THE RISE OF THE URBAN THE RISE OF THE URBAN SOCIETYSOCIETY

UrbanizationUrbanizationImmigrationImmigrationSegregationSegregation

Reform ThoughtReform Thought

FOUR THEMES OF GILDED FOUR THEMES OF GILDED AGEAGE

• 1) Industrialization (chapter 18)1) Industrialization (chapter 18)• 2) Urbanization2) Urbanization• 3) Immigration3) Immigration• 4) Modernization (Progress & Order)4) Modernization (Progress & Order)

UrbanizationUrbanization• Inventions: Light bulb, electricity, Inventions: Light bulb, electricity,

camera,camera,– Phonograph, streetcar, typewriter, cash reg,Phonograph, streetcar, typewriter, cash reg,– 220,000 patents in 1890s, telephone, movies220,000 patents in 1890s, telephone, movies

• Consumerism: Dept store, chain store,Consumerism: Dept store, chain store,– Mail order. More time & money. Mail order. More time & money.

• City Growth: 1920 more than ½ pop city,City Growth: 1920 more than ½ pop city,– Skyscrapers, streetcar, suburbsSkyscrapers, streetcar, suburbs

• Tenements: crowded apartmentsTenements: crowded apartments• Sanitation: manure, sewage, pollution,Sanitation: manure, sewage, pollution,

– Bad water, no building codes, no planning.Bad water, no building codes, no planning.

Kodak and EdisonKodak and Edison

Boston 1890Boston 1890

ImmigrationImmigration• 1877-1890: West & North Europeans1877-1890: West & North Europeans• 1890-1910: South & East Europeans1890-1910: South & East Europeans• More Catholics and JewsMore Catholics and Jews• 1877-1890: 6.3 million immigrants1877-1890: 6.3 million immigrants• 4/5 of Chicago & NY foreign born4/5 of Chicago & NY foreign born• Immigrant householdImmigrant household• Ethnic organizationsEthnic organizations• Ethnic tensionEthnic tension

New York TenementNew York Tenement

German immigrants in S. German immigrants in S. DakotaDakota

URBAN POLITICAL URBAN POLITICAL MACHINESMACHINES• The spoil systemThe spoil system• The City BossThe City Boss• NY: Boss Tweed, Tammany HallNY: Boss Tweed, Tammany Hall• Corruption, but some benefits for Corruption, but some benefits for

poorpoor• (City leaders: urban improvement)(City leaders: urban improvement)

Boss Tweed: Tammany HallBoss Tweed: Tammany Hall

SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES• Work Culture: white collar, efficiencyWork Culture: white collar, efficiency• Leisure: fairs, dance halls, vaudeville,Leisure: fairs, dance halls, vaudeville,

– Bicycles, baseball, college football, boxingBicycles, baseball, college football, boxing• Family: separate spheres, men work,Family: separate spheres, men work,

– suburbs, childhood extended, suburbs, childhood extended, • Women: Lady’s Home Journal, 12% work,Women: Lady’s Home Journal, 12% work,

– Nurture virtue, supervise children, more rightsNurture virtue, supervise children, more rights• Education: mandatory school, literacy up,Education: mandatory school, literacy up,

– Less religious, more job preparationLess religious, more job preparation• College:150, woman’s 40%, professional College:150, woman’s 40%, professional

African American StruggleAfrican American Struggle• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): 14Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): 14thth Amend, Amend,

– ““Separate but equal”Separate but equal”• Booker T. Washington: Tuskegee Inst.,Booker T. Washington: Tuskegee Inst.,

– Up From Slavery, work hard, learn a trade, own Up From Slavery, work hard, learn a trade, own property, Atlantic Compromiseproperty, Atlantic Compromise

• W.E.B. Du Bois: Ph.D in sociology, The W.E.B. Du Bois: Ph.D in sociology, The – Souls of Black Folk, attacks Washington’sSouls of Black Folk, attacks Washington’s– Compromising philosophy, he says Compromising philosophy, he says – Fight for legal rights now, go to collegeFight for legal rights now, go to college

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

W. E. B. Du BoisW. E. B. Du Bois

REFORM THOUGHTREFORM THOUGHT• Social Gospel: church must play active Social Gospel: church must play active

– Role in helping poor, “what w/Jesus do?”Role in helping poor, “what w/Jesus do?”• (Mugwumps): public virtue, free (Mugwumps): public virtue, free

marketsmarkets• W.G. Sumner: Social Darwinism, laissez W.G. Sumner: Social Darwinism, laissez

– Fair enforces Protestant virtuesFair enforces Protestant virtues• Henry George: “single tax” on propertyHenry George: “single tax” on property• Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward,Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward,

– Material inequality root of all evilMaterial inequality root of all evil• Settlement Houses: Jane Addams, Hull Settlement Houses: Jane Addams, Hull

– House, helped inner city, social scienceHouse, helped inner city, social science

Jane Addams: Hull HouseJane Addams: Hull House