Download pdf - TABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 19(1… · IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 19(1):42–47 • MARCH 2012 U pon the southern routes to California rattlesnakes are often

IRCFREPTILES&AMPHIBIANS•19(1):42–47•MARCH2012

UponthesouthernroutestoCaliforniarattlesnakesareoftenmetwith,butitisseldomthatanypersonisbitten

bythem;yetthisisapossiblecontingency,anditcanneverbeamisstohaveanantidoteathand. Hartshorn2appliedexternallytothewound,anddrunkinsmallquantitiesdilutedwithwaterwheneverthepatientbecomesfaintorexhaustedfromtheeffectsofthepoison,isoneofthemostcommonremedies. Intheabsenceofallmedicines,astringorligatureshouldatoncebeboundfirmlyabovethepuncture,thenscarifydeeplywithaknife,suckoutthepoison,andspitoutthesaliva. Andersson,inhisbookonSouthwesternAfrica3,says:“IntheCapeColonytheDutchfarmersresorttoacruelbutapparentlyeffectiveplantocounteractthebadeffectsofaserpent’sbite.Anincisionhavingbeenmadeinthebreastofalivingfowl,thebittenpartisappliedtothewound.Ifthepoi-sonisverydeadly,thebirdsoonevincessymptomsofdistress,becomesdrowsy,droopsitshead,anddies.Itisreplacedbyasecond,athird,andmoreifrequisite.When,however,thebirdnolongerexhibitsanyofthesignsjustmentioned,thepatientisconsideredoutofdanger.Afrogsimilarlyappliedissupposedtobeequallyefficacious.” Haunberg,inhisTravelsinSouthAfrica4,mentionsanantidoteagainstthebiteofserpents.Hesays:“Thebloodofaturtlewasmuchcriedup,which,onaccountofthisextraor-

dinaryvirtue,theinhabitantsdryintheformofsmallscalesormembranes,andcarryaboutthemwhentheytravelinthiscountry,whichswarmswiththismostnoxiousvermin.Wheneveranyoneiswoundedbyaserpent,hetakesacoupleofpinchesofthedriedbloodinternally,andappliesalittleofittothewound.” IwaspresentupononeoccasionwhenanIndianchildwasstruckintheforefingerbyalargerattlesnake.Hismother,whowasnearatthetime,seizedhiminherarms,and,placingthewoundedfingerinhermouth,suckedthepoisonfromthepunctureforsomeminutes,repeatedlyspittingoutthesaliva;afterwhichshechewedandmashedsomeplantainleavesandappliedtothewound.Overthisshesprinkledsomefinely-powderedtobacco,andwrappedthefingerupinarag.Ididnotobservethatthechildsufferedafterwardtheleastpainor

H I S T O R I C A L P E R S P E C T I V E

IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • VOL15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 189TABLE OF CONTENTS

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

F E A T U R E A R T I C L E S

Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190

The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E S

The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida

.............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212

C O N S E R V A T I O N A L E R T

World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225

H U S B A N D R Y

Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226

P R O F I L E

Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234

C O M M E N T A R Y

The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238

B O O K R E V I E W

Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243

CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252

Front Cover. Shannon Plummer.Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos accullabo.

Back Cover. Michael KernTotat et velleseque audant mo

estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus

aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque

moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as

IRC

F

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSC O N S E R V AT I O N A N D N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y

WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL

Rattlesnake Bites1

RandolphB.Marcy,Captain,U.S.Army

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Anyonereadingthisarticleshouldbegladthattheywerenotbittenbyavenomoussnakeinthemid-19thCentury.Thatanyonesurvivedabite,muchlesstherecommendedtreatments,probablyisattributablemoretothefre-

quencyof“drybites”(duringwhichnovenomisinjected),therelativelylowquantitiesofvenominjectedinmanyotherinstances,andthenumberofbitesbymisidentifiednon-venomoussnakes.UnderNOcircumstancesshouldanyofthetreatmentscitedbyMarcybeimplemented.Notonlycouldtheydelaypropertreatment,butmanyarealsodangerousinandofthemselves. Althoughthebestsolutionforsnakebiteisprevention(nothandlingdangerousspeciesandremainingawareatalltimeswheninareaswherevenomoussnakesareknowntooccur),venomoussnakebitescanbedeadlyandshouldbetreatedasquicklyaspossiblebyqualifiedmedicalpersonnel.Thebestfirstaidremainsasetofcarkeysandaprompttriptothenearesthospital.Intheageofcell-phones,accesstomedicalaidcanbemorerapidthenever—evenfromrelativelyremotelocations.Additionalreliableinformationisavailableat:www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm.

1Anexcerpt(pp.126–131)fromRandolphB.Marcy’s1859guide:The Prairie Traveler. A Hand-book for Overland Expeditions. with Maps, Illustrations, and Itineraries of the Principal Routes between the Mississippi and the Pacific,publishedbyauthorityoftheWarDepartmentbyHarper&Brothers,Publishers,NewYork.ReprintedbyApplewoodBooks,Bedford,Massachusetts in1993andasThe Prairie Traveler: The 1859 Handbook for Westbound PioneersbyDoverPublications,Mineola,NewYorkin2006.Alloriginalspellingisretained.

