Download pdf - the cambridge history of christianity WORLD CHRISTIANITIES ...assets.cambridge.org/97805218/14560/frontmatter/9780521814560... · the cambridge history of christianity WORLD CHRISTIANITIES

the cambridge history of christianity

WORLD CHRISTIANITIESc . 18 1 5–c . 19 14

This is the first scholarly treatment of nineteenth-century Chris-tianity to discuss the subject in a global context. Part i analyses theresponses of Catholic and Protestant Christianity to the intellectualand social challenges presented by European modernity. It givesattention to the explosion of new voluntary forms of Christianityand the expanding role of women in religious life. Part ii surveysthe diverse and complex relationships between the churches andnationalism, resulting in fundamental changes to the connectionsbetween church and state. Part iii examines the varied fortunesof Christianity as it expanded its historic bases in Asia and Africa,established itself for the first time in Australasia, and respondedto the challenges and opportunities of the European colonial era.Each chapter has a full bibliography providing guidance on furtherreading.

Sheridan Gilley is an Emeritus Reader in Theology, DurhamUniversity. He is the author of Newman and His Age (republished,2003) and of numerous articles on modern religious history. Heis co-editor, with Roger Swift, of The Irish in the Victorian City(1985), The Irish in Britain 1 81 5 –1939 (1989) and The Irish in VictorianBritain (1999), and with W. J. Sheils, of A History of Religion in Britain(1994).

Brian Stanley is Director of the Henry Martyn Centre forthe Study of Mission and World Christianity in the CambridgeTheological Federation and a Fellow of St Edmund’s College,Cambridge. He has written and edited a number of books onthe modern history of Christian missions, including The Bible andthe Flag (1990), The History of the Baptist Missionary Society 1 792–1992

(1992), Christian Missions and the Enlightenment (2001) and Missions,Nationalism, and the End of Empire (2003).

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press0521814561 - World Christianities, c. 1815-c. 1914Edited by Sheridan Gilley and Brian StanleyFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521814561

http://www.cambridge.org


the cambridge history of

CHRISTIANITY

The Cambridge History of Christianity offers a comprehensivechronological account of the development of Christianity in all itsaspects – theological, intellectual, social, political, regional, global –from its beginnings to the present day. Each volume makes a sub-stantial contribution in its own right to the scholarship of its periodand the complete History constitutes a major work of academicreference. Far from being merely a history of Western EuropeanChristianity and its offshoots, the History aims to provide a globalperspective. Eastern and Coptic Christianity are given full consider-ation from the early period onwards, and later, African, Far Eastern,New World, South Asian and other non-European developments inChristianity receive proper coverage. The volumes cover popularpiety and non-formal expressions of Christian faith, and treat thesociology of Christian formation, worship and devotion in a broadcultural context. The question of relations between Christianityand other major faiths is also kept in sight throughout. The His-tory will provide an invaluable resource for scholars and studentsalike.

List of volumes:

Origins to Constantineedited by margaret m. mitchell and frances m. young

Constantine to c.600edited by winrich lohr, fred norris and augustine casiday

Early Medieval Christianity c.600–c.1 100edited by thomas noble and julia smith

Christianity in Western Europe c.1 100–c.1 5 00edited by miri rubin and walter simon

Eastern Christianityedited by michael angold

Re-Formation and Expansion c.1 5 00–c.1660edited by ronnie po-chia hsia

Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660–1 81 5edited by stewart j. brown and timothy tackett

World Christianities c.181 5 –c.1914edited by brian stanley and sheridan g illey

World Christianities c.1914–c.2000edited by hugh mcleod






T H E C A M B R I D G E

H I S TO RY O F C H R I S T I A N I T Y

WO R L D C H R I S T I A N I T I E Sc . 1 8 1 5 – c . 1 9 1 4

*

VO LU M E 8

*

Edited by

SHERIDAN GILLEYDurham University

and

BRIAN STANLEYUniversity of Cambridge






cambridge university press

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru , UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521814560

C© Cambridge University Press 2006

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2006

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication dataWorld Christianities, c.1815–c.1914/edited by Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley.

p. cm. – (The Cambridge history of Christianity; vol. 8)Includes bibliographical references and index.

isbn 0 521-81456-1 (hardback)1. Church history – 19th century. 2. Church history – 20th century.i . Gilley, Sheridan. ii . Stanley, Brian, 1953– iii . Title. iv . Series.

br477.w87 2005 270.8 – dc22 2005008392

isbn -13 978-0-521-81456-0 hardbackisbn -10 0-521-81456-1 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for externalor third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on

such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






Contents

List of contributors ix

1 · Introduction 1sheridan g illey

part i

CHRISTIANITY AND MODER NIT Y

2 · The papacy 1 3sheridan g illey

3 · Theology and the revolt against the Enlightenment 30douglas hedley

4 · The growth of voluntary religion 5 3david bebbington

5 · Catholic revivalism in worship and devotion 70mary heimann

6 · Women preachers and the new Orders 84janice holmes and susan o’brien

7 · Church architecture and religious art 103andrew sanders

8 · Musical trends and the western church: a collision of the‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ 1 21

jeremy dibble

v






Contents

9 · Christianity and literature in English 1 36andrew sanders

10 · Christian social thought 142john molony and david m. thompson

11 · Christianity and the sciences 164nicolaas a. rupke

12 · History and the Bible 1 81john rogerson

13 · Popular religion and irreligion in countryside and town 197david m. thompson

part ii

THE CHURCHES AND NATIONA L IDENT IT IES

14 · Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to theseparation of church and state, 1815–1905 21 7

james f. mcmillan

15 · Italy: the church and the Risorgimento 233frank coppa

16 · Catholicism, Ireland and the Irish diaspora 25 0sheridan g illey

17 · Catholic nationalism in Greater Hungary and Poland 260gabriel adrianyi and jerzy kl� oczowski

18 · Christianity and the creation of Germany 282anthony j. steinhoff

19 · Anglicanism, Presbyterianism and the religious identities ofthe United Kingdom 301

john wolffe

20 · Protestant dominance and confessional politics: Switzerland and theNetherlands 323

urs altermatt, franzisk a metzger and michael wintle

vi






Contents

21 · Scandinavia: Lutheranism and national identity 342dag thorkildsen

22 · ‘Christian America’ and ‘Christian Canada’ 3 5 9mark a. noll

23 · Spain and Portugal: the challenge to the church 381william j. callahan

24 · Latin America: the church and national independence 395john lynch

25 · Between east and west: the Eastern Catholic (‘Uniate’)churches 412

robert j. taft

part i i i

T HE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIA NIT Y

26 · African-American Christianity 429jon sensbach

27 · Christian missions, antislavery and the claims of humanity,c. 1813–1873 443

brian stanley

28 · The Middle East: western missions and the Eastern churches,Islam and Judaism 45 8

heleen murre-van den berg

29 · Christians and religious traditions in the Indian empire 473robert eric frykenberg

30 · Christianity in East Asia: China, Korea and Japan 493daniel h. bays and james h. grayson

31 · Christianity in Indochina 5 1 3peter c. phan

vii






Contents

32 · Christianity as church and story and the birth of the Filipinonation in the nineteenth century 5 28jos e mario c. francisco

33 · Christianity in Australasia and the Pacific 5 42stuart pigg in and allan davidson

34 · Missions and empire, c.1873–1914 5 60andrew porter

35 · Ethiopianism and the roots of modern African Christianity 5 76ogbu u. k alu

36 · The outlook for Christianity in 1914 5 93brian stanley

Select general bibliography 601

Chapter bibliographies 604

Index 65 6

viii






Contributors

Gabriel Adrianyi is Emeritus Professor of Church History (including East EuropeanChurch History) in the Catholic Theological Faculty, University of Bonn, and is Professorof Church History at the Lorand-Eotvos-University at Budapest. He has written and editeda number of books on modern church history, including Geschichte der katholischen Kirchein Ungarn (Cologne: Bohlau, 2004), Die Ostpolitik des Vatikans 195 8–1978 gegenuber Ungarn:der Fall Kardinal Mindszenty (Herne: Schafer, 2003), Kleine Kirchengeschichte Ungarns (Herne:Schafer, 2003), Prohaszka es a romai index (Budapest, 2002) and Geschichte der Kirche Osteuropasim 20. Jahrhundert (Paderborn: Schoningh, 1992).

Urs Altermatt has been Professor of Contemporary History at the University ofFribourg, Switzerland, since 1980, and Rector since 2003. He has been Visiting Profes-sor at various central and eastern European universities (Cracow, Budapest, Sarajevo andSofia). His numerous publications on modern European and Swiss political, social andreligious history include Der Weg der Schweizer Katholiken ins Ghetto (Zurich and Cologne:Benziger, 1972, 3rd edn 1995), Katholizismus und Moderne (Zurich: Benziger, 1989), Recht-sextremismus in der Schweiz, with Hanspeter Kriesi et al. (Zurich: Neue Zuricher-Zeitung,1995), Das Fanal von Sarajevo: Ethnonationalismus in Europa (Zurich: Neue Zuricher-Zeitung,1996), Katholizismus und Antisemitismus (Frauenfeld, Stuttgart and Vienna: Huber, 1999) andKatholische Denk- und Lebenswelten, ed. (Fribourg: Academic Press, 2003).

Daniel H. Bays is Professor of History and Director of the Asian Studies Program atCalvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan. He has written or edited several articles, chaptersand books on the history of Christianity in China in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,among them Christianity in China, from the eighteenth century to the present, ed. (Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1996), The foreign missionary enterprise at home, co-ed. (Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press, 2003), ‘Chinese Protestant Christianity today’, in The ChinaQuarterly 174 ( June 2003), and ‘A tradition of state dominance’, in Jason Kindopp and CarolLee Hamrin (eds.), God and Caesar in China (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press,2004).

David Bebbington is Professor of History at the University of Stirling. He has writtenPatterns in history (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1979), The nonconformist conscience: chapeland politics, 1 870–1914 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1982), Evangelicalism in modern Britain: ahistory from the 1 730s to the 1980s (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), William Ewart Gladstone:

ix






List of contributors

faith and politics in Victorian Britain (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1993), Holiness in nineteenth-century England (Carlisle: Paternoster, 2000), The mind of Gladstone: religion, Homer and politics(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) and The dominance of evangelicalism: the age of Spur-geon and Moody (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 2005). His edited works include Protestantnonconformist texts: the nineteenth century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).

William J. Callahan is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Toronto. Hisbook Church, politics and society in Spain, 1 75 0–1 874 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityPress, 1984) was awarded the Wallace K. Ferguson Prize of the Canadian Historical Associ-ation. Other works by him include Honor, commerce, and industry in eighteenth-century Spain(Boston: Baker Library, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1972) andThe Catholic Church in Spain, 1 875 –1998 (Washington, DC: Catholic University of AmericaPress, 2000). He has edited, with David Higgs, Church and society in Catholic Europe of theeighteenth century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).

Frank Coppa is Professor of History and Director of Doctoral Studies in Modern WorldHistory at St John’s University in New York. He has written and edited more than a dozenvolumes on united Italy and the modern papacy. His work has explored the Risorgimentoas well as the counter-Risorgimento, including biographies of Camillo di Cavour as wellas Pius IX and Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli. His most recent volumes include The modernpapacy since 1 789 (London and New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998) and The papacyconfronts the modern world (Krieger, 2003), and he has edited and contributed to Controversialconcordats (Washington, DC: Catholic University Press, 1999) and the two-volume Greatpopes through history (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002).

Allan Davidson is Director of Postgraduate Studies and teaches church history in theSchool of Theology at the University of Auckland. He has written extensively on the historyof Christianity in New Zealand and the South Pacific. The books he has written and editedinclude Semisi Nau: the story of my life: a Tongan missionary at Ontong Java (Suva, Fiji: Instituteof Pacific Studies, 1996), Tongan Anglicans 1902–2002 (College of the Diocese of Polynesia,2002), and Christianity in Aotearoa: a history of church and society in New Zealand, 3rd edn(Wellington, New Zealand: Education for Ministry, 2004).

Jeremy Dibble is Professor of Music at the University of Durham. His specialist interestsin the Victorian, Edwardian and Georgian eras are reflected in the two major studiesC. Hubert H. Parry: his life and music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992) and CharlesVilliers Stanford: man and musician (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) and in his recentvolume of Parry’s violin sonatas for the Musica Britannica Trust. He has written on awide range of topics including historiography, opera and church music in Britain and iscurrently working on a study of the life and music of John Stainer and a volume of Parry’spiano trios for Musica Britannica. His future plans are to write a study of the music ofFrederick Delius.

Jos e Mario C. Francisco has been Director of the East Asian Pastoral Institute since1996 and will hold the Gasson Chair at Boston College for 2005–6. After graduate studies

x







in literature and theology, he began teaching at Loyola School of Theology and Ateneo deManila University in Manila and lecturing at the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley. Inaddition to organising and lecturing at conferences around Asia, he has written essays onreligion and culture for journals and anthologies and has published books on Philippinevernacular texts from the Spanish colonial period such as Sermones [Prancisco Bloncas de SanJose O.P.] and Bocabulario Tagalo [Miguel Ruiz, O.P.].

Robert Eric Frykenberg is Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His works include: Guntur district, 1 788–1 848: a history of local influence and centralauthority (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), Land control and social structure in Indian history(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969, 1978), Land tenure and peasant in South Asia(New Delhi: Manohar, 1977, 1981), Delhi through the ages (New Delhi: Oxford UniversityPress, 1986, 1993) and History and belief: the foundations of historical understanding (GrandRapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996). Co-general editor, with Brian Stanley, of the Studies in theHistory of Christian Missions series, including Christians, cultural interactions, and India’sreligious traditions (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2002) and Christians and missionaries inIndia (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003), he is writing the Oxford history of Christianity inIndia.

Sheridan Gilley is an Emeritus Reader in Theology of the University of Durham. He isthe author of Newman and his age (republished London: Darton, Longman, and Todd, 2003)and of numerous articles on modern religious history. He is co-editor, with Roger Swift, ofthree volumes on the Irish in Britain: The Irish in the Victorian city (London: Croom Helm,1985), The Irish in Britain, 1 81 5 –1939 (London: Pinter, 1989) and The Irish in Victorian Britain:the local dimension (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999); and, with W. J. Sheils, of A history ofreligion in Britain (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).

James H. Grayson is Professor of Modern Korean Studies in the School of East AsianStudies at the University of Sheffield. An anthropologist, Methodist minister and formermissionary to Korea, he has written extensively on the religious traditions of Korea, includ-ing Christianity. His books include Early Buddhism and Christianity in Korea (Leiden: E. J. Brill,1985) and Korea: a religious history (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989, revised edition Routledge-Curzon 2002). Among his articles on the socio-cultural aspects of Korean Christianity are‘The Shinto shrine conflict and Protestant martyrs in Korea, 1938–1945’, Missiology 29 (2001),and ‘Cultural encounter: Korean Protestantism and other religious traditions’, InternationalBulletin of Missionary Research 25 (2001).

Douglas Hedley is Senior Lecturer in the Philosophy of Religion at the University ofCambridge and a Fellow of Clare College. In 2002 he was Directeur d’etudes invite at theEcole pratique des hautes etudes, Sorbonne, Paris, and he was the Alan Richardson Lec-turer in Christian Apologetics at the University of Durham in 2004. He is a past Secretaryof the British Society for the Philosophy of Religion and a past President of the Euro-pean Society for the Philosophy of Religion. He is the author of Coleridge, philosophy andreligion: aids to reflection and the mirror of the spirit (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2000).

xi







Mary Heimann is Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Strathclyde, and asso-ciate editor, with responsibility for Catholic entries, for the Oxford Dictionary of NationalBiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). She is the author of Catholic devotion inVictorian England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), and has contributed to a numberof surveys of modern religious history. She is currently completing a political history ofCzechoslovakia, to be published by Hambledon and London, as well as planning a historyof modern British attitudes towards the supernatural.

