Itelmen
• spokeninKamchatka,Russianorth-westernpartofKamchatkapeninsula
• Chukotko-Kamchatkanfamily– SoutherngroupORisolated?
• Seriouslyendangeredlanguage– Northerndialect:2speakers– Southerndialect:2speakers
Genealogy• Chukotko-Kamchatkan (Ethnologue,2009)– Northern:Chukotko-Koryak
• Chukchi• Kerek• Alutor• Koryak
– Southern:Itelmen• WesternItelmen• EasternItelmen• SouthernItelmen
• DiscussionsaboutthegenealogicalrelaOonshipbetweenItelmenandChukotko-Koryakgroup(Worth1962,Volodin1999,Kaneko2011)
Itelmen-AinurelaOonship
• ContactinNorthernKurilislandsandsouthernpartofKamchatka
• Principalliterature– Krasheninnikov(1755)OpisaniezemliKamchatki.– Dybowski(Radlinski1891-1894)– Torii(1903)ChishimaAinu(KurilAinu)– Murayama(1971)KitaChisimaainugo(LanguageofNorthernKurilAinu)
Ainu Itelmen transla-on
urir urilwic(WI),urilen(DybW)
cormorant
marek marek(WI) ahookontheendofaspear
kunkutu(Sakhalindialect)
kumxtuk(Krsh.SI) ten
Consonantcluster
• Itelmen:7consonantsattheword-iniOal,5consonantsattheword-finalntkskqzu‘ifwemadeit’əŋksxq‘painful’
• Chukchi:CCoccurs,butCCCdoesnot pseqalɣən‘bird’(Ch)(Kurebito2001)• Koryak:inserOngschuwatoavoidCC(C)
n-tuj-qin>n-ә-tuj-qin‘young’kajŋ-t>kajŋ-ə-t‘twobearsʼ(Kurebito2009)
• Ainu:(C)V(C)
ItelmenMorphology
• AggluOnaOve• No compound• NoincorporaOon• AffixaOon(1)ən-kʼol-sxen-qzu-aɬ-nenCAUS-break-DISP-DUR-FUT-3SG>3SG(STEM-ROOT-STEM)–ASPECT-TENSE-PERSON+NUMBER
‘hewillkeepbreakingitintopieces’
PersonalpronounItelmen Koryak
(Zhukova1967)Ainu(Nakagawa&Nakamoto2004)
1SG kma/kəmma ɣəmmo kani
2SG kza/kəzza ɣəcci eani
3SG na/ənna ənno (sinuma)
1DU muji
2DU tuji
3DU əcci
1PL muzaʔn muju coka(ex)
2PL tuzaʔn tuju ecioka(ex)
3PL itχ əccu (oka)(ex)
4SG asinuma(incl)
4PL aoka(incl)
Affix-orderinverb
M(ood),A(spect),T(ense),P(erson)• M+P-STEM-A-T-P Itelmen(2)tʼ-nu-qzu-aɬ-kicen‘IwillbeeaOng’IND.1SG-eat-DUR-FUT-1
• M-P-T-STEM-T-A+P Chukchi(Kurebito2001)• P-M-A-STEM-(PL)-A-PKoryak
Tense&Aspect• Itelmen
• Koryak(Kurebito2010,Zhukova1972)
NON-DURATIVE DURATIVE
PAST -Ø -qzu-Ø
PRESENT -s/-z -qzu-s/-z
FUTURE -aɬ -qzu-aɬ
PAST I -i/-e/-j
II ɣe-/ɣa-..-lin/-len
PRESENT?(temporary?) ku-/ko-..-ŋ
FUTURE I je-/ja-..-ŋ
II je-/ja-..-iki/-eke/-jki-jke
Tense-Aspect
• Itelmen(Future:Non-duraOve/DuraOve)(3)əsxɬi-aɬ-in (4)əsxɬi-qzu-aɬ-in wakeup-FUT-3SG wakeup-DUR-FUT-3SG
‘Hewillwakeup’ ‘Hewillbewakingup’
• Koryak(FutureI/II)(Zhukova1967)(5)je-lqut-ə-ŋ (6)je-lqut-ikiFUT-wakeup-E-PERF.3SG FUT-wakeup-NPERF.1SG
‘Hewillwakeup’‘Hewillbewaikingup’
S=A=Palignment(Itelmen)
(7)muzaʔnntʼ-nu-aɬ-kicen.(S)1PL.ABSIND.1PL-eat-PRES-1
‘Wewilleat’
(8)muzaʔnntʼ-ele-aɬ-ŋenmecʼaŋknarta.(A)1PL.ABS IND.1PL-get-FUT-1PL>3SGfarawaysledge.SG.ABS
‘Wewillgetthesledgeinthedistance.’
