The Mongols & Eurasian Migrations1200-1500
John Ermer
AP World History
Miami Beach Senior High
Happening Now
Americas 1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan
1438-1533: Inca Empire
Europe 1215: Magna Carta signed in England
1337-1453: Hundred Years War
1454: Gutenberg Bible printed
Middle East 1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate
1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople
Africa 1324-25: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca
1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa
Rise & Rule of The Mongols Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia
Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters
Slave labor, tribute clans
Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations
Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron
Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism
Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women
1206-1227: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh
punishment for enemies
1206-1221: Empire stretches from China to Iran
1227-1241: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei Established capital at Karakorum
Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors
1236-1241: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary
1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublai declares himself Khan 1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China
Other Mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations
Genghis’s Family of Khans
Genghis Khan r. 1206-1227
Jochi
Batur. 1224-1255
Golden Horde of Russia
Jagadair. 1227-1242
Jagadai Khanate
Ögödeir. 1227-1241
Güyükr. 1246-1248
Tolui
Möngker. 1248-1257
Khubilair. 1265-1294Yuan Emperor
Hülegür. 1256-1265
Il-khan Emperor
Mongol Domains, 1300
Mongols & Islam Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of
Baghdad
Cultures difficult to reconcile
Il-Kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in
Palestine, Lebanon
Convert to Islam in 1295
Khanate of Jagadai North Central Asia Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert
Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science
Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle East and India
Responses in Western Eurasia
Russia Golden Horde rules from Sarai in south
Granted privileges to Orthodox Church
Russian language dominates
Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials
Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers
Power and population shifts north
Late 1400s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar
Anatolia and Eastern Europe Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge
(Lithuania, Serbia)
Ottoman Turks establish sultanate in Anatolia 1453: Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed
Istanbul
Mongols In China Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues
Yuan successes: Secure transportation & communication
Eurasian cultural & population exchange
Transmission of information, ideas, and skills
Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture
Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential
Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city
Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese
Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties
Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty
Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established
Ming China Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes Emperor Hongwu
Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof)
Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing
Espouses Confucian view of imperial power
Declares war on “barbarians”
Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia
Silver replaces paper money
Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) reintroduces Mongol ideas Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City
Reopens relations with rest of Asia
Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He)
Ming China not as innovative as Song China
Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth
East Asia & The Mongols
Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule Mongol threat forces centralization
Korea conquered, local traditions thrive Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence
After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and trade, move capital to Seoul
Renew study of Confucian classics
Breakthrough in printing technology
Japan and Annam Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols
Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure
Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement
Annam After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa
United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam