1 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
TRS Planning Workshop
2 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Contents
• Microwave Radio Basics• Microwave Network Planning Aspects• Microwave Network Planning Process• Microwave Propagation• Fresnel Zone• Fading• Link Engineering & Reliability• Loop protection techniques• NMS Planning• Common applications for E1/T1, FXC-RRI, FIU19 units• Use of Integrated Transmission• Other Transmission Products• Exploring other available media for traffic protection• PtP MW Transmission Issues• Useful Formulae
3 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
What is Transport ?
• Transport is an entity that carries information between Network Nodes
• Information is sent over a carrier between Network Nodes.
• Carrier is sent over a Transmission Media
• Commonly used Transmission Media : Copper Cables• Microwave Radio• Optical Fiber• Infra Red Radio
4 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microwave Radio Basics
1. Basic Modules
2. Configuration
3. Applications
4. Advantages
5. Radio Manufacturers
6. Frequency Band assignments
7. Limitations of Line of Sight systems
5 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microwave Radio - Modules
• Microwave Radio Terminal has 3 Basic Modules
• Digital Modem : To interface with customer equipment and to convert customer traffic to a modulated signal
• RF Unit : To Up and Down Convert signal in RF Range• Passive Parabolic Antenna : For Transmitting and
Receiving RF Signal
• Two Microwave Terminals Forms a Hop
• Microwave Communication requires LOS
6 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Basic Hardware Configurations
• Non Protected or 1+0 Configuration (1-FIU19 or RRI, 1-ODU, 1-Antenna,
1-Flexbus cable)
• Protected or 1+1 Configuration, also known as MHSB
(2-FIU19 or 1-RRI, 2-ODU, 1-Antenna,2-Flexbus cable)
• 1+1 Space Diversity Configuration, also known as 1+1 SD (2-FIU19 or 1-RRI, 2-ODU, 2-Antenna,2-Flexbus cable)
7 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microwave Radio – Capacity Configurations• Commonly Used Capacity Configurations
• 4 x 2 Mbps or 4 x E1
• 8 x 2 Mbps or 8 x E1
• 16 x 2 Mbps or 16 x E1
• 155 Mbps (STM-1) or 63 x E1
• 21x2 Mbps( sub STM1) or 21 x E1/ (uncommon capacity)
8 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microwave Radio - Applications
• As Transport Medium in• Basic Service Networks
• Mobile Cellular Network
• Last Mile Access
• Private Networks
9 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microwave Radio Advantages
• Advantages over Optical Fiber / Copper Cable System• Rapid Deployment
• Flexibility
• Lower Startup and Operational Cost
• No ROW Issues
• Low MTTR
10 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microwave Radio - Manufacturers
• Few well known Radio Manufacturers• Nokia• Nera• NEC• Siemens• Digital Microwave Corporation• Fujitsu• Ericsson• Alcatel• Hariss
11 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
FREQUENCY WAVE LENGTH (CM)
1. LF : 30 kHz-300 kHz
2. MF : 300 kHz-3 MHz
3. HF : 3 MHZ-30 MHz
4. VHF : 30 MHZ-300 MHz
5. UHF : 300 MHz-3GHz
6. SHF : 3 GHz-30 GHz 100mm-10mm
7. EHF : 30 GHz-300 GHZ
THESE BANDS ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO SUB-BANDS
General Frequency Assignments ( BANDS)
12 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Limitations of Line of Sight systems
How far we can go: The range of LOS microwave systems is limited by:-• Curvature of earth-Actual• Technical radio characteristics (K-factor)-Modified Earth Curvature• Actual Obstructions en-route in each hop• RF effect of fresnel zone• Path loss• Transmitter power• Antenna gains• Transmission line losses• Frequency of operation• Received power• Receiver threshold• Signal to noise ratio• Fade margin required• Desired reliability of link
13 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microwave Network Planning Aspects
1. Network Architecture
2. Route Configuration
3. Choice of Frequency Band
14 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Network Architecture
• Common Network Architectures• Spur or Chain (commonly used)
• Star (uncommon, typically used in Point to Multipoint radios)
• Ring (commonly used)
• Mesh (uncommon)
• Combination of Above
15 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Spur Architecture
B
C
D
E
A
•For N Stations N-1 Links are required•Nth station depends on N-1 Links
Spur Architecture
16 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Star Architecture
•For N Stations N-1 Links are required•Each Station depends on Only 1 Link
BC
DE
A
Star Architecture
17 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Loop Architecture
•For N Stations N Links are required•Route Diversity is available for all stations
B
C
DE
A
Loop Architecture
18 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Loop protection is effective against faults, which are caused by e.g.
•power failure
•equipment failure
•unexpected cut of cable
•human mistake
•rain and multipath fading cutting microwave radio connections
19 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
BTSDN2 or METROHUBMW RADIOSINGLE MODE MW LINKHSB MODE MW LINK
COPPER CONNECTION
Figure 2. Primary solution where loop masters (DN2) or Metrohubs are co-llocated in the BSC.
To Next BSC
To Next BSC
BSC
20 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Figure 3. Solution of using remote loop master (DN2) or Metrohubs co-located in a remote BTS
To Next BSC
To Next BSC
BSC
BTSDN2 or METROHUBMW RADIOSINGLE MODE MW LINKHSB MODE MW LINK
COPPER CONNECTION
21 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Mesh Architecture
•Each Station is Connected to Every Other•Full Proof Route Protection•For N sites N(N-1)/2 links are required
C
DE
A
Mesh Architecture
B
22 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Typical Network Architecture
B
GDE
I
Typical Architecture
J
FA
C
•Typical Network Consist of Rings and Spurs
23 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Network Routes & Route Capacities
• Inter- City routes - Backbone• Backbone routes are planned at Lower Frequency Bands• 2, 6 and 7 GHz Frequency Bands are used• Backbone routes are normally high capacity routes• Nominal Hop Distances 25 – 40 Km
• Intra – City routes - Access• Access routes are planned at Higher Frequency Bands• 15,18 and 23 GHz Frequency Bands are used• Nominal Hop Distance 1 – 10 Km
24 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Frequency Bands
• Frequency Band 7, 15, 18 and 23 GHz are allowed to Private Operators for deployment in Transport Network
• 15,18 and 23 GHz bands are used for Access Network• 7 GHz band is used for Backbone Network• Different Channeling Plans are available in these bands to
accommodate different bandwidth requirements• Bandwidth requirement is decided by Radio Capacity
offered by the Manufacturer
25 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microwave Network Planning Process
1. Map Study
2. Field Survey
3. Basis of Design Criterion
4. Actual TRS NW Planning
26 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
N
N
Y
Y
RF Nominal Planning (NP)/ Application for Frequency License
Define BSC Borders
Estimate BSC Locations
Preliminary Transmission Planning and LOS Checking
for possible BSCs
Finalize BSC Locations
Microwave Link Planning and LOS Checking for BTSs
Update LOS Reports, Frequency Plan, Planning
Database, Equipment Summary
Customer to apply SACFA based on Nokia Technical
Inputs
Change BTS Prime Candidate?
