The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold WarThe Cold War
Yalta Conference (Feb 4-11, 1945)Yalta Conference (Feb 4-11, 1945)
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
1.Agree to divide Germany into zones following unconditional surrender
2.Germany has to pay USSR reparations
3.Eastern European countries would have free elections
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The United NationsThe United Nations
April 25, 1945• Representatives from 50 countries meet in San Francisco to work on charter for the U.N.
October 24, 1945– U.N. comes into official existence.
Official Charter of U.N. is created.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
United NationsUnited Nations
Purposes:–Maintain peace
–Provide security
–Promote justice
–Provide general welfare
–Establish human rights
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
United Nations United Nations
The General Assembly– The “town meeting” of the world.
– All U.N. members are EQUALLY represented– JOB:• To make suggestions on peaceful settlements of
disputes• Elect all NON-permanent members of the Security
Council and members of other agencies.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Security CouncilSecurity Council
–Power to investigate and settle
–5 permanent members•Br., China, Fr., US, USSR–Veto power
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The International Court of JusticeThe International Court of Justice
Modeled after the World Court– Purpose:• To decide legal questions referred to it by
disputing nations• It gives advisory opinions when asked to do
so, but does not enforce decisions.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Expanding Soviet InfluenceExpanding Soviet Influence
U.S.S.R.–Considered itself the leader of the
Communist Revolution
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Two WorldsTwo Worlds
United States–Capitalism
Soviet Union–Communism
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold WarThe Cold War
Between Soviet Union and United States
COLD WAR–A state of tension and military
rivalry between nations that stops short of full-scale war.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Soviet UnionSoviet Union
Believed war against Communism and Capitalism was inevitable
Believed the U.S. would lead an attack on Communism
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Soviet UnionSoviet Union
–No free speech
–Crushed opposition–Broadcast anti-American
propaganda.
–No freedom of the press.
–Government controls all industry.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine
Policy of containment–Contain what?
•Soviet expansion.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
Secretary of State George C. Marshall
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
Designed to solve Europe’s economic problems–European economies = Poor•Why were they poor?–They had just spent a lot of money
fighting World War II.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Marshall PlanMarshall Plan
Help European:–Factories
–Farms
–Transportation systems•Get them operating effeciently
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
What did it do?What did it do?
Provided–Money–Machinery • To who?
– Any nation who would like to participate– INCLUDING the Soviet Union
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Congressional DebateCongressional Debate
Block communism (contain it) by strengthening Europe’s economies
U.S. can’t afford to carry “Europe on its back”
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Congress Approves the PlanCongress Approves the Plan
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
Tension in Germany– Joint occupation of Germany
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift
June 24, 1948– Soviets block all roads, canals,
railways, and means of transportation between their side and the Western side.
– Berlin under Soviet control
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift
British and American Planes2 Million tons of food and supplies– To Berlin– Crisis resolved in 1949 with help of U.N.• Example of U.N. doing what?
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
N.A.T.O.N.A.T.O.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization– 9 Western European Nations• U.S.• Canada• Iceland
• AN ALLIANCE– Against who?
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
N.A.T.O.N.A.T.O.
An attack against one or more of them would be considered an attack against all.
– Alliance between:• Western Europe and U.S. Alliance
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Division of KoreaThe Division of Korea
1910-1945– Korea ruled by Japan– Japanese pushed out of Korea in WWII• General Douglas MacArthur
– Named Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers and placed in charge of occupation forces in Japan.
– Also in charge of South Korea.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
3838thth Parallel Parallel
American Occupation– South Korea
Soviet Occupation– North Korea
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Individual GovernmentsIndividual Governments
North Korea– Sets up its own government
South Korea– Sets up its own government
Both governments claim control of all of Korea– Problem?
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
ReviewReview
UN– General Assembly– Security Council– Cold War– Truman Doctrine–Marshall Plan– Berlin Airlift– NATO
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Korean ChallengeThe Korean Challenge
June 25, 1950– North Korea launches an invasion of
South Korea• South Korea – recognized internationally as
legitimate government of the People’s Republic of Korea
– United Nations• Take steps to deal with problem
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
United NationsUnited Nations
Security Council– Votes unanimously for a cease fire
between the Koreas.• Why would Soviet Union vote for this?
– Or do they?
– Soviet Union boycotting U.N. because:• U.N. does not recognize Communist China.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
United NationsUnited Nations
Classify North Korea – An aggressor
–Meanwhile:• President Truman pledges American Aid to
South Korea
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Korean WarThe Korean War
United States• Truman orders U.S. air and
ground forced ordered to Korea.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
ProblemsProblems
South Koreans– Outnumbered– Soviet tanks given to North Korean
Army– U.S. having trouble defending against
tanks– Forced to southeast corner of South
Korea
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Korean WarKorean War
General MacArthur – In charge of U.S. forces in Korea– Decides to launch a sea borne attack
against the west coast of Korea and move eastward to take Seoul
Importance of Seoul?