2Anaqueoussolutionofammoniaatthattimemanufacturedfromthehoovesandantlersofdeerorhoovesandhornsofsomeotheranimals.

3Andersson,CharlesJohn.1856.Lake Ngami; or, Explorations and Discoveries, during Four Years’ Wanderings in the Wilds of South Western Africa.2nded.HurstandBlacket,Publishers,London.

4Wewereunabletofindtofindthesourceofthisquote.

MARCY IRCFREPTILES&AMPHIBIANS•19(1):42–47•MARCH2012

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WesternDiamondbackRattlesnakes(Crotalus atrox)arethemostabundantvenomoussnakesintheAmericanSouthwestandundoubtedlywerethemostfrequentlyencounteredbyearlypioneersalongtheSantaFeTrail.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.

PrairieRattlesnakes(Crotalus viridis)arelocallycommonacrosstheGreatPlains.Alongsomeroutes,thesesnakesmighthavebeenencounteredbytravelersalongthetrailsheadingwest.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.


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inconvenience.Theimmediateapplicationoftheremediesprobablysavedhislife. Irritationfromthebiteofgnatsandmusquitoes,etc.,mayberelievedbychewingtheplantain,andrubbingthespittleonthebite. I knew of another instance near Fort Towson, inNorthernTexas,whereasmallchildwasleftupontheearthenfloorofacabinwhileitsmotherwaswashingataspringnearby.Sheheardacryofdistress,and,ongoingtothecabin,whatwasherhorroronseeingarattlesnakecoiledaroundthechild’sarm,andstrikingitrepeatedlywithitsfangs.Afterkill-ingthesnake,shehurriedtohernearestneighbor,procuredabottleofbrandy,andreturnedassoonaspossible;butthepoisonhadalreadysooperateduponthearmthatitwasasblackasanegro’s.Shepoureddownthechild’sthroatahugedraughtoftheliquor,whichsoontookeffect,makingitverydrunk,andstoppedtheactionofthepoison.Althoughthechildwasrelieved,itremainedsickforalongtime,butulti-matelyrecovered. AmanwasstruckinthelegbyaverylargerattlesnakenearFortBelknap,Texas,in1853.Nootherremedybeingathand,asmallpieceofindigowaspulverized,madeintoa

poulticewithwater,andappliedtothepuncture.Itseemedtodrawoutthepoison,turningtheindigowhite,afterwhichitwasremovedandanotherpoulticeapplied.Theseapplica-tionswererepeateduntiltheindigoceasedtochangeitscolor.ThemanwasthencarriedtothehospitalatFortBelknap,andsoonrecovered,andthesurgeonofthepostpronounceditaverysatisfactorycure. AChickasawwoman,whowasbittenuponthefootnearFortWashitabyagroundrattlesnake(averyvenomousspe-cies),drankabottleofwhiskeyandappliedtheindigopoul-tice,andwhenIsawher,threedaysafterward,shewasrecov-ering,buttheflesharoundthewoundsloughedaway. ADelawareremedy,whichissaidtobeefficacious,istoburnpowderuponthewound,butIhaveneverknownittobetriedexceptinguponahorse.Inthiscaseitwassuccessful,or,atallevents,theanimalrecovered. Ofalltheremediesknowntome,Ishoulddecidedlypre-ferardentspirits.ItisconsideredasovereignantidoteamongourWesternfrontiersettlers,andIwouldmakeuseofitwithgreatconfidence.Itmustbetakenuntilthepatientbecomesverymuchintoxicated,andthisrequiresalargequantity,astheactionofthepoisonseemstocounteractitseffects.

ThereferencebyMarcytoa“groundrattlesnake(averyvenomousspecies)”isalmostcertainlytoaWesternMassasauga(Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus)ortheDesertMassasauga(S. c. edwardsii,illustrated),snakesthatmighthavebeenencounteredwhilecrossingthesouthernplainstoSantaFeorCalifornia.Today,“groundrattler”isalocalnamemostfrequentlyappliedtoPigmyRattlesnakes(S. miliarius),whichoccurprimarilyinthesoutheasternU.S.butrangeasfarwestaseasternTexasandOklahoma.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.


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MohaveRattlesnakes(Crotalus scutulatus)arelessabundantthanWesternDiamondbackorPrairierattlesnakes,butarepotentiallymoredangerousbecausetheirvenomcontainsalargeneurotoxiccomponentthatmightinitiallyleadtoassumptionsthatabiteisdrywhennotimmediatelypainful.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.

Bullsnakes(Pituophis catenifer sayi)areinhabitantsoftheGreatPlains,wheretheirpatternedbodiesandaggressivedefensivebehavior(rearing,hissingloudly,andstriking)causethemtobemistakenforrattlesnakesandkilled.Evenifrecognizedasadifferenttypeofsnake,manytravelersintheregionmighterroneouslyconcludefromtheirbehaviorthattheyaredangerous,andkillthemforthatreason.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.