Change BTS Prime Candidate?
Figure 1. Microwave Link Planning Process
Planning Process
Are there any new sites?
N
YIs there any TRX
expansion?N
FINISHY
Check on TRS capacity
Is capacity an Issue?
N
Y
Define New BSCs
27 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Map Study
• SOI Maps are available in different Scales and Contour Intervals
• 1:50000 Scale Maps with 20 M Contour Interval are normally used for Map Study
• Sites are Plotted on Map
• Contour values are noted at intersections
• Intersection with Water Bodies is also noted
• AMSL of Sight is determined by Interpolation
28 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Map Study
• Vegetation height (15-20m) is added to Map Data
• Path Profile is drawn on Graph for Earth Bulge Factor (K) =4/3 and 2/3
• Fresnel Zone Depths are Calculated & Plotted for Design Frequency Band
• Antennae Heights are Estimated for Design Clearance Criteria
29 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Field Survey
• Equipment Required Data Required• GPS Receiver - Map Study Data • Camera• Magnetic Compass • Altimeter• Binocular / Telescope• Flashing Mirror• Flags• Inclinometer• Balloon Set • Measuring Tapes
30 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Field Survey
• Field Survey• Map Data Validation• Gathering Field inputs (Terrain Type, Average
Tree/Obstacle Height, Critical Obstruction etc.) • Line of Sight Check, if feasible ,using flags, mirror • Data related to other stations in the vicinity , their
coordinates, frequency of operation, antenna size, heights, power etc.
• Proximity to Airport / Airstrip with their co-ordinates
• Field inputs are used to refine existing path profile data , reflection point determination, reflection analysis
31 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
RF propagationEnvironmental conditions
• Line of Sight•No objects in path between antenna•a. Neighboring Buildings•b. Trees or other obstructions
• Interference•c. Power lines
32 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Basis of Design Criterion
Link Design: The design of microwave links, involves three sets of calculations.
1. Working out antenna heights for the link.• K-factor is major dominant variable.• Earth bulge.• Fresnel zone radius.• Actual obstructions on the route• Path Loss• Operating frequency.• Path profile: it indicates the distance from one of the transmitter site where
obstructions to the line of sight radio link may occur.
The object of this calculation is to arrange tower heights along the entire route of the link, so that an obstruction in the path does not enter into the fresnel zone by a specified amount for a specified K-factor used.
33 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Basis of Design Criterion
2. To determine equipment and other parameters for each hop.• Transmit power.• Antenna type and gain.• Transmission type.• Other losses. (Absorption, Diffraction, Reflection or Scattering etc.)• Maximum received power.• Receiver threshold.
This will decide the thermal fade margin, which we will be able to get for each hop.
3. To determine the reliability of each hop and overall reliability of the link.• Climatic factor.• Terrain roughness.• Average annual temperature• Annual rain.
This will decide, what is total expected outage time per annum for each hop as well as for the entire link.
34 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Basis of Design Criterion (SUMMARY)
• Choice of Radio Equipment
• Fresnel Zone Clearance Objectives
• Availability / Reliability Objectives
• Interference Degradation Objectives
• Tower Height & Loading Restrictions
35 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Impact due to Design CriterionSome typical mw radio matrices
Maximum Hop Distance (Km) Matrix For NOKIA Flexihopper
For 99.995% For 99.999%
For 15GHz (1+0)0.6m Antenna 8.3 41.2m Antenna 10.5 5.51.8m Antenna 11 6.5
For 15GHz (1+1)0.6m Antenna 7 3.51.2m Antenna 10 4.51.8m Antenna 11 5.5
For 7GHz(1+0)0.6m Antenna 19.5 141.2m Antenna 30 21.51.8m Antenna 34.5 25
For 7GHz(1+1)0.6m Antenna 17 121.2m Antenna 27 191.8m Antenna 33 23
For 7GHz 1+1,SD0.6m/0.6m Antenna 39.5 30.51.2m/1.2m Antenna 48 43.51.8m/1.8m Antenna 52 48.5
Design Consideration :
Polarisation - VerticleTx Power -
For 7 GHz Total Annual Reliability ( Considering multipath) is refer as Reliabilty CriterionFor 15 GHz Total Annual Availibility ( Considering Rain Attenuation) is refer as Reliabilty Criterion
Max. Hop Distance In Km
For FH7, 16x2 guaranteed Radios -81.00dB @ BER 10 -̂6
FL
EX
IHO
PP
ER
Link Budget Calculation Method used - ITU-R P.530-10
Radio Type used -
Rain rate considered for calculations - 120 mm/hr
For FH15, 16x2 guaranteed Radios - 20.00 dBm (Max.) For FH7, 16x2 guaranteed Radios - 23.00 dBm (Max.)
FH15, 16x2 guaranteed
FH7, 16x2 guaranteed
Channel Bandwidth (MHz) - 28MHz
Radio Receiver Threshold - For FH15, 16x2 guaranteed Radios -81.00 dB @ BER 10 -̂6
Radio Config Ant size Hop length Availability15G SDH 1+0 0.3/0.3 2 >99.99915G SDH 1+0 0.6/0.6 2.6 >99.99915G SDH 1+0 0.8/0.8 3 >99.99915G SDH 1+0 1.2/1.2 3.5 >99.99915G SDH 1+0 1.8/1.8 4.2 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 0.3/0.3 1.6 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 0.6/0.6 2.2 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 0.8/0.8 2.6 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 1.2/1.2 2.8 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 1.8/1.8 3.5 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 0.3/0.3 1.2 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 0.6/0.6 1.5 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 0.8/0.8 1.8 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 1.2/1.2 2 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 1.8/1.8 2.3 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 1.2/1.2 6 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 1.8/1.8 15 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 2.4/2.4 18 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 3.0/3.0 21 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 1.2/1.2 9 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 1.2/1.8 19 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 1.8/1.8 22 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 2.4/1.8 30 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 2.4/2.4 35 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 3.0/3.0 45 >99.999
* Note: SD indicates Space Diversity option
36 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Actual TRS Network Planning
• Map Study for feasibility of Line of Sight and Estimating Tower Heights
• Actual Field Survey for refining map data and finalizing Antenna Heights
• Link Power Budgeting & Engineering
• Frequency and Polarization Assignments
• Interference Analysis (Network Level)
• Final Link Engineering (Network Level)
37 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Microsoft Excel Worksheet
PCM Planning• Indicates a pictorial view of E1 allocation to different BTS sites• Indicates E1 routing or flow in the network
Typical Example Microsoft Excel
Worksheet
Timeslot Planning
• indicates High band/low band assignment, freq spot allocation, TX power, Rx level, threshold degradation, availability etc.