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
SeuolSeuol
Capital of South Korea– Recaptured by MacArthur and the U.S.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
MacArthur AdvancesMacArthur Advances
General MacArthur– North Korean troops retreat (that can)– Pushes North Koreans backward–Moves all the way to the Yalu River
• The Yalu River borders China• China is Communist
• What might be a problem for U.S. forces?
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Tide Turns Against MacArthurTide Turns Against MacArthur
Chinese “Volunteers”– Thousands help North Koreans– U.N. and U.S. troops with lines extended
were outnumbered– U.N. and U.S. forces pushed back to 38th
Parallel.
• So what has been accomplished?
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Threat of World War IIIThreat of World War III
War with China– Quick decisive action
would bring an end to the conflict – according the MacArthur
– OR• Start of WWIII
– USSR openly would support China and get involved.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Spread of TroopsSpread of Troops
Major war in Asia–Would mean what for the Soviet Union
in Europe?
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Stalemate in KoreaStalemate in Korea
President Truman– Orders MacArthur to establish a strong
defense line on 38th Parallel.• Forbade blocking Chinese coast• Bombing China• Or helping Chinese Nationalists invade
China
• NO WAR with CHINA
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
MacArthur vs. TrumanMacArthur vs. Truman
MacArthur tries to appeal to Congress–MacArthur is removed
– Truman• “I could do nothing else and still be
President”
• Matthew B. Ridgeway replaces MacArthur.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Point Four ProgramThe Point Four Program
Extend aid to all less fortunate countries.
– Underlying motive?– Think of it as a less intense Marshall Plan for the world.
– Scientific Aid– Industrial Aid
– Korean War demonstrates the serious threat of the spread of Communism.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower
Elected President in 1952Promised to do everything in
his power to end the Korean War
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Korea – Peace TalksKorea – Peace Talks
Panmunjom– July 27, 1952– Armistice• Recognized division of two countries at 38th
Parallel• U.S. promises, in a treaty, to defend South
Korea against any attack and to help S. Korea improve its economic conditions.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Korean War EndKorean War End
33,629 American Lives 1.5 Million Communist Casualties An unpopular war– Evidence of this?
Increased prestige of U.N.– How? Think in terms of aggression.
– Showed that the use of force COULD check Communist aggression.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
U.S. Foreign Policy ChangeU.S. Foreign Policy Change
Secretary of State– John Foster Dulles
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
John Foster DullesJohn Foster Dulles
Brinkmanship– Communists only understood force– In order to maintain peace the United
States must be ready for war • To be on the “brink” of war
– No longer contain, but push back spread of Communism.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
The Arms RaceThe Arms Race
Hydrogen Bomb– Vastly more powerful than atomic bomb– Soviet Union test first nuclear bomb –
1949– Stockpiling
• How is this dangerous?
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Soviet UnionSoviet Union
Nikita Khrushchev– Publicly attacked his predecessor• Joseph Stalin
• “a cruel tyrant”
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Space RaceSpace Race
Soviet Union launches Sputnik– Sputnik – orbited first artificial satellite• Showed that if the U.S.S.R. was capable of
launching a satellite into space, the U.S.S.R. could launch a rocket that could deliver a hydrogen bomb to the U.S.
• Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
Mutually Assured Destruction
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
Between U.S. and U.S.S.R.– President Kennedy–MAJOR conflict during Cold War
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
What was it?What was it?
October 15, 1962– U-2 Spy plane photographs reveal:• Construction of missile silos in Cuba• Soviet Union behind the construction• Cuban 90 miles from Florida• What does this mean for U.S.?
• Crisis lasts for two weeks
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy
“It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union. “
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Kennedy’s OptionsKennedy’s Options
an air attack on the missilesa full military invasionthe naval blockade of Cuba, which
was redefined as a more restrictive
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
Tension in the U.S.Option chosen:– Naval blockade of Cuba• Soviet Ships headed toward Cuba• Meet the blockage• Soviet Response
– Ships turn back
– A deal is struck
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
Cuban Missile Crises EndsCuban Missile Crises Ends
the Soviets dismantle the missiles in Cuba
Exchanged for a no invasion agreement
A secret removal of the Jupiter and Thor missiles in Turkey.
The Cold War 1946 - 1991
U-2 Spy Plane IncidentU-2 Spy Plane Incident
Shot down over Soviet UnionOver Soviet Territory– Eisenhower “weather research”– Khrushchev furious
Viewed by the Soviets as an act of aggression