SUBMITTED BY-
KRUTIKA SHRIVASTAVA
B.TECH(BT) IIIrd yr.
7300
Mycosis (plural: mycoses) is a fungal infection of
animals, including humans.
It is of mainly four types –
1. Superficial mycoses
2. Cutaneous mycoses
3. Subcutaneous mycoses
4. Systemic mycoses
Systemic mycoses are fungal infections affecting
internal organs.
Fungi enter the body via lungs, through the gut,
para-nasal sinuses or skin
Then spread via bloodstream to multiple organs
including the skin
Can cause a tremendous variety of health problems
including digestive difficulties, skin problems ,
asthma, breathing difficulties etc.
Often causing multiple organs to fail and eventually
resulting in the death of the patient
Systemic mycoses is of two types –
Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens
Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens
Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens
Originate primarily in the lungs and may spread to
many organ systems
Pathogens are dimorphic
Also known as endemic respiratory infections. These
are mainly of 5 types
Histoplasma capsulatum (causing histoplasmosis)
Coccidioides immitis (causing coccidioidomycosis)
Blastomyces dermatitidis (causing blastomycosis)
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (causing paracoccidiodomycosis)
Penicillium marneffei (causing penicilliosis)
Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
Attacking lungs, liver, spleen, bone marrow and
occasionally kidneys, adrenals and intestines
Symptoms-
Fever, chills, headache, dry cough, chest discomfort,
liver enlargement etc.
Treatment-
Antifungal drugs through vein depending
on the stage of the disease
Caused by Coccidioides immitis
It may occur as either an acute, benign, self-limited disease or a chronic, malignant disseminated disease
Symptoms-Rashes, myalgia, shortness of breath, weight loss, night sweats, influenza etc.
Treatment- Fluconazole &
intravenous amphotericin B
Itraconazole or ketoconazole
are used for immucompromised
patients
Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
Lung infection can occur after a person inhales airborne,
microscopic fungal infection from environment
Symptoms-
Fever, chills, cough, muscle ache, joint pain, chest pain etc.
Treatment-
Initial phase-
Oral Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Life threatening infections-
AMB(Amphotericin B)
Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Acute or chronic, granulomatous infection primarily of
lungs & disseminates to skin, mucosa & other internal
organs
Symptoms-
Acute pneumonia
Treatment-
Long term therapy
AMB combined with sulfonamides
Oral Itraconazole
Caused by Penicillium marnefferei
Persons affected by penicilliosis usually have aids with low cd4 lymphocyte counts
Symptoms-Fever, skin lesions, anaemia, lymphadenopathy etc.
Treatment- Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Miconazole
Flucytosine
Amphotericin B
Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens
Fungi that only result in systemic infection in immune-
compromised or sick people
Examples of immune compromised conditions include
AIDS, alteration of normal flora by antibiotics,
immunosuppressive therapy, and metastatic cancer
Its main types are-
Candida species (causing candidiasis)
Aspergillus species (causing aspergillosis)
Cryptococcus (causing cryptococcosis)
Zygomycetes (causing zygomycosis)
Caused by yeast- like fungi of genus candida i.e. Candida albicans
It is of 2 types- Infectious and Allergic
Symptoms-depend on area affected, some common symptoms are
redness, itching and discomfort etc.
Treatment-Antifungal drugs include-
Topical clotrimazole
Topical nystatin
Fuconazole
Topical ketoconazole
Fig.- oral candidiasis
caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus has the tendency to invade blood vessels
Symptoms-
superficial lesions, coughing up of blood,cheast pain, etc.
Treatment-
Voriconazole
liposomal amphotericin B
Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
It is an encapsulated yeast and is present in soil and
bird (especially pigeon) droppings
Symptoms-
pneumonia like illness, shortness of breath, skin lesions
may occur, fever, cough etc.
Treatment- Intravenous combined with flucytosine
Amphotericin B and flucytosine
Fluconazole with amphotericin
Zygomycosis (also called Mucomycosis) is a generic
term which refers to infections of the class
Zygomycetes (also called Phycomycetes)
Symptoms-
Facial swelling, bulging eye,headache,blurred & double
vision, bleeding from nose etc.
Treatment-
Antifungal agents
amphotericin B
Fungizone,amphocine,ambisome
Liposomal amphotericin B
ablecet
Immune compromised people are at risk of
systemic mycoses. Immunodeficiency can result
from:
Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection
Systemic malignancy (cancer)
Neutropaenia (low white blood cell count)
Organ transplant recipients
After a major surgical operation
Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
Very old or very young
The most reliable tests to confirm infection are
skin biopsy for histological (microscopic)
analysis, and fungal culture.
Blood can also be cultured.
Fig :- culture of Histoplasma
capsulatum (histoplasmosis)
Fungal infections are diseases caused by fungi.
Only about 180 types of fungi on the existing
1,00,000 are pathogenic for humans.
Itching, unsightly staining of certain areas of the
skin, burning, mainly mucosal are the common
symptoms
As fungal infections are very stubborn, several
preparations, which specifically inhibit the
proliferation of fungi, are available to treat fungal
infections.
Depending on the location of the infection, local
preparations in the form of creams or sprays are
used. For the systemic treatment, tablets are used.
o Systemic Mycoses: An Overview for Modern Natural Health
Professionals
By R. Thiel, Ph.D., Nutrition Scientist and Clinical
Naturopath
o MYCOLOGY - CHAPTER SEVEN,OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES,by
Dr. Art DiSalvo
o Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 6th Edition
o DermNetNZ.com
o Patient.co.uk
o http://www.healthresearch.com
o www.wikipedia.com for
mycoses,penicilliosi,aspergilliosis,candidiasis,coccidiodomyc
oses,cryptococcosis,zygomycosis.
o www.rightdiagnosis.com
o www.nytimes.com
Thank you