Typical Example
Link Budgeting & Frequency Planning
• Indicates TRX signaling, BCF signaling, TCH allocation, Q1 allocation, EDAP allocation, Loop protection bits etc.
Typical Example
Microsoft Excel Worksheet
Microsoft Excel Worksheet
EDAP Planning ( for edge application)• Timeslots are reserved for a common EDAP Pool depending on the agreed throughput rate, no. of dedicated and defaults channels as agreed with customer
Typical Example
Gb Planning ( for edge & GPRS application)•PCUs and E1 dimensioning is done based on this
Typical Example Microsoft Excel Worksheet
Components in TRS Network Planning
Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation
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Microwave Propagation
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Free Space Propagation
• Microwave Propagation in Free Space is Governed by Laws of Optics
• Like any Optical Wave , Microwave also undergoes
- Refraction- Reflection
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Free Space Propagation - Refraction
• Ray bending due to layers of different densities
Bent Rays In Atmosphere
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Free Space Propagation - Refraction
• In effect the Earth appears elevated • Earth elevation is denoted by K Factor• K Factor depends on Rate of Change of
Refractivity with height• K= 2/3 Earth appears more elevated • K= 4/3 Earth appears flatter w.r.t K=2/3• K= Ray Follows Earth Curvature
42 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Free Space Propagation - Refraction
Effect of Refractivity Change
K = 2/3
Actual Ground
K = 4/3
Solution: While MW link designing following conditions are applied:1) For all access links, 100% F1 clearance at K=4/3 2) For all backbone links, 100% F1 clearance at K=4/3 and 60% F2 clearance at K=2/3
43 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
• Microwaves are reflected over• Smooth Surfaces• Water Bodies
• Reflected Signals are 180 out of phase
• Reflection can be a major cause of outages
• Link needs to be planned carefully to avoid reflections
Free Space Propagation – Reflections
Solution: First the reflection points at the remote end are obtained and then the antenna height is accordingly adjusted to avoid the reflected beam
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RF Propagation Reflections
• Reflections can come from ANYWHERE - behind, under, in-front
• 6 cm difference can change Path geometry
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Fresnel Zone
• The Fresnel zone is the area of space between the two antennas in which the radio signal travels.
• It is actually ellipsoid in shape and is formed as signal doesn’t travel along a straight line but get dispersed in different directions
• For Clear Line of Sight Fresnel Zone Should be clear of obstacles
• It is depands on Distance and Frequency
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FRESNEL ZONES
1st Fresnel Zone
Mid Path
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FRESNEL ZONE CLEARANCES
1ST Fresnal Zone = 17.3 (d1*d2)/f(d1+d2)
d1 = Distance in Kilometers from Antenna ‘A’ to mid pointd2 = Distance in Kilometers from Antenna ‘B’ to mid pointf = Frequency in GHz
Ad1 d2
B
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RF propagationFirst Fresnel Zone
Food M art
Direct Path = L
First Fresnel Zone
Reflected path = L + l/2
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RF propagationFree space versus non free space
Non-free space• Line of sight required• Objects protrude in the fresnel zone, but do not
block the path
Free Space
• Line of sight
• No objects in the fresnel zone
• Antenna height is significant
• Distance relative short (due to effects of curvature of the earth)
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FRESNEL ZONE & EARTH BULGE
D2/8
Earth Bulge
Height = D2/8 + 43.3D/4F
43.3D/4F 60% first Fresnel Zone
D = Distance Between Antennas
H
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Earth Curvature
Obstacle Clearance
Fresnel Zone Clearance Antenna
HeightAntenna Height
Midpoint clearance = 0.6F + Earth curvature + 10' when K=1
First Fresnel Distance (meters) F1= 17.3 [(d1*d2)/(f*D)]1/2 where D=path length Km, f=frequency (GHz) , d1= distance from Antenna1(Km) , d2 = distance from Antenna 2 (Km)
Earth Curvature h = (d1*d2) /2 where h = change in vertical distance from Horizontal line (meters), d1&d2 distance from antennas 1&2 respectively
Clearance for Earth’s Curvature
•13 feet for 10 Km path
•200 feet for 40 Km path
Fresnel Zone Clearance = 0.6 first Fresnel distance (Clear Path for Signal at mid point)• 30 feet for 10 Km path
•57 feet for 40 Km path
RF PropagationAntenna Height requirements
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Fading
• Phenomenon of Attenuation of Signal Due to Atmospheric and Propagation Conditions is called Fading
• Fading can occur due to • Refractions• Reflections• Atmospheric Anomalies
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Fading
• Types of Fading• Multipath Fading• Frequency Selective Fading• Rain Fading
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Multipath Fading
• Multipath fading is caused due to reflected / refracted signals arriving at receiver• Reflected Signals arrive with
• Delay• Phase Shift
• Result in degradation of intended Signal
• Space Diversity Radio Configuration is used to Counter Multipath Fading
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Frequency Selective Fading
• Frequency Selective Fading • Due to Atmospheric anomalies different
frequencies undergo different attenuation levels• Frequency Diversity Radio Configuration is
used to Counter Frequency Selective Fading
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Rain Fading
• Frequency Band > 10 GHz are affected due to Rain as Droplet size is comparable to Wavelengths
• Rain Fading Occur over and above Multipath and Frequency Selective Fading
• Horizontal Polarization is more prone to Rain Fades
• Path Diversity / Route Diversity is the only counter measure for Rain Fade
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Drop Shape and Polarization
2.0mm
1mm 1.5mm
2.5mm
As raindrops increasein size, they get moreextended in the Horizontaldirection, and thereforewill attenuate horizontalpolarization more thanvertical polarization
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Fade Margin
• Margin required to account for Fading – Fade Margin
• Higher Fade Margin provide better Link Reliability
• Fade Margin of 35 – 40 dB is normally provided
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Link Engineering & Reliability
1. Link Budgeting
2. Reliability Predictions
3. Interference Analysis
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Hop Model
Outdoor Unit
Station B
Indoor Unit
Traffic
Outdoor Unit
Station A
Indoor Unit
Traffic
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Link Power Budget
Received Signal Level = Rxl
RxlB = TxA – LA + GA – Fl + GB – LB Where
TXA = Trans Power Station A
LA = Losses at Station A (Misc.)
