THE LATER MIDDLE AGES:CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN
THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY(CHAPTER 11)
Dr. Matthew’s Western Civilization to
1648
TIMELINE
A TIME OF TROUBLES: BLACK DEATH AND SOCIAL
CRISIS
“
Little Ice Age”• Small drop in average temperatures
F
amine• Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) led to food shortages
P
opulation growth up to 1300 put pressure on food
supply
THE BLACK DEATHM
ost devastating natural disaster in European HistoryB
ubonic Plague• Rats and Fleas• Yersinia Pestis
Spread of the Plague
• Originated in Asia• Arrived in Europe in 1347• Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas• Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European
population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)• Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369
MAP 11.1: SPREAD OF THE BLACK DEATH
LIFE AND DEATH: REACTIONS TO THE
PLAGUE
P
lague as a punishment from God
T
he flagellants
A
ttacks against Jews
V
iolence
ECONOMIC DISLOCATION AND SOCIAL UPHEAVAL
Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes
Statute of Laborers (1351) sought to limit wages
Social Mobility
Peasant Revolts
• Jacquerie in France (1358)• English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Revolts in the Cities
• Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)
CHART 11.1: BACKGROUND TO THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR: KINGS OF FRANCE
AND ENGLAND
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WARC
auses• Entanglement of French and English royal families• King Edward III (1327 – 1377) claims French crown• French seize duchy of Gascony (1337) sparking war
Conduct and Course of the War
• Differences in the armies• Battle of Crecy (1346)• Henry V (1413 – 1422)
• Battle of Agincourt (1415)• Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne)• Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)
• Siege of Orleans• Captured by allies of the English in 1430• Burned at the stake (1431)
• Gunpowder• War ends with French victory (1453)
MAP 11.2: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
POLITICAL INSTABILITY
B
reakdown of Feudal Institutions• Scutage
N
ew Royal Dynasties
F
inancial Problems• Parliaments gain power
THE GROWTH OF ENGLAND’S POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
Edward III (1327 – 1377)
• Parliament• House of Lords• House of Commons
Richard II (1377 – 1399)
• Aristocratic factionalismH
enry IV (1399 – 1413)• Deposed Richard II
THE PROBLEMS OF THE FRENCH KINGS
W
eakness of the French Monarchy
E
states-General• 1357 meeting
C
harles VI (1380 – 1422)• Competition between the dukes of Burgundy and
Orléans to control Charles
GERMANY & ITALY
The German Monarchy
• Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire• Hundreds of States• Elective Monarchy
• The Golden Bull (1356)• Weak kings
THE STATES OF ITALY
T
he States of Italy• Lack of centralized authority• Republicanism to Tyranny• Development of regional states
• Milan• Florence• Venice
THE PONTE VECCHIO – VENICE
THE DECLINE OF THE CHURCH
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
• Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303)• Conflict with Philip the Fair of France• Unam Sanctam (1302)• Captured by French at Anagni
• Clement V (1305 – 1314)T
he Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1377)• Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige• Captives of the French monarchy• New sources of revenue• Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)
BRIDGE AT AVIGNON – THE CITY OF THE POPES
THE GREAT SCHISM
Papacy returns to Rome in 1378
Rival popes elected
• Pope Urban VI• Pope Clement VII
The Great Schism divides Europe
Calls for systematic reform
• Marsiglio of Padua (c. 1270 – 1342), Defender of the PeaceC
onciliarism• Council of Pisa (1409)
• Deposed both popes and elected a new pope• Popes refuse to step down• Results in three popes
• Council of Constance (1414 – 1418)• End of the Schism• Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)
POPULAR RELIGION
T
rends• Mechanical paths to salvation
M
ysticism and Lay Piety• Meister Eckhart (1260 – 1327)• Modern Devotion
• Gerard Groote (1340 – 1384) and the Brothers of the Common Life
U
nique Female Mystical Experiences
CHANGES IN THEOLOGY
C
hallenges to Scholastic Thought
W
illiam of Occam (1285 – 1329)• Nominalism• Consequences of William’s ideas
THE DEVELOPMENT OF VERNACULAR LITERATURE AND NEW DIRECTIONS
IN ART
Dante (1265 – 1321)
• The Divine ComedyP
etrarch (1304 – 1374)• Sonnets
Boccaccio (1313 – 1375)
• DecameronC
haucer (c. 1340 – 1400)• The Canterbury Tales
Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1430)
• The Book of the City of LadiesA
rt and the Black Death• Giotto (1266 – 1337)• Morbidity of late fourteenth-century art
GIOTTO, LAMENTATION
CHANGE & INVENTION
Changes in Urban Life
• Greater Regulation• Marriage• Gender Roles
• Male: active and domineering• Women: passive and submissive
• Medieval childrenN
ew Directions in Medicine• Hierarchy• Trends
Inventions and New Patterns
• The mechanical clock• New conception of time
• Gunpowder and cannons
A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK
MECHANICAL CLOCK IN THE PRAGUE TOWN HALL