SUBJECT INDEX
KEYpage number font boldface main subject treatment
italic figuref figure
suffixes ff “and pages following”bold suffixes ff “main entry, and pages following”
(box) boxed itemg graphn footnotep photographr review sections screen shot (’scope or spectrum analyzer)t tabularT table
1-wire bus, see computer, data bus1/ f , see noise1T1C cell, 10192’s complement, see number, codes3-state, see logic3-terminal regulator, see voltage regulator3-way switch, see switch3.58MHz subcarrier, see video, composite6T cell, 10168b/10b code, 1041
555, see one-shot, see oscillator8051, see microcontroller
abbreviations, 1166ABEL, see programmable logic device (PLD)absolute temperature sensor, see PTAT, see
sensor, temperatureabsolute-value circuit, 257, 257, 288rabuse, see argumentac line filter, 629ff
fuse mandatory, 630ac power, see power, powerlineac power control
microcontroller, 1062–1065ac powered
dc power supply topologies, 630ac solid-state relay, see SSRacademics, 332nacceleration, see also sensor
algorithm, 1069accelerometer, see sensoracoustic ranging, 207
acquisition time, see ADC, see aperture time,see sample-and-hold
acronyms, 1166active
ballast, 113, 113, 213, 214clamp, see clampdevice, 71filter, see filterload, see also load, 85, 98, 105, 123, 147,
158, 167, 243, 266, 266, 496rectifier, see also op-amp, 238ff, 289r, 634resistor, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 257, 416,
416active-HIGH, active-LOW, see logicAdafruit, 1082, 1095rADC, see also converter, AD/DA, 879,
900–955, 1053, 1061, 1070, 1071, 1082,1087, 1095r
ac monitor, 943acquisition time, see aperture timeanalog switches in, 916application examples, 907, 910, 932, 936,
946, 987rbridge-sensor oriented, 945, 947charge redistribution, 909, 950nchoosing, 938, 987rcomparison, 938data-acquisition system (DAQ), 946–955
isolated SPI, 950multiplexed 16-channel SAR, 946ff, 948parallel 8-channel ∆Σ, 952, 954parallel 8-channel SAR, 950, 951–953
delta-sigma, see delta-sigmadifferential-input, 374, 380, 382flash, 902, 903, 903–908, 986r
driving (design example), 906, 904–907folding, 904for thermocouple, 1084half-flash, 903integrating, 912–938
as lowpass filter, 940dual-slope, 902, 914ff, 915, 986rmultislope, 902, 919, 921t, 918–922normal-mode rejection, 915powerline rejection, 915, 919single-slope, 902, 914, 914, 986r
introduction, 879–881latency time, see latencylow-power shootout, 941micropower, 916t, 941noise
filtering out-of-band, 911sampling vs integrating, 940
parallel, 903–908pipelined, 904pipelined flash, 903precision, in microcontroller, 1071resolution
effective, 935nnoise-free, 935n
RFdriving (design example), 906, 904–907
selected, 905tsequencer, 945
1194
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1195
shootout, 939tADCs, SAR vs ∆Σ, 939low-power, 941
specialty, 942, 942tsubsystem, 1084successive approximation, 902, 908, 908s,
910t, 908–912, 986rblock diagram, 911design example, 912, 910–912SPI timing, 911
switched-capacitor, see ADC, chargeredistribution
system design examples, 946–955tables, 905t, 910t, 916t, 921t, 937t, 939t,
942ttechniques, 902timing example, 1088, 1088g
pseudocode, 1089touchscreen digitizer, 944tracking, 909transformer input coupling, 382undersampling
deliberate, 907V to f , 434, 902, 912ff, 986r
nonlinearity, 914gadder, see logicadmittance, 69, 90naging
crystal, 451, 471rMOV, 632voltage reference, 683
alias, see also filter, 395, 901, 931gdigital oscilloscope, 442n, 1164in switched-capacitor filter, 417undersampling conversion, 907