Janice Holmes is Lecturer in Irish History at the University of Ulster, Coleraine. Herspecialisms include religious revivals, female ministry and Irish Presbyterianism. She hasedited, with Diane Urquhart, Coming into the light: the work, politics and religion of women inUlster, 1 840–1940 (Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, 1994) and published Religious revivals inBritain and Ireland, 1 85 9–1905 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2000).

Ogbu U. Kalu is the Henry Winters Luce Professor of World Christianity and Missions,McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, and Associate Director of the Chicago Centerfor Global Ministries. He has written and edited a number of books, including Dividedpeople of God: church union movement in Nigeria, 1 875 –1966 (New York: NOK Publishers,1978),The history of Christianity in West Africa (London: Longman, 1980), Power, poverty and prayer:the challenges of poverty and pluralism in African Christianity, 1960–1996 (Frankfurt: PeterLang, 2000) and Embattled gods: the Christianization of Igboland, 1 841–1991 (Lagos: AfricaWorld Press, 2003).

Jerzy Kl�oczowski is Professor of History at the Catholic University of Lublin, Directorof the Institute of East-Central Europe in Lublin, Chair of the International Federationof Institutes of East-Central Europe, Chair of the Polish Commission of the ComparativeHistory of Churches and Vice-Chair of the International Commission of the ComparativeHistory of Churches, and Chair of the Polish Commission for UNESCO. His numerouspublications include A history of Polish Christianity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2000), Chrzescijanstwo i historia [Christianity and history] (1990), Ml�odsza Europa [The youngerEurope] (Cracow: Znak, 2004) and Historia Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej [A history of East-Central Europe] (Paris: PUF 2004).

John Lynch is Emeritus Professor of Latin American History in the University of Lon-don. He is the author of numerous works on Spain and Latin America, including BourbonSpain 1 700–1 808 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), Argentine dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas 1 829–1 85 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), The Spanish American revolutions 1 808–1 826 (NewYork: Norton, 1986), Caudillos in Spanish America 1 800–1 85 0 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992),Massacre in the Pampas, 1 872: Britain and Argentina in the age of migration (Norman: Uni-versity of Oklahoma Press, 1998) and Latin America between colony and nation (Basingstoke:Palgrave, 2001).

James F. McMillan is Richard Pares Professor of History at the University of Edin-burgh. He is the author of many articles and chapters on the religious history of modernFrance, with a focus particularly on the French culture wars, political Catholicism and

xii







the relationship between religion and gender. Other publications include France and women1 789–1914: gender, society and politics (London: Routledge, 2000) and (as editor and contribu-tor) Modern France 1 880–2002 (The short Oxford history of France) (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 2003). He has been awarded a Major Leverhulme Research Fellowship to work onhis next project, War and belief: the Great War and the western religious imagination.

Franzisk a Metzger is Assistant in Contemporary History, University of Fribourg. Herpublications on religious history and history of historiography include: Die ‘Schildwache’:Eine integralistisch-rechtskatholische Zeitung 1912–1945 (Fribourg: Universitatsverlag, 2000),Nation und Nationalismus in Europa: Festschrift fur Urs Altermatt, ed. with C. Bosshart-Pflugerand J. Jung (Frauenfeld: Huber, 2002), ‘Die Reformation in der Schweiz zwischen 1850 und1950. Konkurrierende konfessionelle und nationale Geschichtskonstruktionen und Erin-nerungsgemeinschaften’, in H.-G. Haupt and D. Langewiesche (eds.), Nation und Religion inEuropa (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 2004), and ‘Milieu, Teilmilieus und Netzwerke’, with UrsAltermatt, in Urs Altermatt (ed.), Katholische Denk- und Lebenswelten (Fribourg: AcademicPress, 2003).

John Molony is Emeritus Professor of History and Visiting Fellow in the AustralianDictionary of Biography at the Australian National University. He is also Adjunct Profes-sor, Australian Catholic University. He is the author of The Roman mould of the AustralianCatholic Church (Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1969), The emergence of politi-cal Catholicism in Italy, Partito Popolare, 1919–1926 (London: Croom Helm, 1980), The Penguinbicentennial history of Australia (Ringwood, Victoria: Viking, 1987), The worker question: a newhistorical perspective on Rerum Novarum (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1991) and Luther’s pine(Pandanus Books, 2004).

