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AIR AND WATER QUALITYMANAGEMENT
By:
Megha Shekhawat(742)
Nivedita Sharma(740)
Soniya Narayani(730)
Ritika Nilosey(754)
Prachi Barapatre(706)
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Lets start with.
The main objective of the Air Quality Management Plan is to ensure
that best available practicable and efficient technologies are used to
minimise and monitor air emissions from the refinery and bauxite
residue disposal areas.
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Why do we need Air Quality Management ??
On our planet, the air we breathe is one of the most important things
around us. It is a vital natural resource on which all life depends.
Air pollution also hampers development. Larger cities with highly
concentrated industry, intensive transport networks and high
population density are a major source of air pollution.
Many cities around the world, particularly in developing countries,
are experiencing rapid growth.
The World Health Organization (WHO) and other international
agencies have long identified urban air pollution as a critical publichealth problem. Many developing countries and emerging
economies, for example India China, Mexico, have therefore
included air pollution into their list of priority issues to be tackled.
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AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND
TARGETS
The specific management objectives and target for this AQMP are as
follows:
to ensure that air emissions comply with approval requirements
to ensure that air emissions do not cause any adverse impacts on thesurrounding community and environment.
to monitor the effectiveness of air emission controls.
to monitor air quality in areas potentially impacted by the refinery.
to investigate and apply best practicable means to reduce air
emissions.
to report to the community and regulators on air quality
management performance.
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Current Components of Air Quality Management
System Existing in the Country
The various components of the AQM systems existing in India
includes
1. Air Quality Monitor
2. Air Quality Standards3. Emission Inventory
4. Source Apportionment
5. Dispersion Modelling
6. Health Impact Study7. Control Strategy
8. AQM plan.
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6. Air Pollution Impacts Study
Health-related studies with respect to air pollution have been carried out in
Delhi, Mumbai ,Hyderabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Chennai,
and Cochin by various organizations. Following are some of the
organizations involved:
a. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi.
b. Environmental Pollution Research Center, KEM Hospital, Mumbai.
c. Lakeside Medical Center and Hospital, Bangalore.
d. Center for Environment Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad.
f. National Institute ofOccupational Health, Ahmedabad.
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7. Strategies to Control Air Pollution in India
Various strategies for control of air pollution in non-attainment cities and
problem areas have been adopted. Some of strategies for controlling air
pollution from industries and vehicles are described below:
Industrial Pollution Control
Vehicular Pollution Control
General Pollution Abatement
Strategies to Control Air Pollution Adopted in Megacities
Gaps in Air Quality Control Strategies
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8. Air Quality Management Plan
With the objective of controlling the rapidly burgeoning air pollution
problems in our country, the Honourable Supreme Court of India, in the
matter of CWP No. 13029 of 1995, passed orders on 5 April 2001
regarding formulation and implementation of action plans for control of
pollution in selected cities. The Honourable Court stressed the need for such initiatives relating to
vehicular pollution in Delhi and directed that an action plan for pollution
control in the cities/towns that do not meet the ambient air quality
standards should be prepared.
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Conclusion to Air Quality Management
In order to ensure that an AQMS is having the desired impact, it is
important to not only continuously monitor air quality, but to widely
disseminate the monitoring results. An air quality information system
(AQIS) has several significant uses.
AQM authorities use it to enforce laws and regulations, issue permits, anddevelop strategies and policies. Polluters (i.e., industries) can use it to
monitor the impacts of their activities.
The public can refer to air quality information to understand the effects of
each individuals activities (traffic, cooking, refuse burning), change
attitudes, the effects of the pollution, and the measures introduced by theauthorities.
An AQIS can ultimately be used in concert with all the players for air
pollution forecasting and alert measures during pollution episodes.
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WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
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Overview of Water Quality
Why water quality concern?
Presently the quality and availability of water resources is the most
pressing of the many environment challenges on the national
horizon.
Increase in population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and
agricultural development has resulted in high impact on quality and
quantity of water.
Unregulated growth of urban areas, without infrastructural services
for proper collection, transportation, treatment, disposal has led toincreased pollution and health hazards.
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The global situation
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The Indian situation
1)India has 16 % of the worlds population and 4% of its fresh waterresources.
2) Fresh water (rain and snow)availability - 4,000 BCM
Most of which returns to the seas via rivers.
3) Surface and ground water availability - 1,869 BCM.Of this, 40 % is not available.
Groundwater Consumption: Surface water Consumption:
92% - Agricultural 89% - Agricultural
5% - Industrial 2% - Industrial
3% - Domestic 9% - Domestic
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How much water available to us?
Although India received about 1170 mm rainfall annually, the rainfallis not evenly distributed with time and place.
Nearly 85 % of rain occurs only in 3 to 4 months in year.
We receive only 4000 BCM of water only through rainfall.
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What are our main water quality issues?
Water scarcity: The ever increasing demand of water for
agricultural, industrial and domestic activities, the water
sources are over exploited.
Pathogenic pollution: one of the major water quality issue iswater borne diseases. This is mainly due to inadequate
arrangements for transport and treatment of wastewater.
This results in contamination of both surface water and ground
water.
India has about 72% population living in rural areas, who use
groundwater directly for drinking purpose without any
treatment
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Specific issues of surface water oxygen depletion:
Euthrophication
Toxicity
Ecological health
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The various issues are:
Manmade pollution
Urban wastes: the fast urbanization is resulting in generationof very large amount of wastes. The main contaminants are:
a) Nitrates b) Phosphates Industrial wastes: a large no. Of industries especially small
scale do not have proper collection, treatment and disposalarrangement for the waste they generate. During rain allthese pollutants either percolate into the ground & pollutegroundswater or get into surfacewater sources and pollutethem.