GA = Antenna Gain at Station A
Fl = Free Space Losses
GB = Antenna Gain at Station B
LB = Losses at Station B
RxlB = Rx. Level at Station B
RXL must be > Receiver Sensitivity always
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Link Power Budget – Receiver Sensitivity
Lowest Possible Signal which can be detected by Receiver is called Receiver Sensitivity or Threshold
•Threshold Value is Manufacturer Specific•Depends on Radio Design
•Higher (-ve) Value Indicates better Radio Design
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Link Engineering
• Software Tools are used• Inputs to the tool
• Sight Co-ordinates• Path Profile Data• Terrain Data & Rain Data• Equipment Data• Antenna Data• Frequency and Polarization Data
• Tool Output• Availability Prediction
64 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
RF propagation Simple Path Analysis Concept (alternative)
WP II
PC Card
pigtail cable
Lightning Protector
RF Cable Antenna
WP II
PC Card
pigtail cable
Lightning Protector
RF CableAntenna
+ Transmit Power
- LOSS Cable/connectors
+ Antenna Gain + Antenna Gain
- LOSS Cable/connectors
RSL (receive signal level) + Fade Margin = sensitivity
- Path Loss over link distance
Calculate signal in one direction if Antennas and active components are equal
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Link Engineering – Interference
• Interference is caused due to undesirable RF Signal Coupling
• Threshold is degraded due to interference
• Degraded Threshold results in reduced reliability
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Link Engineering – Interference
• Examples of Undesirable RF Couplings
• Finite Value of XPD in Antenna is the Prime Cause
• Solution : Use of High Performance Antenna
F1H
V
Cross Poler Coupling
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Link Engineering – Interference
• Examples of Undesirable RF Coupling
• Receiver Filter Cut-off is tappered
• Solution : Use Radio with better Specifications
F2
Adjacent Channel
F1
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Link Engineering – Interference
• Examples of Undesirable RF Coupling
• Finite value of FTB Ratio of Antenna is Prime Cause
• Solution : Antenna with High FTB Ratio Front to Back
T : HiR : Low
T : HiR : Low
T : LowR : Hi
T : LowR : Hi
69 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Link Engineering – Interference
• Examples of Undesirable RF Coupling
• Solution : Choose Antenna Heights such a way there is no LOS for over reach
Over Reach
T : LowR : Hi
T : HiR : Low
T : HiR : Low
T : LowR : Hi
T : LowR : Hi
T : HiR : Low
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Link Engineering – Interference
• Interference is calculated at Network Level• Interference due to links
• Within Network• Outside Network (Links of other Operators)
• Interfering Signal degrades Fade Margin• Engineering Calculation re-done with degraded Fade
Margin
71 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Link Engineering – Interference
• Counter Measures • Avoid Hi-Lo violation in loop (total MW hops in a loop
should be always maintained as an even number)• Frequency Discrimination• Polarization Discrimination• Angular Discrimination• High Performance Antennae• Lower Transmit Power , if possible
72 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Loop Protection Techniques
73 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
FXC-RRI CARD in Ultrasite BTS as LOOP MASTER:
RRI
E1/T1
* Note: There are 4 TRS slots in Ultrasite BTS and each can be equipped with either a RRI card or a E1/T1 card
FB1
FB2
Highlights:
• A protected remote loop can be formed from any two independent RRI cards in slots 1…4 for providing hardware redundancy also (Max. 16E1 capacity)• A remote loop can also be formed for a single RRI card in any of the slots 1…4 but this will not ensure hardware redundancy (Max. 8E1 capacity)• In the 1st TRS slot available capapcity is only 13 E1s and not 16 E1s as BTS reserves 3 E1s towards D-Bus for EDGE purpose• 1+1 config can only be realized from the same RRI card (Hardware Limitation). Hence by using RRI card only ODU 1+1 config is available with no IDU protection• A cost effective solution for making small remote loops by minimizing frequency interference
74 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
DN2 as LOOP MASTER:
20 Port DN2
P1
P3
P5
P7
P9
P11
P13
P15
P17
P19
P2
P4
P6
P8
P10
P12
P14
P16
P18
P20
DN2 to BSC Connection
DN2 to Network connection
ET (Exchange Terminal) Port
DN2 Port
Highlights:
• Contains E1 interface with maximum integration of only 6 sites in a typical 20 port DN2. This can be further increased to 26 ports by fully equipping DN2 and thereby ensuring max loop protection to 8 sites• Prone to frequent problems relating to cable patching resulting into degradation in network performance• Not very flexible as changes have to be carried out at the site manually
75 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
METROHUB as LOOP MASTER
RRI
E1/T1
* Note: There are 5 TRS slots in a Metro hub and each can be equipped with either a RRI card or a E1/T1 card
Standard Metro hub Configuration
RRI RRI RRI Towards NW
FB1
FB2
FB1
FB2
FB1
FB2
FB1
FB2
FB1 FB2
E1 Add/Drop
Highlights:
• Contains E1 & RRI interface• Guarantees a very stable network as does away with the DDF and PCM cabling• Very flexible as changes can be carried out remotely from NetAct• Typically 2 rings each of 16 e1(max) and 8 E1 (max) can be formed with hardware redundancy on a single metro hub or else 3 rings each of 8 E1 (max) can be formed with hardware redundancy on a single metro hub
76 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
FIU 1
FIU2
FB1 FB2
FB1 FB2
LOOP 1
LOOP2
• Loop Protection with Hardware Protection
77 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
• Link availability formulae for a typical loop Unavailability in a loop can be approximated by formula: PM = pi
I=1
M
I=M+1
N
pi
Approximation is valid when Pi<<1, which is normally true forLink unavailability wherePm = Unavailability of a stationN= amount of hops in a loopM=consecutive number of hops from hubP=outage or unavailability probability