Heleen Murre-van den Berg is Associate Professor for the History of World Chris-tianity at Leiden (Netherlands). She specialises in Middle Eastern Christianities, with specialattention to the history of the Assyrian Church of the East and of western missions in theMiddle East. Recent publications include ‘Migration of Middle Eastern Christians to westerncountries and Protestant missionary activities in the Middle East: a preliminary investiga-tion’, The Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 54, 1–2 (2002), 39–49, and ‘Generous devotion:women in the colophons of the Church of the East (1550–1850)’, Hugoye: Journal of SyriacStudies 7/1 (2004) (http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye).

Mark A. Noll is McManis Professor of Christian Thought at Wheaton College, Illinois.His books include America’s God, from Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York:Oxford University Press, 2002), The rise of evangelicalism: the age of Whitefield, Edwards, andthe Wesleys (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 2004), The old religion in a new world: the history ofNorth American Christianity (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2002) and Turning points: decisivemoments in the history of Christianity (2nd edn Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 2000).

Susan O’Brien is an independent scholar, a Senior Member of St Edmund’s College,Cambridge, and the Chair of Directors of the Margaret Beaufort Institute of Theology, Cam-bridge Theological Federation. Until 2002 she was Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Staffordshire

xiii







University. She has written extensively, in journal articles and essays, both on eighteenth-century transatlantic revivalism and on the history of Roman Catholic nuns and sisters inmodern Britain and Ireland.

Peter C. Phan is currently the Ignacio Ellacuria Professor of Catholic Social Thoughtat Georgetown University. He has published over 250 essays and a dozen books, includingMission and catechesis: Alexandre de Rhodes and inculturation in seventeenth-century Vietnam(1998) and his trilogy on Asian theology: Christianity with an Asian face, In our own tonguesand Being religious interreligiously, all published by Orbis Books (Maryknoll, NY).

Stuart Pigg in is Director of the Centre for the History of Christian Thought and Expe-rience (incorporating the Centre for the Study of Australian Christianity) at MacquarieUniversity in Sydney, Australia. He has written over a hundred articles on the history ofevangelicalism, missions and disasters. His books include Making evangelical missionaries:the social background, motivation, and training of British Protestant missionaries (n.p.: SuttonCourtenay Press, 1984), The Mount Kembla disaster (South Melbourne: Oxford UniversityPress, 1992), Evangelical Christianity in Australia: Spirit, word and world (Melbourne: OxfordUniversity Press, 1996) and Firestorm of the Lord: the history of and prospects for revival in thechurch and the world (Carlisle: Paternoster, 2000).

Andrew Porter is Rhodes Professor of Imperial History at King’s College in the Univer-sity of London. He has written extensively on imperial issues from the mid-eighteenth tothe mid-twentieth century. Books include The origins of the South African War (Manchester:Manchester University Press, 1980), Victorian shipping, business and empire (Woodbridge: Boy-dell Press, 1986) and An atlas of British overseas expansion (London: Routledge, 1991). Editorof the Oxford history of the British Empire, vol. iv: The nineteenth century (Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1999) and The imperial horizons of British Protestant missions, 1 880–1914 (GrandRapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003), his most recent book is Religion versus empire? British Protestantmissionaries and overseas expansion, 1 700–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press,2004).

John Rogerson is Professor Emeritus of Biblical Studies at the University of Sheffield.His main publications have centred on the history and assumptions of Old Testament inter-pretation, and the use of the Bible today. They include Myth in Old Testament interpretation(Berlin: De Gruyter, 1974), Anthropology and the Old Testament (Oxford: Blackwell, 1978), OldTestament criticism in the nineteenth century: England and Germany (London: SPCK, 1984) andThe Bible and criticism in Victorian Britain: profiles of F. D. Maurice and William Robertson Smith(Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995).

