid waahid A adj. unique/one/single/unit

waajib waajib A adj. necessary/obligatory

waajibaat waajibaat A n.m. duties (plu.of waajib)

waalid waalid A n.m. father

waalidah waalidah A n.f. mother

waapas waapas adj. behind/back/returning again

waaqi' waaqi' A adj. occuring/happening

waaqi'i waaqi'i A adj. true/real/proper

waaqi'i waaqi'i A adv. really/actually/truly

waar waar H n.m. blow/attack/stroke

waaridaat waaridaat A adj. events/occurences (plu.of waarid)

waaris waaris A n.m. heir

waasto waastah A n.m. account/sake/reason/means/motive

waaste waaste A prep. for/for the sake of

waazih waazih A adj. clear/evident/apparent

wa'dah wa'dah A n.m. promise/agreement

wafaa wafaa A n.f. fulfilling a promise/fulfilment/fidelity

wafaa.daar wafaa.daar adj. faithful/sincere

wafaat wafaat A n.f. death

waghairah waghairah A adv. et cetera/andsoforth

waHeed waHeed A adj. singular/unique/alone

wahm wahm A n.m. imagination/idea/fancy/opinion/fear/suspicion

waj-h waj-h A n.m. cause/reason/mode/manner/face/appearance

wakaalat wakaalat A n.f. advocacy/attorneyship

wakeel wakeel A n.m. lawyer/attorney

walee walee A n.m. lord/prince/master/friend/guardian

waqf waqf A n.m. religious bequest

waqt waqt A n.m. time/term/season/hour/opportunity

warnah warnah P adv. and if not/otherwise

wasiyyat wasiyyat A n.f. testament/last will/legacy/bequest

watan desh watan A n.m. native country

waza' waza' A n.f. state/position/situation

wazaahat wazaahat A n.f. vivid description

wazn wazn A n.m. weight/measure/metre/rhyme/esteem/honor




weeraan weeraan P adj. desolate/ruined

weeraanah weeraanah P n.m. a ruined place

weeraani weeraani P n.f. desolation/destruction/ruin

widaa' widaa' A n.m. farewell

wilaayat perdesh wilaayat A n.f. a foreign country/abroad/realm/union with God

wujood wujood A n.m. existence/essence/being

wusool wusool A n.m. collection/acquisition

yaa yaa P conj. either/or

yaa yaa A intj. O!

yaad yaad P n.f. remembrance/memory/recollection

yaaddaasht yaaddaasht n.f. note/memorandum/memory

yaadgaar yaadgaar n.f. memorial/souvenir/keepsake

yaaqoot yaaqoot P n.m. ruby/garnet

yaar yaar P n.m. friend/lover/companion

yaari yaari P n.f. friendship/assistance/love/intrigue

akro akry yak P adj. one/a/an

yakdil yakdil adj. unanimous

yakjaan yakjaan adj. one soul

yaklakht yaklakht adv. all at one suddenly

yakzabaan yakzabaan adj. uniform opinion or speech

ya'ni ya'ni A adv. namely/that is to say

yaqin yaqin A n.m. certainity/assurance/truth/confidence/trust

yaqinan yaqinan adv. certainly/verily/assuredly/indeed

yateem yateem A n.m. orphan

yaum yaum A n.m. a day

zaahir zaahir A adj. manifest/clear/evident

zaa'i zaa'i A adj. lost/destroyed/wasted/fruitless

zaalim zaalim A n.m. tyrant/oppressor

zaamin zaamindar zaamin A n.m. sponsor/surety/guarantor

zaat zaat A n.f. being endowed with/soul/self/caste/race

zaati zaati A adj. innate/inherent/essential/natural

zabaan zabaan P n.f. tongue/language/flame (of a candle)

zabardast zabardast adj. vigorous/violent/tyrranical/superior

zaHmat zaHmat A n.f. uneasiness of mind/trouble/pain




zahr zahr P n.m. poison

za'if za'if A adj. weak/infirm/feeble/old/faint

zakhm zakhm P n.m. wound/damage/loss

zaleel zaleel A adj. abject/base/wretched/contemptible

zamaano zamaanah P n.m. time/age/period

zamaanat zamaanat A n.f. surety/bond

zameen zameen P n.f. ground/earth

zameer zameer A n.f. mind/heart/thought/reflection/sense

zanjeer zanjeer P n.f. chain

zaroor zaroor A adj. necessary/expedient/needful

zaroor zaroor A adv. certainly/absolutely

zaroorat zaroorat A n.f. need/compulsion/want/exigency

zeenat zeenat A n.f. decoration/beauty

zehn zehn A n.m. acumen/wit/sagacity/understanding

zidd zidd A n.f. contrary/opposition/stubborness

zikr zikr A n.m. remembrance/memory/Qur'an recital

zillaat zillaat A n.f. insult/dishonor/affront/abjectness

zindagi zindagi P n.f. life/living/existence

zindo zindah P adj. alive/living

ziyaado ziyaadah P adj. too much/more/excessive

ziyaarat ziyaarat A n.f. pilgrimage/visit a shrine)

zor zor P n.m. force/strength/power/influence/stress

zukaam zukaam A n.m. cold

zulm zulm A n.m oppression/tyranny
