Title
Endocrine systemNervous systemImmune system
Signal transduction systems in multicellular organisms
CHAPTER 15Endocrine System
1.Endocrine glands2.Hypothalamus and pituitary gland3.Thyroid and parathyroid glands4.Adrenal glands5.Pancreas6.Other endocrine glands7.Homeostasis
pancreas
arteriole
liverinsulin
liver cell
b. Reception of insulin, a hormone
a. Reception of a neurotransmitter
axon ofnerve fiber
neurotransmitters
axon terminal
vesicle
Fig. 15.1 The action of neurotransmitter differs from that of a hormone.
心臓→大動脈→動脈→細動脈→毛細血管→静脈→大静脈→心臓
心臓→大動脈→動脈→細動脈→毛細血管→静脈→毛細血管→静脈→大静脈→心臓
門脈
腸管動脈→毛細血管→静脈→毛細血管→肝静脈→下大静脈
15.1 Endocrine glands
Common points: Different points:
structural transmitter method speed components substances
Nervous system neurons neurotransmitters axons & synapses rapidEndocrine system glands hormones blood streams slow
Portal vein
to use chemical signals (and the receptors) and maintain homeostasis.
Fig. 15.2 The endocrine system ( )
Hypothalamus
Pituitary GlandPosterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal GlandAdrenal cortex
Parathyroids
Thymus
Pancreas
GonadsTestesOvaries
ovary (female)
testis(male)
parathyroid glands(posterior surface of thyroid)
Recently identified endocrine systems vessels (artery) 血管 heart 心臓 fat tissue 脂肪組織 stomach 胃
視床下部
下垂体(前葉、後葉)
甲状腺
副腎副腎皮質
副甲状腺
胸腺
膵臓
性腺(精巣、卵巣)
classical
Table 15.1
松果体
Hypothalamus Hypothalamic hormone-producing cellsposterior pituitary hormone-producing cells*
ACTHproducing cells
TSHproducing cells
Aderenal cortex
Thyroid
Pituitary
Lower endocrine systems
TRH
cortisol T3,T4
GHproducing cells
PRLproducing cells
LiverMammary
gland
(PRF)PIH
IGF-1
LH/FSHproducing cells
Gonads
sexhormones
ADH OT
Hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral endocrine system
Releasing:Inhibiting:
#not included in posterior pituitary hormones
CRH
Whole body
GHRHGHIH
(Somatostatin)
GnRH(=LHRH)
whole body whole body sex organ etc bone etc
Exocrine versus Endocrine (p334)
Duct(s)
膵内分泌
Differences: with/without duct(s), cell polarity
Fig. 15.7 Negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system.hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
target gland
target gland hormone(hormone 3)
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine
feedbackinhibits
release ofhormone 2
TSH
feedbackinhibits
release ofhormone 1
TRH
stimulating hormone(hormone 2)
TSH
releasing hormone(hormone 1)
TRH
Negative feedback (p335)
甲状腺ホルモンThyroid hormone
甲状腺刺激ホルモンThyroid stimulating hormoneThyrotropin
甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモンTSH-releasing hormone
Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells.nontarget cell
receptors
capillary
hormone
target cells
Receptors (p336)
androgen
normal:男性への性の分化
androgen receptors
XY
XY
Fig. 15.3 Hormones target specific cells.
target cells without the receptor
capillary
Androgen insensitivity (p336)
XY
receptor abnormality:男性への性の分化異常
↓女性型
XY androgen
endocrine paracrine autocrine
e.g., prostaglandins and growth factors.Prostaglandins are produced, but not carried elsewhere in the bloodstream.
Local hormones (p336)
アドレナリン
アルドステロン
インスリン
The Action of Hormones (p337)
Peptide hormones ペプチドホルモン
Steroid hormones ステロイドホルモン
Amino acid-derived hormones アミノ酸誘導体ホルモン
Fig. 15.4 Action of a peptide hormone.capillary
receptor protein
3. cAMP activates an enzyme cascade.
glycogen
1. Hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane.
2. Binding leads to activation of an enzyme that changes ATP to cyclic AMP.
cAMP(second messenger)
plasmamembrane
ATP
glucose(leaves celland goesto blood)
4. Many molecules of glycogen are broken down to glucose, which enters the bloodstream.
peptide hormone(first messenger)
activatedenzyme 親水性ホルモン
↓膜受容体
Fig. 15.5 Action of a steroid hormone and amino acid-derived hormones.
DNA
ribosome
protein
cytoplasm
1. Hormone diffuses through plasma membrane because it is lipid soluble.
2. Hormone binds to receptor inside nucleus.
steroidhormone
plasmamembrane
receptorprotein
mRNA
mRNA3. Hormone-receptor complex activates gene and synthesis of a specific mRNA molecule follows.
4. mRNA moves to ribosomes, and protein synthesis occurs.
nucleus
脂溶性ホルモン↓
核(細胞質)受容体=転写因子
百聞は一見に如かずSeeing is believing百見は一触に如かずExperiencing is believing
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