Unit 4
From Nationalism to
Sectionalism
Warm-Up: How might a war bring a nation closer
together?
The Hartford Convention
• 26 delegates met in
Hartford to discuss
secession from U.S.
• Opposed to the War of
1812
• Leads to the end of the
Federalist Party
Election of 1816
James Monroe (D-R)
Rufus King (F) and four other candidates
Result was no surprise
• Feds very unpopular due to Hartford Convention
James Monroe 183 ECV
Rufus King 34 ECV
James Monroe Virginian plantation
owner Fought in Rev War
(shot at Trenton; holding flag)
Served in Congress, US Senate; diplomat to France; Governor of VA
One of the negotiators of LA Purchase
James Monroe
Monroe asPresident
“Era of Good Feelings”, 1816-1824
No partisanship (b/c only one political party existed)
Society expanding, growing, building (W, pop, new constr)
Nationalism strong (W of 1812)
Marred by Panic of 1819 & slavery issue
Panic of 1819 Land Act of 1800
• Remember the NW Ordinance of 1787?
• Divided NW Territory; created Indiana Territory and Ohio T.
• Removed 640 acre minimum purchase price
• Changed to 160 acres at $2.00 per acre, payable over 4 years w/ $80 down
• State banks loaned to money to virtually anyone to buy land
• Many bought, few could afford
Land Act of 1800
Causes of the 1819 Panic
2nd Bank of U.S. conservative credit policies
• Called in loans made to state banks
• State banks failed b/c land speculators couldn’t repay state bank loans
End of Napoleonic Wars
• Agricultural prices dropped (Europe coming around)
• Lower demand for US manufactured goods as European goods flooded US
• Resulting unemployment
Fixing the Panic
Land Act of 1820
• Eliminated purchase of federal land on credit
• 80 acres at $1.25 per acre, cash only! Down payment $100
• Made western lands MUCH more affordable
Regional differences
• North = raise tariffs
• South = lower tariffs
Slavery
Missouri becomes first state west of Mississippi ready for statehood
Issues
• Senate balance between slave, non-slave
• Should Western lands have slavery?
Slave States Free States
GA IL
SC PA
VA NJ
NC CT
KY MA
TN IN
LA NH
MD NY
MS RI
AL VT
DE OH
List of States, 1820
Slavery in the West Tallmadge Amendment
• NY Rep James Tallmadge
• Forbid additional importation of slaves into MO
• Gradual emancipation, at age 25
• Began nationwide debate & agitation over slavery issue
• House adopted, but Senate defeated it
Missouri Compromise, 1820 Henry Clay (remember
him?)
• Speaker of the House
• Proposed compromise
Missouri = slave state
Maine = free state
• Preserved Senate balance
LA Territory division
• North of line = free
• South of line = slaveMissouri Compromise line
Election of 1820 Monroe ran
unopposed
Monroe wins all ECV – except one
• GW story
• Truth: NH Elector didn’t like Monroe’s policies (“wasteful extravagance”)
Monroe: 221 ECVJohn Q. Adams 1 ECV
Monroe Administration Political Atrophy
• No Federalists = DRs dominate
• Monroe neglected party building at local level
Internal development• Infrastructure
construction (“American System”)
• Westward mobility
Foreign affairs• Gained FL thru Adams-
Onis Treaty (1821)
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Official WH Portrait
WARM UP
Explain the significance of the Monroe Doctrine.
What was meant by Era of Good Feelings?
Explain the purpose of the Missouri Compromise
Election of 1824
Two ballots: 1 president, 1 VP
4 Presidential candidates• Andrew Jackson
(TN)
• John Quincy Adams (MA)
• Wm. H. Crawford (SC)
• Henry Clay (KY)
1 VP candidate: John C. Calhoun (SC)
Jackson: 153,544 / 99 ECVAdams: 108,740 / 84 ECVCrawford: 46,618 / 41 ECVClay: 47,136 / 37 ECV
SO WHO WON???
Election of 1824
NO ONE!!!• Voting went along sectional lines
• 131 ECV for majority, to win
No ECV majority, so 12th
Amendment = House of Reps• Each state gets 1 vote
• Vote on top three ECV winners: Jackson, Adams, Crawford
“Corrupt Bargain”• Clay, House Speaker, hated
Jackson
• Clay threw support behind Adams
• Adams won on First Ballot in House
• Clay appointed Secretary of State
Jackson
Adams
Clay
Crawford
Fallout from Election of 1824
Revival of Two Party System
Democratic Republican Party
Democratic Party
Andrew JacksonMartin Van Buren
National Republican Party(become “Whigs”)
John Quincy AdamsHenry Clay
John Quincy Adams
Son of John Adams (2nd President)
Only President to be married to foreign born wife, Louisa
Diplomat under GW, Dad, Madison
Sec’y of State under Monroe
Main author of Monroe Doctrine
Louisa Adams
John Q. Adams
President Adams’ Admin
Wanted to continue the “American System”• High tariff (supported
internal development)• National Bank• High land prices (= gov’t
revenue)• Roads & canals
Great opposition to Adams in Congress• Narrow victory = no
mandate• Jackson, his supporters
resisted giving Adams any victories; blocked all of American System
Election of 1828 Jackson & Calhoun
vs. Adams & Rush
Incumbent VP switched sides!
Jackson wins handily
New coalition of Democrats
• South, West regions
• PA, VA (Van Buren)
ResultsJackson: 178 ECV / 642,553Adams: 83 ECV / 500,897