AM radio, 55, 56swaveforms, 55g, 56s
amp, 2amplifier
autonulling, 298autonulling (design example), 297
input errors, 306balanced audio, 376clamping output, 383class-A, 106n, 107class-AB, 108, 108, 310class-B, 107n
distortion, 309class-D, 109, 109s, 673CMRR, 347ffcommon-base, 91, 549, 549common-emitter, 87ff, 91, 128r
biasing, 95, 96ffbootstrapping, 112bypassed emitter resistor, 96distortion, 95semitter resistor as feedback, 96gain of, 93input impedance of, 95
maximum gain of, 98nonlinearity, 94, 94–96srevisited (Ebers-Moll), 93
composite, 332, 333, 365, 543–547, 920,920slew rate of, 920vs single-stage, 546
current, see transimpedance amplifiercurrent-feedback, 375t, 378, 384–386, 513,
544current-sensing, 278difference, 348, 347–387, 390r
applications, 349ffas current source, 350, 351bandwidth, 355BJT, 102ffCMRR, 355gCMRR trim, 356, 357common-mode input range, 354configurations, 356current sensing, 349, 350filter node, 355ground-loop isolation, 349, 350, 584input impedance, 352, 354line driver, 351offset trim, 355, 357performance parameters, 352fftricks, 349
differential, 115, 124, 129r, 373ff, 375t,347–387, 390r, 1070as comparator, 105as dc amplifier, 104bandwidth, 385bias pin, 378biasing, 104BJT, 102ffchoosing, 383ffCMRR, 347, 376, 384common-mode input range, 378, 381, 384common-mode output impedance, 379common-mode output voltage, 380compensation, 378current-feedback, 375tcurrent-mirror load, 105, 105, 153, 496distortion, 386, 386gfiltering, 385gain of, 103gain setting, 384gain-setting resistor, 378input impedance, 384input impedance matching, 382input impedance of, 376JFET, 152ffno Miller effect in, 114noise, 386, 496, 520offset voltage, 384output voltage, 383phase splitter, 105settling time, 385
single-ended output, 377slew rate, 385speed, 385supply voltage, 383use with ADCs, 380, 382use with single-ended input, 376
distortionbarn-roof, 95SPICE simulation, 1148
equalization, 380, 381error, 598, 604 (box), 642, 699, 700r
in linear regulator, 597in switchmode regulator, 646, 651
fully differential, see amplifier, differentialfunnel, 376ngain, predictability of, 117general purpose, 274grounded-base, 115grounded-emitter, 94high-voltage, 209, 696hybrid, low-noise, 534input errors, 301, 388rinput impedance
effect of feedback on, 118input protection, 210instrumentation, see instrumentation
amplifierisolation, 585ff, 847
capacitive, 586JFET, 146ff
differential, 152low noise, 509–520op-amp hybrid, 151, 153g, 155g, 343,344, 534series-feedback pair, 150, 151gwith cascode, 148
laboratory, 298laboratory, general-purpose, 274logarithmic, see AoE 2nd ed., pp 212–216low-noise, 496, 498, 500, 505, 506MOSFET power, 221rnoise, see also noise, 481
in inverting amplifier, 521in noninverting amplifier, 520measurement, 555fftotal, vs Rs, 526gtotal, vs frequency, 531g
noise model, 481, 492op-amp, see op-amp
BJT hybrid, 534JFET hybrid, 153g, 534, 545low-noise, 522–524tlow-noise, choosing, 525–533single-supply, 261
operational transconductance, see OTA(operational transconductance amplifier)
output errors, 307output impedance
effect of feedback on, 119
1196 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
inductive, 120npatch clamp, 552peaking, 152, 153g, 154, 154g, 378, 385,
385gphotodiode, 233, 547, 548photomultiplier, 843piezo, 208, 209programmable gain (PGA), 946programmable-gain (PGA), 370, 370, 371tsense, 1016, 1018STM, 553summing, 234switchable gain, 182switching, 109, 109s, 673transconductance, see transconductancetransformer in feedback, 285, 536transimpedance, see transimpedance