Nicolaas A. Rupke is Professor of the History of Science and Director of the Insti-tut fur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, University of Gottingen. The topic of religion and thesciences figures prominently in his books The great chain of history (Oxford: ClarendonPress, 1983) and Richard Owen (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994). Currentlyhe is working on a project entitled ‘Eminent lives in twentieth-century science andreligion’.

xiv







Andrew Sanders is Professor of English in the University of Durham. He has writtenextensively on nineteenth-century literature and especially on the work of Charles Dickens.He has edited a number of Victorian novels and is the author of The short Oxford historyof English literature (3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). He has maintained anactive scholarly interest in art and architecture and served as a member of the committeeof the Victorian Society for many years.

Jon Sensbach is Professor of History at the University of Florida. He is the author ofRebecca’s revival: creating black Christianity in the Atlantic world (Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2005) and A separate Canaan: the making of an Afro-Moravian world in NorthCarolina, 1 763–1 840 (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1998).

Brian Stanley is Director of the Henry Martyn Centre for the Study of Mission andWorld Christianity in the Cambridge Theological Federation and a Fellow of St Edmund’sCollege, Cambridge. He has written and edited a number of books on the modern historyof Christian missions, including The Bible and the flag (Leicester: Apollos, 1990), The history ofthe Baptist Missionary Society 1 792–1992 (Edinburgh: T. &. T. Clark, 1992), Christian missionsand the Enlightenment (Grand Rapids, MI and Richmond: Eerdmans and Curzon, 2001) andMissions, nationalism, and the end of empire (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003).

Anthony J. Steinhoff is an Assistant Professor of Modern European History at theUniversity of Tennessee at Chattanooga. He has published articles on modern Europeanreligious and cultural history in Central European History, Geschichte und Gesellschaft and theJournal of Urban History, and contributed to: the Blackwell companion to nineteenth-centuryEurope; Protestants, Catholics, and Jews in Germany, 1 800–1914, ed. Helmut Walser Smith(New York: Berg, 2001); and Religiose Vergemeinschaftung in der Moderne, ed. Lucian Holscher(Gottingen: Wallstein, 2005). He is currently completing a monograph on Protestantismand urban religious culture in late nineteenth-century Strasbourg.

Robert J. Taft is Professor Emeritus of Oriental Liturgy at the Pontifical OrientalInstitute, Rome, and Consultor for Liturgy of the Vatican Congregation for the OrientalChurches. He has authored over 690 publications, chiefly on Oriental liturgy, includingfifteen books.

David M. Thompson is Fellow and President of Fitzwilliam College, Reader in ModernChurch History in the University of Cambridge and Director of the Centre for AdvancedReligious and Theological Studies. He has published widely on Victorian nonconformity,nineteenth-century Christian social thought and the history of the ecumenical movement.

Dag Thorkildsen is Professor in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Oslo. Hehas specialized in the study of Norwegian and Scandinavian church history and has writtenseveral publications dealing with nation-building and religion, and religious awakeningsand the modernisation of society: Nationality, identity and morality (KULTs skriftserie, 1995),‘Church and nation in the 19th century – the case of Norway’, in Ingmar Brohed (ed.), Churchand people in Britain and Scandinavia (Lund: Lund University Press, 1996), Grundtvigianism and

xv







nationalism in Norway during the 19th century (KULTs skriftserie, 1996), and ‘Religious identityand Nordic identity’ in Øystein Sørensen and Bo Strath (eds.), The cultural construction ofNorden (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1997).

Michael Wintle is Professor of European History at the Universiteit van Amsterdam,where he directs the degree programmes in European Studies. Prior to 2002, he held a chairof European History at the University of Hull, UK, where he had taught since 1980. He haspublished widely on the modern history of the Netherlands, including Pillars of piety (Hull:Hull University Press, 1985) and An economic and social history of the Netherlands (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000). He also has research interests in European identity andespecially the visual representation of Europe.

John Wolffe is Professor of Religious History at the Open University. He is the authorof The Protestant crusade in Great Britain, 1 829–1 860 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991),God and Greater Britain: religion and national life in Britain and Ireland, 1 843–1945 (London:Routledge, 1994) and Great deaths: grieving, religion and nationhood in Victorian and EdwardianBritain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

xvi