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.1%0.2%
0.1%
Pm = (0.1%+0.2%)*(0.1%+0.2%+0.1%+0.3%) = 0.3% * 0.7% = 0.0021%
78 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Q1(NMS) Planning for Flexi hopperQ1 Planning is of two types• BTS Polling – Q1 bits are embedded into BCFSIG and no extra timeslot allocation is required (most preferred)• BSC Polling – Additional timeslot allocation is required in 2MB with the creation of Service Channels (less preferred)
Q1 Planning depends on• type of installed transmission module (i.e whether the module is FXC-RRI or FXC-E1/T1 ) • on type of site (i.e whether a PDH or an SDH repeater site)
List of different scenarios1) If the BTS site has an installed FXC-RRI or FXC-E1/T1 card then nothing needs to be done. BTS gives these plug in transmission modules a default address of 4080.2) If the BTS site has 1 no. of FIU19 + FXC modules then for FIU19 Q1 cables (DB9M to TQ type between BTS & FIU19) is required and define 100 as the standard address for FIU19 units while for FXC type of modules nothing needs to be done as BTS already gives it a default address of 4080.3) If the BTS site has more than 1 no. of FIU19 + FXC modules then for FIU19 Q1 cables (4) TQ to TQ type is required between each FIU19 to FIU19 units) are required and define 100 as the standard address for 1st FIU19 unit, 101 as the standard addres for 2nd FIU19 unit and so on and so forth while for FXC type of modules nothing needs to be done as BTS already gives it a default address of 4080. 4) If the site happens to be just a PDH repeater site containing no BTS but just two FIU19 units then 1 no. of Q1 cable (TQ to TQ type ) is required and the addresses need to be defined as 100 for 1st FIU19 and 101 for 2nd FIU19 unit.5) If the site happens to be just a SDH repeater site then Ceragon needs to do DCN planning for SDH radios & ECI 6) If the site happens to be just a standalone site incase of a railtel or POI etc with no BTS installation wherein we have installed one number of FIU19 unit then only a standard address 100 needs to be defined in this FIU19 unit.7) If the site happens to be a co-located Metrohub site with independent FIU19 units and a BTS then we require Q1 cable of type (TQ to TQ type ) to interconnect FIU19 unit with Metrohub and another Q1 cable of type ( DB9M to TQ ) to finally interconnect Metrohub with the co-located BTS site.8) If the site happens to be a MSC/BSC site with independent FIU19 units and a co-located BTS then we require Q1 cable of type ( DB9M to TQ ) to interconnect several FIU19 units with the co-located BTS site. Please note that we still use BTS polling as Metrohubs so far have been always co-located with a BTS and hence no need of allocating a separate timeslot in an E1 which exactly happens in BSC polling. Define address as usual addeses from 100 onwards for each and every successive FIU19 unit.
79 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
DCN(NMS) Planning for SDHDCN Planning involves using of• FCD-IPD Routers – for forming DCN protected rings• RIC E1 to ethernet modems for defining sub networks from NMS efficiency point of view• Server and ethernet hub• Client• IP addressing
80 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Ambuar
Jujumura
Asika 02
Bhrampur04
RPT
ORBRI 03ORBET 01
Baisinga
ORBLS01
Khantapada
Bamur
Dimirikura
Kemrai
Bhadrak 2Uttrabandh
SMB05
Bhramanpalli
BhursaniKulyana
Birchandrapur
Boinda(Searching)
Jarpara
ChandikoliChattia
ChowdwarCuttack13 _MSC
CHULLARGARH HILL
Pahal
DKNLBB
Gadsil(HGWY-13)
purshotampur
Gudiakanal
Jaimanglpur
Berhakera
ORBHU25
JatniRameshwar I
Jharka
Soro
Kurla( Relocated)
Vadagaon( Relocated)
Rajgangpur-2
Nalco
ORJHU_02
RPT-22A(Kundakila)
Panikohili
Rourkela-6
Ringali (Relocated)
Vill Paruliya
BagodarParasnathBanwan Antkadih
Barhi
Ichak more
Nagarbasti
CheriKuju
Dhanbad 04
Mahuda
GomoRajabettaHazaribagh_3
Jeena MoreChasSonpura
Rajrappa
BarbaChirkunda
Asansol MSC
Govindpur
Bundu
Jojodih
Chaibasa CityJhinkpani
Jamchua
Jamshedpur_22Saraikela City
Chandil
Umral Toli
Pundag
Ranchi 25_MSC
GhatshilaVillage Patajura
Jamshedpur City Site Village Viradhi
BaganbighaChorsua
Bakthiyarpur T Pt.
Barauni Zeromile
MokamaRPT-Inyar
Bettiah-2 Sagouli
Village Paharpur
Bihpurm
RPT1 (Bengra Chowk)Biranchi
Jahanabad
Shekpura
Chandchodih
Naripur
Chapra_2
Arrah_1
Pathra Inglis
Dalkola
RPT-ONGC BELAGACHHI
Garaul
Telia Sarai
GAYA3RPT Wasirganj
GopalganjMeerganj
Gujrahandi
Nergaon
KATIHAR 1
RPT-Berari
Khagaria
Pasraha
Koilwar
Maner
Patna MSC
Siwan City 2
Mehsi
Kanti
Motihari City 2
Village Damodarpur
Mushariram1
Tajpur
Muzaffarpur_T_Point
Narayan Bigha
RPT HISUA
Phatua Purnia3ROHTARA
Ramnagar
Rasulpur
Village Daudpur
Village Dhurandha
KOLKATA Centralize Network Operation Center
NMS Serverfor Ceragon
NMS Server For ECI
HUB
FCD-IPD
FCD-IPD
FCD-IPDHUB
FCD-IPD
HUB
FCD-IPD
FCD-IPD
FCD-IPD
FCD-IPD
CUTTACKMSC
RANCHI MSC
HUB
FCD-IPD
PATNAMSC
Client Machines for Corazon NMS
Client Machines for ECI NMS
FCD-IPD
Ethernet ConnectionRJ45
E1 (2 Mbps) Connectivity Between two FCD – IPDConverters
SDH NMS CONNECTIVITY PLAN – Typical PLAN
81 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
18° 40'
20'
20° 0'
40'
20'
22° 0'
40'
20'
24° 0'
40'
20'
26° 0'
40'
27° 20'
83° 20' 10' 85° 50' 40' 30' 88° 20'
Ambuar
Jujumura
Asika 02
Bhrampur04
RPT
ORBRI 03ORBET 01
Baisinga
ORBLS01
Khantapada
Bamur
Dimirikura
Kemrai
Bhadrak 2Uttrabandh
SMB05
Bhramanpalli
BhursaniKulyana
Birchandrapur
Boinda(Searching)
Jarpara
ChandikoliChattia
Chowdwar
Cuttack13 _MSC
CHULLARGARH HILL
Pahal
DKNLBB
Gadsil(HGWY-13)
purshotampur
Gudiakanal
Jaimanglpur
Berhakera
ORBHU25
JatniRameshwar I
Jharka
Soro
Kurla( Relocated)
Vadagaon( Relocated)
Rajgangpur-2
Nalco
ORJHU_02
RPT-22A(Kundakila)
Panikohili
Rourkela-6
Ringali (Relocated)
Vill Paruliya
BagodarParasnathBanwan Antkadih
Barhi
Ichak more
Nagarbasti
CheriKuju
Dhanbad 04
Mahuda
GomoRajabettaHazaribagh_3
Jeena MoreChasSonpura
Rajrappa
BarbaChirkunda
Asansol MSC
Govindpur
Bundu
Jojodih
Chaibasa CityJhinkpani
Jamchua
Jamshedpur_22Saraikela City
Chandil
Umral Toli
Pundag
Ranchi 25_MSC
Ghatshila
Village Patajura
Jamshedpur City Site Village Viradhi
BaganbighaChorsua
Bakthiyarpur T Pt.