amplifiervideo and RF, 274, 351, 374, 380, 381, 533,
862, 862voltage, 90voltage-feedback, 378wideband analog link, 352, 380world’s quietest, 505, 507g, 508t
amplitudemodulation, see modulationpeak-to-peak, 14rms, 14, 47, 68r
do not add, 479noise, 474ff, 475tsquare wave, 16
analog multiplexer, see analog switch,multiplexer, see multiplexer
analog multiplier, see multiplieranalog switch, 176t, 946
4053-style, 916ff, 917tcharge injection, see also charge injection,
176t, 180, 181gvs RON, 182g
FET, 171–184applications, 182–184capacitance, 178–181charge injection, 180CMOS, 172feedthrough, 179ggate drive, 173JFET, 172latchup, 174leakage current, 181, 256, 947, 948limitations, 174multiplexer, 173, 946nonlinearity, 177ON resistance, 171, 172, 173g, 177g,178g, 175–178protected, 175speed, 178substrate effects, 173nT-switch, 179
in ADCs, 916ff
in conversion applications, 916fflogic-family, 916ffmultiplexer, 173, 361, 361, 413, 945, 1062nonlinearity, 177transmission gate, see logic
analog vs digital, 703analog-to-digital, see ADCanti-alias, see filterantisaturation, see also comparatorantisaturation circuit, 717n, 812aperture time, 904, 911, 940
in Hororan circuit, 982jitter, 905t
apodization, 420arbitrary function generator, 18, 1152Arduino, see also microcontroller, 1053,
1087n, 1092, 1094, 1095, 1096rargument, see also abuse, see also computer,
993immediate, 993
ARM, see microcontrollerArmstrong, Edwin, 969nArt of Electronics
logo wristwatch, 448pASCII, 706ASCII code, 1039, 1040tASIC, 714, 777, 787, 788rassertion-level logic, 713assign, in Verilog, 777ASSP, 714, 788r, 1031, 1093asynchronous, see also logic, see also memory,
1016communication, 771
RS-232, 1038ffATSC, 1133, 1137nattenuator, 17
digital, 1067matched impedance, 1123, 1124t
audioanalog, 1131balanced driver, 351, 351, 376, 380, 383balanced impedances, 355nbalanced line, 348digital, 1131sampling rate, 902
autocorrelationof LSFR, 977of PRBS, 978g
autozero, see op-ampavalanche, see also MOSFET
in BJT, 982, 988rin diodes, 70rin JFETs, 199in zener diodes, 674nphotodiode, 609, 831 (box), 877
AVR, see microcontrollerAyrton-Perry winding, see Chapter 1x
backlight, see LED
balanced amplifier, see amplifierbalanced line, see audioballast, 113, 113, 138, 146, 192, 201, 214balun, 379, 380bandgap, see voltage referencebandwidth
limit, 1162, 1165narrowing, 574ff
lock-in detection, 398, 563, 576,575–578, 593r, 852lock-in modulation, 577modulation feedthrough, 577synchronous detection, 852
of difference amplifier, 355of noise, 477of op-amp, 308signal averaging, 576
bang–bang control, 608, 644n, 645, 645, 649,650, 700r, 1070
base resistance, see BJT, rbbbase spreading resistance, see BJT, rbbbaseband, 395BASIC Stamp, 1087battery, 2, 9, 686ff, 688p
alkaline, 196n, 753backup, 36characteristics, 687, 689tchoosing, 688Diehard, 983discharge curves, 687genergy density
vs capacitor, 690genergy storage
vs capacitor, 690tLi-ion
charging, 688power density
vs capacitor, 690gprimary, 686
choices, 687rechargeable, see battery, secondarysecondary, 686
charging, 687choices, 687
series resistance of, 8baud, 872Baudot, 708BCD, see numberbead, see ferriteBeagleBoard, 1053nbench instrument favorites, 1152Bessel, see filterbeta, see BJTBGA, 789rbias cancellation, see op-ampbias tee, 836bias-current cancellation, see op-ampbiasing
bad, 85, 125
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1197
of emitter follower, 83with compensated VBE drop, 97with dc feedback, 98with LED, 86n