(9)kza muzaʔntχal-aɬ-uʔm.(P)2SG.ABS1PL.ABSeat-FUT-1PL.P
‘Youwilleatus’
A/S=Palignment(Koryak)(10)mocɣ-ə-nanməc-ca-jta-la-ŋ-ə-n(A)1PL-E-ERG 1PL.A-FUT-gotoget-PL-FUT-E-3SG.P
əjava-kva-lʔ-ə-nineŋ-Øinthedistance-LOCbe-PTCL-E-ABS.SGsledgeforburdens-ABS.SG ‘Wewillgotogetthesledgeforburdensinthedistanceʼ(Kurebito2009)(11)ɣənanmujuna-ko-lla-la-mək(P)2SG.ERG 1PL.ABSINV-NPERF-take-PL-1PL.P ‘Youtakeus’(Zhukova1967)
(12)mujumət-ko-wetal-la-ŋkolqoc-ə-k(S)1PL.ABS 1PL.S-NPERF-work-PL-NPERFkolkhoz-E-LOC‘Weworkinkolkhoz’(Zukova1967)
PersonAgreementinVerb
(13)Itelmena.t-kʼoɬ-kicen‘Icame’b.k’oɬ-c‘youcame’ c.k’oɬ-in ‘(he/she)came’(14)Koryak(Zhukova1967)a.t-ə-ɣala-k‘Ipassedaway’ b.ɣala-j‘you/he/she/passedaway’
PersonmarkinginV,A,N
• Koryak(Zhukova1967,1972)Verb Adjec-ve Noun
1SG ɣe-lqut-iɣəm‘Iwokeup’
n-ә-məllʲo-jɣəm‘Iamnimble’
qajəkmiŋ-iɣəm‘Iamaboy’
2SG ɣe-lqut-iɣi‘youwokeup’
n-ә-məllʲo-jɣe‘youarenimbleʼ
qajəkmiŋ-iɣi‘youareaboy’
3SG ɣe-lqul-lin‘hewokeup’
n-ә-məllʲo-qen‘he/sheisnimble’
qajəkmiŋ-ən‘heisaboy’
PersonmarkinginV,A,N
Verb=Adjec-ve Noun(Possesive)
1SG ku=ku‘Idrink’
ku=sesek‘Ifeelhot’
ku=teke(he)‘myhand’
2SG e=ku‘youdrink’
e=sesek‘youfeelhotʼ
e=teke(he)‘yourhand’
3SG ku‘hedrinks’
sesek‘he/shefeelshot’
teke(he)‘his/herhand’
Ainu(Chitosedialect)(Nakagawa&Nakamoto2004)
Indefiniteprefixi-andine-
Ikegami(1983)i-(Ainu)andine-(Chukchi)(15)i-nu-an (Ainu)‘Welistento(something,someone).’(16)t-ine-viriŋ-ɣʔe-k (Chukchi)‘Isaved(someone).’
in-..-(ʔɬ)inItelmen
in-(iʔ-/an-/aʔ-/ne-)..(-ʔɬ/-eʔɬ):AnOpassivetransiOve → intransiOvecil‘gather’ >in-cil‘dogathering’əŋkʼzu‘helpʼ >in-əŋkʼzu-ʔɬ‘dohelping’ləm‘washʼ >iʔ-ləm-eʔɬ‘dowashingʼɬəm‘kill’ >an-ɬəm‘dohunOngʼnomɬ‘send’ >aʔ-nomɬ‘dosending’ənkʼol‘break’ >ne-k’ol-eʔɬ‘dobreaking’
(17)janotananpʼeckmaəŋkʼzu-Ø-umnen.previous son1SG.ABS help-PST-3SG>1SG
‘Оlderson/daughterhelpedme.’(18)janotananp’ec(kəmank)in-əŋkʼzu-ʔɬ-Ø-qzu-in.previous son 1SG.LOC ANTIP-help-ANTIP-PST-DUR-3SG>1SG
‘Оlderson/daughterwashelping(me).’
WhydoesItelmennothaveincorporaOon?
Ainu
Itelmen
Koryak
Chukchi
Nivkh
Itelmenissurroundedbylanguageswithhighdegreeofpolysynthesis
Summary
• SmallnumberofevidencesforborrowingsbetweensouthernItelmenandKurilAinu
• ItelmenandKoryakhavesomecommonfeatures(p.pronoun,verbagreementetc.)
• KoryakandAinuhaveincorporaOon,personagreementinadjecOve(andnoun),whichdonotexistinItelmen
• TherearebigdifferencesbetweenItelmenandChukotko-Koryakgroup
References:Ethnologue:LanguagesoftheWorld.16thed.SILInternaOonal,2009.Kaneko(2011)–Kaneko,Tohru,Itelmen-gomokoritsugoda|a.JournalofChibaUniversityEurasianSociety.13:1-19.Ikegami(1983)–Ikegami,Jiro,HoppouShogengoniyosete.Gengo.Vol.12(No.11)38-45Krasheninnikov(1949)– KrasheninnikovS.P.,OpisaniezemiliKamchatki.IV-eizdanie.M.-L.Kurebito(2001)– Kurebito,Tokusu,Chukchi-godousihaseikeitairon.DoctoraldissertaOon,KyotoUniversity.Kurebito(2009)– Kurebito,Megumi,LinguisJcEthnographyoftheKoryak.Hokkaidodaigakushuppankai.Kurebito(2010)– Kurebito,Megumi,Korjak-gonozokuseijojutsu.Shudaikanomechanismwochuushinni.GengoKenkyu138:115-147.Murayama(1971)–Murayama,Shichiro,KitachishimaAinugo– BunkengakutekiKenkyu.Tokyo:YoshikawaKobunkan.Nakagawa&nakamoto(2004)–Nakagawa,Hiroshi,Nakamoto,Mustuko,CDExpressAinu-go.Hakusuisha.Radlinski(1891-1894)– Radlinski,Ignacy,Slownikinarzeszuludowkamczackich.RozpraweWidzialufilologicznegoAcademiiUmejetnosOwKrakówie.XVI-XVIIITorii(1903)–Torii,Ryuzou,ChishimaAinu,Tokyo.Worth(1962)-Worth,DeanS.,Laplacedukamtchadalparmileslanguessoi-disantpaleosiberienns.Orbis,1962,t.XI,No.2:579-599.Zhukova(1967)– Zhukova,A.N.,Russko-Korjakskijslovar’.Moskva:Sovetskayaentsiklopedija.Zhukova(1972)– Zhukova,A.N.,GrammaJkaKorjakskogojazyka.Leningrad:Nauka.