Barauni Zeromile
MokamaRPT-Inyar
Bettiah-2 Sagouli
Village Paharpur
Bihpurm
RPT1 (Bengra Chowk)Biranchi
Jahanabad
Shekpura
Chandchodih
Naripur
Chapra_2
Arrah_1
Pathra Inglis
Dalkola
RPT-ONGC BELAGACHHI
Garaul
Telia Sarai
GAYA3RPT Wasirganj
GopalganjMeerganj
Gujrahandi
Nergaon
KATIHAR 1
RPT-Berari
Khagaria
Pasraha
Koilwar
Maner
Patna MSC
Siwan City 2
Mehsi
Kanti
Motihari City 2
Village Damodarpur
Mushariram1
Tajpur
Muzaffarpur_T_Point
Narayan Bigha
RPT HISUA
Phatua Purnia3ROHTARA
Ramnagar
Rasulpur
Village Daudpur
Village Dhurandha
SDH RING SUBNETSMARKED WITH DEFERENT COLOUR
PDH LINKS
RIC Ethernet to E1 converter
82 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Common Applications for E1/T1, FXC-RRI, FIU19
E1/T1 plug in Modules• Can be used in any one of the 4 TRS slots in Ultrasite BTS cabinet as well as in any of the 5 slots in Metrohub• Typically used to provide E1 connectivity to the BTS if BTS is from Nokia and MW is from some other vendor e.g. Ericsson, Siemens, NEC etc. which extend only physical E1 interface at the site• Is very economical if used for backhauling less than 4 E1 traffic on either leased circuits or fiber as compared to using a standalone FIU19 unit
E1/T1
RRI
ULTRASITE BTS1
ULTRASITE BTS2 ULTRASITE BTS3
ULTRASITE BTS4
From NW
TowardsBSC viaSDH BB,Leased circuits
83 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
FXC-RRI plug in Modules• Can be used in any one of the 4 TRS slots in Ultrasite BTS cabinet as well as in any of the 5 slots in Metrohub• Typically used to provide E1 connectivity to the BTS if BTS is from Nokia and MW is also from Nokia as then the signal is transmitted directly through flexbus• Is very economical as 1 RRI card can carry max 16 E1 without any requirement of DDF and as a result nw availability and maintainability also improves• 1+1 protection not available
E1/T1
RRI
ULTRASITE BTS1
ULTRASITE BTS2 ULTRASITE BTS3
ULTRASITE BTS16
From NWTowardsBSC
ULTRASITE BTS4….15
BSC Location
E1 Add/Drop in a FIU 19 unit
84 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
FIU 19 unit• It is a standalone unit available with 4E1, 8E1, 12 E1 or 16 E1 capacities and requires a standard 19 inch rack• 4E1 FIU 19 can be expanded to max 12 E1 with plug-in modules while 16E1 is an integrated FIU 19 unit• Typically used to provide E1 connectivity to the BTS if BTS is from some other vendor and MW is from Nokia• Is very economical as 1 RRI card can carry max 16 E1 without any requirement of DDF and as a result nw availability and maintainability also improves• Typically deployed at all standalone sites like POIs, Fiber HUB locations, Leased line locations where BTSs are not deployed • 1+1 protection is available
85 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
The use of Integrated Transmission Node
in UltraSite EDGE BTS
86 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Integrated transmission node
Interface typesfor media change / 19" RadioIndoor Unit
Cross Connecte.g. DN2 +
ITN insideUltraSiteMetroSiteMetroHub
Outdoors cabinet withrectifiers and battery back-up
=+
From complexity To expansion freedom and cost efficiency
87 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
ITN Main Benefits• Single transmission unit set for three equipment environments and
GSM/EDGE usage - maintenance cost savings
• Space and site savings through integrated transmission
• Allows media change, grooming and cross connections in the same node
• Allows various topologies and topology changes - freedom for the operator
• Enables smooth and demand based capacity expansions
• Provides powerfull traffic collection capability also for W CDMA co-sites
88 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
UltraSite Transmission Interface Units
Wire line transmission
• FXC E1 4 x 2 Mbit/s 75 interfaces• FXC E1/T1 4 x 2 Mbit/s 120
OR 4 x 1.5 Mbit/s 100 interfaces• FC E1/T1 1 x 2 Mbit/s 75 /120
OR 1 x 1.5 Mbit/s 100 interfaces
Radio transmission
• FXC RRI 2 x 2…16x2 Mbit/s Flexbus interface
89 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
FXC RRI Transmission Unit
General:• Interfacing with Nokia FlexiHopper and MetroHopper radios or to
another indoor unit• Two unique Flexbus interfaces per card• Data & power feed via single Flexbus cable• Operating modes: 1+0 and loop
Interface:• Software-selectable capacities: 2 x 2, 4 x 2, 8 x 2 and 16 x 2 Mbit/s• With Nokia MetroHopper (fixed) capacity: 4 x 2 Mbit/s • Distance to radio outdoor unit up to 300m• Connector type TNC, impedance 50
90 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
FXC RRI
Traffic By-Pass with FXC RRI
2M XC8k XC
XC Bus
8 x 2
16 x 2
8 x 2
8 x 2
16 x 2
Capacity which is not dropped to the cross-connectionbus can be by passed at 2Mbit/s level
91 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
FXC E1/T1 & FXC E1 Transmission Units
General:• 4 interfaces per unit• Each interface configurable as E1 or T1• Interface nr 4 provides external synchronization input
E1- interface:• G.703, G.704 (20dB)• FXC E1 with 75 interface (BT43 connector, asymmetric) • FXC E1/T1 with 120 interface (TQ connector, symmetric)
T1- interface:• Short/long haul• Integrated CSU/DSU
• ANSI T1.403 NI• ANSI T1.102 DSX
• 100 interface (TQ connector, symmetric)
92 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
ITN unit configurations
UltraSite EDGE BTS:
• Four freely selected ITN C2.0 units or one FC E1/T1• Max. 16*E1 or 16*T1 or 8 Flexbus interfaces• (Master unit in leftmost position in the chassis)
MetroHub C2.0:
• Five freely selected ITN C2.0 units• Max. 20 E1 or 20 T1 or 10 Flexbus interfaces• (Master unit as leftmost transmission unit)
MetroSite BTS:• Single transmission unit: ITN C2.0 unit or FC E1/T1• Two Flexbus interfaces FCX RRI • Four E1/T1 interfaces with FXC unit, single E1/T1 with FC E1/T1
93 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
ITN cross connections & interfacing
Cross connection & interfacing capability:
• Cross-connection bus capacity 56 x 2 Mbit/s non-blocking• Max. interface capacity: MetroHub 160 x 2 Mbit/s, UltraSite 128 x 2Mbit/s, MetroSite 32 x 2Mbit/s
Basic cross-connection types & granularities:
• B2 Bi-directional 2M / nx64k / 64k / 32k /16k / 8k• M2 Bi-directional masked 64k• D Uni-directional fixed 64k / 32k / 16k / 8k