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Shouldthefangsofthesnakepenetratedeepenoughtoreachanartery,itisprobablethatthepersonwoulddieinashorttime.Iimagine,however,thatthisdoesnotoftenoccur. ThefollowingremedialmeasuresforthetreatmentofthebitesofpoisonousreptilesarerecommendedbyDr.PhilipWestonintheLondonLancetforJuly,18595: 1.Theapplicationofaligatureroundthelimbclosetothewound,betweenitandtheheart,toarrestthereturnofvenousblood. 2.Excisionofthebittenparts,orfreeincisionthroughthewoundsmadebythepoison-teeth,subsequentlyencour-agingthebleedingbywarmsolutionstofavortheescapeofthepoisonfromthecirculation. 3.Cauterizationwidelyroundthelimbofthebitewithastrongsolutionofnitrateofsilver,onedrachmtotheounce,topreventtheintroductionofthepoisonintothesystembythelymphatics. 4.Assoonasindicationsoftheabsorptionofthepoisonintothecirculationbegintomanifestthemselves,theinter-naladministrationofammoniainaeratedorsoda-waterevery

quarterofanhour,tosupportthenervousenergyandallaythedistressingthirst. “But,”hecontinues,“thereisyetwantingsomeremedythatshallrapidlycounteractthepoisonintroducedintotheblood,andassistinexpellingitfromthesystem.Thewell-authenticatedaccountsofthesuccessattendingtheinternaluseofarsenicininjuriesarisingfromthebitesofvenomousreptilesintheEastandWestIndies,andalsoinAfrica,andthewell-knownpropertiesofthismedicineasapowerfultonicandalterativeinconditionsofimpairedvitalityofthebloodarisingfromtheabsorptionofcertainblood-poisons,wouldleadmetoincludethisagentinthetreatmentalreadymentioned.Itshouldbeadministeredincombinationwithammonia,infulldoses,frequentlyrepeated,soastoneutral-izequicklythepoisoncirculatinginthebloodbeforeitcanbeeliminatedfromthesystem.Thiscouldreadilybeaccom-

CoralSnakesinthegeneraMicrurusandMicruroides,suchasthisWesternCoralSnake(Micruroides euryxanthus),generallyaresecretiveandlesslikelytohavebeenencounteredwhiletravelingthetrails.Morecloselyrelatedtocobrasthanrattlesnakes,theirvenomishighlyneurotoxic.Onlythesmallfixedfangsandthesmallsizeofmostspeciesrendersthemlessdangerousthanthelargervipersthathavehingedfangsthatcanreachalengthofover20mm.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.

5Weston,Philip,Esq.1859.OnthepoisonoftheCommonAdder.The Lancet,May21,1859,pp.522–523.TheattributiontotheJulyissuebyMarcywasapparentlyinerror.


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plishedbyaddingtentofifteenminims6ofFowler’ssolu-tion7tothecompoundspiritofammonia,tobegiveneveryquarterofanhourinaeratedorsoda-water,untilthevomit-ingandthemoreurgentsymptomsofcollapsehavesubsided,subsequentlyrepeatingthedoseatlongerintervalsuntilreac-tionhadbecomefullyestablished,andthepatientrelievedbycopiousbiliousdejections.” Cedron8,whichisanutthatgrowsontheIsthmusofPanama,andwhichissoldbythedruggistsinNewYork,issaidtobeaninfallibleantidotetoserpent-bites.IntheBullet. de l’Acad. de Méd.forFebruary,18589,itisstatedthatamanwasbittenatPanamabyacoral snake,themostpoisonousspeciesontheIsthmus.Duringthefewsecondsthatittookhimtotakethecedronfromhisbag,hewasseizedwithvio-lentpainsattheheartandthroat;buthehadscarcelychewed

andswallowedapieceofthenutaboutthesizeofasmallbean,whenthepainsceasedasbymagic.Hechewedalittlemore,andapplieditexternallytothewound,whenthepainsdisappeared,andwerefollowedbyacopiousevacuationofasubstancelikecurdledmilk.Manyothercasesarementionedwherethecedronprovedanantidote.

6Aminumisaunitofvolumeequalto1/60ofafluidramor1/480ofafluidounce.

7A1%solutionofpotassiumarsenite(KH2AsO3).Becauseofthepoisonousandcarcinogenicnatureofarseniccompounds,Fowler’ssolutionisnowconsideredtobeverydangerous.

8Simaba cedron,atreeofCentralandnorthernSouthAmerica,theseedsofwhichhavebeenusedbynativepeoplesforsnakebitebothinternally(asastrongteataken4timesdaily,1tbspatatime)andexternallywithaclothsoakedintheteaplacedoverthebiteandkeptsaturatedwiththetea.

9Wewereunabletofindtofindthesourceofthisquote.