Such cases are emerging in many industrial areas like Pali,Jodhpur, Ratlam (MP), Ahmedabad, Jetpur (Guj)
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Agricultural pollution: to increase the agricultural production, use
of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have increased.
The fertilizer consumption has increased from 0.5 million tons/yearin early sixties to 16.8 million in 2003
Similarly pesticides consumption has increased from 434 tons/year
to over1 lakh tons/year.
Residues of such chemicals percolate into ground and pollute it.
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Status of sewage treatmentplants
As per CPCB, there are about269 S
TPs exist in the countryout of which 231 areoperational
A large number of STPscreated under Central FundingSchemes like Ganga Action
Plan, Yamuna Action Plan arenot fully satisfactorily operated
Industrial wastewater
Agro based industries like
Distilleries,Sugar mills andpaper mills are major
contributors to organic pollution. Industries generating chemical
pollution can be divide intothose which generate high TDS
bearing wastes and those whichgenerates toxic wastes There are small scale industries
being promoted by governmentbut due to inadequateresources, do not have proper
treatment for wastewater.
Major Causes for Water Quality Degradation
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Rural and Slum Population
Rural and slum population,
which is lacking the pipedwater supply and sanitationfacilities, uses open field fordefecation.
Thus, generation of liquid
effluents would be minimal andall wastewater generated soaksinto the nearby land
Pollutants in Agriculture run-off and Drainage Waters
Application of chemicals likefertilizers and pesticides isincreasing steeply forincreasing the agricultureproduction
Residues of these chemicals can
be transported to water coursesthrough surface run-off duringheavy rains and throughpercolation to the groundwaterand pollute them.
Major Causes for Water Quality Degradation
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Deposition of Air-pollutants
Atmospheric pollutants may deposit directly on surface waters
Also the pollutants depositing on vegetation and soils may getleached to water bodies.
Major Causes for Water Quality Degradation
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Measures taken to control Pollution
Legal and institutional Provision
Water Act 1974 and the Environment Protection Act 1986
Classification of rivers and Quality criteria
The water quality management in India is performed under the
provision of Water Act, 1974
Basic objective is to maintain and restore the wholesome-ness
of national aquatic resources by prevention and control ofpollution
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The natural water bodies are used for various demands
For maintaining and restoring natural water bodies for their best use
a concept called designated best use was developed
According to this, out of several uses a water body is put to, the use
which demands highest quality is termed as designated best use
Measures taken to control Pollution
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National Water Policy 2002
Accords top priority todrinking water supply inthe allocation of waterresources for variousbeneficial uses. After drinking water it
includes irrigation,hydropower, navigationand industries andother uses
National river ActionPlan (NRAP)
Certain stretches ofmajor rivers with highintermediate levels ofpollutions are identifiedby CPCB Sewage collection and
treatment works arebeing created toreduce the pollution ofthese river stretches
Measures taken to control Pollution
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Environment ImpactAssessment
The main objective is toidentify, predict andevaluate the likelyeconomic, environmentaland social impact of any
departmental activities andto prepare an action planfor remedy as a part ofEnvironmental ManagementPlan
Special Drives forIndustries Discharginginto Rivers and Lakes
CPCB with the help of StatePollution Control Boards inthe country has identifiedindustries which are directlydischarging wastewaters
into rivers and lakes Intensive monitoring is beingdone to ensure thecompliance with the timetargets
Measures taken to control Pollution
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Water Quality Management Plan
1. Setting water quality Goal
identify use of water in the given water body
Identify the water quality requirements
2. Water Quality Monitoring
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3. Identification of Nature and Magnitude of Pollution
the water quality data compiled
compared with the desired quality requirement as
per the water quality goal
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4. Source Inventory
Inventorise the number of outfalls
Measure the quality and quantity of wastewater
flowing through each of the outfalls.
pollution load joining through all the important
outfalls should be measured Inventorise the human activities open defication,
unsewered sanitation, uncollected garbage sewage
and industrial wastes, commercial waste
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5. Water Quantity Information
River or stream - State Irrigation Dept
lakes, reservoirs - water levels
It gives precisely how much pollution load needs to
be reduced to achieve the desired water quality.
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6. Selection of technology
Options which are available for cost-effective and environmentally compatible
sewage treatment include
land treatment waste stabilization ponds
constructed wetlands
duck-weed pond
aerated lagoon
rotating
biological contractors
up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket system
root zone treatment.
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7. Maintenance of sewage treatment
The maintenance of the
sewage system
sewers
rising mains
intermediate pumping stations
should be entrusted to the nodal agencies identified
for the maintenance of the sewage treatment plants
and sufficient funds and staff provided to them.
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8. Pollution from Industrial Sources
a)Pollution Control at source
Corporate Responsibility on Environment Protection
(CREP)
secondary treatment - aerobic composting,
vermiculture, ferti-irrigation, etc.
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b) Reuse/recycling of treated industrial waste and
resource recovery:
c) Waste minimization and clean technologies
d) Waste water discharge standards and charges on
residual pollution
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9. Pollution from Non-point sources
Increment in presence of unacceptably high levels of the
persistent pollutants in the groundwater and run-off water
an integrated pest management policy should be evolved
standards made to regulate the use of toxic pesticides
develop substitutes which are ecologically more acceptable.
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Water Conservation measures
Surface storage
Conservation of Rain water
Groundwater conservation
Artificial recharge
Percolation tank method
Catchment area protection((Watershed protection
or management plans)
Inter basin transfer of water
Adoption of drip sprinkler irrigation
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THANK YOU