Protected cross-connection type(s) & granularity:
• P2 Protected bi-directional nx64k / 64k / 32k/16k
94 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
HSB Traffic protection with FXC RRIwith ITN 2.1
RRIE1/T1
E1/T1
E1/T1E1/T1
• 1IU + 2OU basic HSB traffic protection
• One active transmitter• Transmitter switching time typically < 500ms • "Dual Receiver" principle• Both receivers are active• One frame (of both of the 2M signals) is buffered• The better of the two frames is selected• Typically enhances BER with 1-2 decades
95 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
ITN Node Management
• One manager for cross-connections, interface control and radios
• PC-based or used via terminal server in NMS 2000
• User-friendly cross-connection view
• Local management access possible without disturbing the NMS
• Node configurations and cross connections off-line
• Fast local (lower-speed-remote) software download without traffic interruption
96 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
NetAct for BSS Transmission
NetActNetAct
Node Manager Server PCNode Manager Server PC
BSC
UltraSite- FXC RRI
IntraTalk- TRUA- RRIC
Q3
Q1 over IP
Node Manager Server PC• TruMan Manager• UltraSite BTS Hub Manager• E1T1 Manager• MetroHub Manager• Hopper Manager• RRI Manager
NetAct features• TRS Network Monitoring (FM)• TRS Node Management (NM
launch)• TRS Statistics and measurements
(PM)
E1
MetroSite- FXC RRI
MetroHopper
FlexiHopper
MetroHub
97 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
NetActNetAct
Node Manager Server PCNode Manager Server PC
BSC
UltraSite- FXC RRI
IntraTalk- TRUA- RRIC
Q3
Q1 over IP
E1
MetroSite- FXC RRI
MetroHopperFlexiHopper
MetroHub
BSC polls MetroHub and Nokia other transmission equipment located at BSC site ex. FIU19, DN2 or DynaHopper
BTS polling for Nokia transmission equipment at Talk-family BTS
BTS polling for Nokia transmissionequipment at UltraSite BTS
BTS polling for Nokia transmissionequipment at MetroSite BTS
Recommended polling in Nokia BSS
98 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
BTS integrated TRS units
MetroSite BTS
UltraSite BTS
Talk BTS
Talk BTS
Equipment
UltraSite BTS Hub ManagerE1T1 ManagerRRI Manager(SiteWizard package)
Nokia Q1UltraSite BTS HubFXC E1, E1/T1, FXC RRI,FC E1/T1
E1T1 ManagerRRI Manager(SiteWizard package)
Nokia Q1FXC E1, FXC E1/T1FC E1/T1FXC RRI
TruMan Manager,Hopper Manager
TMS Q1
Nokia Q1
TRUARRIC
TruMan Manager,
Macro Service Terminal Emulator (MSTE)
TMS Q1TRUA
Supported ManagersQ1 version
TRS unit
MetroHub MetroHub ManagerE1T1 & RRI Managers(SiteWizard package)
Nokia Q1FXC E1, E1/T1, FXC RRI
99 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
MetroHub as a master for UltraSite loop
MetroHopperTM Radio
FlexiHopperTM Microwave Radio
Protected loop with FlexiHoppers
UltraSiteTM EDGE BTSUltraSiteTM EDGE BTS
BSC
MetroHubTM
(recommended as loop master) MetroHubTM
(recommended as loop master)
Traffic collection Master hub
MetroSiteTM EDGE BTSMetroSiteTM EDGE BTS
100 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Superior collection/connection capability at every UltraSite Integrated media change capability (from radio to leased line) Cross-connection and grooming capability
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Traffic collection with UltraSite EDGE BTS Hub
BTS
5*2M
2*2M
101 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
2G/3G co-site
Superior collection/connection capability at every UltraSite E.g. using PDH transmission for 3G Single media for different traffic types
3G
PDH transmission for 2G/3G co-sites using UltraSite EDGE BTS Hub
2G E.g 4*2M Flexihopper radio link
102 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Benefit and limitations of using FC E1/T1 instead of ITN in UltraSite
• Benefit• Minimum cost
• Limitations• Single E1 (2Mbit/s) or T1(1.5Mbit/s) interface• T1 interface does not meet FCC part 68.306 nor NEBS over voltage
requirements• Applicaple as terminal site only; chain or loop not supported• Only one FC E1/T1 unit per UltraSite BTS; the remaining three
transmission unit slots can not be used• FC E1/T1 does not support GSM/EDGE evolution due to small Abis
interface capacity, and thus EDGE requires ITN C2.0/C2.1Due to the limitations above, FXC E1/T1 unit is recommended
in the UltraSite GSM/EDGE BTS instead of FC E1/T1
103 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
ITN summary - configuration freedom and cost savings
Planning • Site space savings and installation freedom• One set of FXC units - one set of design rules • Virtually unlimited configurations with distributed functionality • Carries GSM, EDGE and W CDMA traffic via single media• Allows configuration changes with minimum effort
Implementation• FXC units are easy and fast to install (plug-in)• FXC units are light weight, rugged and easy to handle• Flexbus interface minimizes cabling effort
Operations and maintenance• Minimized element number - maintenance cost savings• Compact design - less space and maintenance effort required• Less cabling - less failures
104 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
Other Transmission Products
• ADPCM – Used for POI E1 compression. Available in 4:1 & 8:1 configurations (Can’t be used for GSM traffic compression)• RIC E1 to Ethernet modems – Used for mapping ethernet information into Unprotected E1• FCD-IPD Routers - Used for mapping ethernet information into Protected E1
105 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential
DSL Type
DescriptionData RateDownstream;Upstream
Distance Limit Application
IDSLISDN Digital Subscriber Line
128 Kbps18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire
Similar to the ISDN BRI service but data only (no voice on the same line)
CDSLConsumer DSLfrom Rockwell
1 Mbps downstream; less upstream18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire
Splitterless home and small business service; similar to DSL Lite
DSL Lite (same as G.Lite)
"Splitterless" DSL without the "truck roll"
From 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mbps downstream, depending on the subscribed service
18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire
The standard ADSL; sacrifices speed for not having to install a splitter at the user's home or business
G.Lite (same as DSL Lite)
"Splitterless" DSL without the "truck roll"
From 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mbps , depending on the subscribed service
18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire
The standard ADSL; sacrifices speed for not having to install a splitter at the user's home or business
HDSLHigh bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line
1.544 Mbps duplex on two twisted-pair lines;2.048 Mbps duplex on three twisted-pair lines
12,000 feet on 24 gauge wire
T1/E1 service between server and phone company or within a company;WAN, LAN, server access
SDSL Symmetric DSL1.544 Mbps duplex (U.S. and Canada); 2.048 Mbps (Europe) on a single duplex line downstream and upstream
12,000 feet on 24 gauge wire
Same as for HDSL but requiring only one line of twisted-pair
ADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
1.544 to 6.1 Mbps downstream;16 to 640 Kbps upstream
1.544 Mbps at 18,000 feet;2.048 Mbps at 16,000 feet;6.312 Mpbs at 12,000 feet;8.448 Mbps at 9,000 feet
Used for Internet and Web access, motion video, video on demand, remote LAN access
RADSLRate-Adaptive DSL from Westell
Adapted to the line, 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream; 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream
Not provided Similar to ADSL
UDSLUnidirectional DSL proposed by a company in Europe
Not known Not known Similar to HDSL
VDSLVery high Digital Subscriber Line
12.9 to 52.8 Mbps downstream;1.5 to 2.3 Mbps upstream;1.6 Mbps to 2.3 Mbps downstream
4,500 feet at 12.96 Mbps;3,000 feet at 25.82 Mbps; 1,000 feet at 51.84 Mbps
ATM networks;Fiber to the Neighborhood
X-DSL variants
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Exploring other available media for protection
• 1st Priority should be always to try obtaining updated fiber planning data from BTSOL (Bharti) and in using existing OFC from BTSOL ( Bharti) rather than planning new MW hops• For loop protection it is advisable to split traffic or else provide 100% traffic protection on two different media for instance main on Nokia MW BB and protection on Railtel or some other operator’s OFC/MW NW for ensuring path diversity
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PtP Microwave Transmission - Issues• Link Performance is Seriously Affected due to
• Atmospheric Anomalies like Ducting • Ground Reflections• Selective Fading• Excessive Rains • Interferences• Thunderstorms / High Winds causing Antenna Misalignment• Earthing• Equipment Failure• RRI Card Specifc Issue: No traffic cross – connection between
two different RRI cards either in Ultrasite or Metrohub is required when Sync, CRC, AIS is a priority. (Metrohub or Ultrasite regenerates TSL 0)
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Some Useful Formulae
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Link Budget
+Tx A Rx B
A B
+GA +GB
-Lfs-Arain
BRainfsAAB GALGTxRx
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)log(2045.92 fdL fs
d=1km ---> L = 124 dBmd=2km ---> L = 130 dBm
d=1km ---> L = 121 dBmd=2km ---> L = 127 dBm
39 GHz 26 GHzExamples
Free Space Loss
d = distance in kilometers f = frequency in GHz
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RF PropagationBasic loss formula
Propagation Loss
d = distance between Tx and Rx antenna [meter]PT = transmit power [mW]PR = receive power [mW]G = antennae gain
R TP P Gd
( )l4
2
Pr ~ 1/f2 * D2 which means 2X Frequency = 1/4 Power
2 X Distance = 1/4 Power
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Useful Formulae – Earth Bulge
Earth Bulge at a distance d1 Km
= d1 * d2 / (12.75 * K) Meter
Where d2 = (d – d1) Km (d Km Hop Distance)
K = K Factor
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Useful Formulae – Fresnel Zone
Nth Fresnel Zone Depth at a distance d1 Km
= 17.3 * (N * (d1*d2) / (f * d) ) –1/2 Meter
Where d2 = (d – d1) Km
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
N = No. of Fresnel zone (eg. 1st or 2nd )
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Tower Height Calculation :
Th = Ep + C + OH + Slope – Ea
C = B1 + F
Slope = (( Ea – Eb) d1)/ D
F = 17.3 ((d1xd2)/f X D) -1/2
B = (d1 x d2) / (12.75 x K )
Where, Th = Tower HeightEp = Peak / Critical ObstructionC = Other lossesB1 = Earth BuldgeF = Fresnel ZoneOH = Overhead ObstructionEa= Height of Site AEb= Height of Site Bd1= Dist. From site A to Obstructiond2= Dist. From site B to ObstructionD = Path Distancef= FrequencyK= 4/3
d1 d2
Ea Ep Eb
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Useful Formulae – Antenna Gain
Antenna Gain
= 17.6 + 20 * log10 (f *d) dBi See Note
Where d= Antennae Diameter in Meter
f= Frequency in GHz
Note # Assuming 60% Efficiency
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Useful Formulae – Free Space Loss
Free Space Loss
Fl= 92.4 + 20 * log10 (f *d) dB
Where
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
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Useful Formulae – Geo Climatic Factor
Geo Climatic Factor
G = 10 –T * (Pl)1.5
Where T= Terrain Factor
= 6.5 for Overland Path Not in Mountain= 7.1 for Overland Path in Mountain= 6.0 for Over Large Bodies of Water
Pl = Pl factor
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Useful Formulae – System Gain
System Gain = (Transmit Power + ABS(Threshold) ) dB
Fade Margin = FM = (Nominal Received Signal – Threshold) dB
Path Inclination = ABS ((h1 + A1) – (h2 + A2) ) / d
Where h1 = Ant. Ht. At Stn A AGL Meter
h2 = Ant. Ht. At Stn B AGL Meter A1 = AMSL of Stn A Meter
A2 = AMSL of Stn B Meter
d = Hop Distance in KM
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Useful Formulae – Fade Occurrence Factor
Fade Occurrence Factor =
= G * d 3.6 *f 0.89 * (1+ ) -1.4
Where G = Geo Climatic Factor
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
= Path Inclination in mRad
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Useful Formulae –Outage Probability
Worst Month Outage Probability (One Way) % = OWM
OWM % = * 10 –(FM/10)
Annual Unavailability (One Way) % = OWM * 0.3
Assuming 4 Worst Months in a Year
Annual Availability (Two Way) % = 100-(OWM*0.3*2)
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•Thank You
Mohit Saigal +91 [email protected]