bibliography, 1154ffbifilar, 656nbinary
number, see numbersearch, 908
biologyelectrical engineer’s view of, 805
biphase code, 1041, 1041bipolar transistor, see BJTbit
effective number of, 928, 929gerror rate, 975grooming, 1138nhidden, 1048scrambling, 975stuffing, 1041, 1044
bitstream, see delta-sigmaBJT (bipolar junction transistor), 71ff
active ballasting, 113, 113amplifier building blocks, 105ffas transconductance amplifier, 90base resistance, see BJT, rbbbase-emitter breakdown, 77n, 82, 238, 535,
815basic circuit topologies, 90basic circuits, 91beta, 72, 74g, 501, 502t, 504gcapacitance, 74t, 113ff, 114, 130r, 548ffcollector output resistance, 93ncurrent noise, 483, 493g
vs current, 484gvs frequency, 484g
current ratio, 102gcurrent sharing in, 112current source, 128rDarlington, 109ff, 129r, 610, 752, 817, 1081
beta vs current, 110gcomplementary, see Sziklai connectionoptocoupler, 845saturation, 109, 752, 752
Early effect, see Early effectEbers–Moll model, 90ff, 127remitter ballast, see ballastemitter ballasting, 113, 113, 138, 146, 192,
201, 214, 495, 508emitter follower, see emitter followeremitter impedance of, 92emitter resistance
intrinsic, 92–99, 122, 128r, 148not a real resistor, 481n
gain-bandwidth product, 549gIC vs VCE, 92improved model, 90ffinductive load, 74LED driver, 76
logic with, 123low-noise, 501t
challenge, 505ffreplace with JFET, 500selecting, 500–505, 507
low-noise amplifier, see also amplifier, 495,496, 498, 500, 505, 506challenge, 507g, 508t
low-noise design with, 492–509example, 495
low-noise dual, 502tmanufacturing spread, 508gnoise, 481ff, 591, 592r
from NF, 489–492measuring, 508model, 481, 488resistance, 494test circuit, 557vs JFET, 517
noise resistance, see noise resistanceoperating modes, 126rparalleling, 112pin labels, 126rpinouts, 72, 502polarities, 126rpower, 106tpulse generator, 458, 459srbb, 481ff, 483g, 501, 502t, 503, 505ff, 535representative, 74trules of thumb, 91, 127rsaturation, 73ff, 81, 115, 123, 165n
vs FET Ron, see MOSFET, RONsaturation current, IS, 91series connection of, 697simple model, 72
limitations of, 90single-stage voltage gain, 93n, 98, 105nstorage time, 458superbeta, 111, 252, 303t, 323, 326switch, 73ff, 91, 126, 127rSziklai connection, 110ff, 111, 129r, 148,
207, 214n, 229, 600n, 610table of, 74t, 106t, 501, 502tterminal notation, 71transconductance, 126, 127rVBE spread, 508gVBE tempco, 92voltage noise, 481ff, 493g
calculation (circuit example), 486charting, 493ff, 494, 495g, 504gfigure of merit, 505nfrom in through Rs, 483vs rbb, 483gvs current, 481–483g, 485, 486gvs frequency, 485, 486g, 504g, 519g
vs power MOSFET and IGBT, 201, 202t,208t
Black, Harold, see also feedback, 116, 118Blackman’s impedance relation, 120
Blackman-Harris, see window, samplingbleeder resistor, 211, 634blocking capacitor, see capacitorBlu-ray, 703n, 852, 992, 1135Bluetooth, 1053, 1061, 1077BNC, see connectorBode plot, 247g, 281g, 280–285, 311g, 899,
961g, 963gboost, see switchmodebootstrap, 111ff
cascode, in TIA, 550leakage cancelation, capacitor, 897of capacitor, 682, 683of collector load, 112of guard shield, 359, 548, 587of JFET drain, 343, 344of op-amp follower, 233of power supply, 359of TIA, 547, 550twin-T filter, 414
bounce, see switchboxcar integration, see bandwidth, narrowingbranch
you’re sitting on, sawing off, 1091breakdown, see also second breakdown, 627
base-emitter, 82MOSFET gate, 199
brickwall, see filterbridge, see also diode, see also rectifier
ac drive, 946amplifier for, 306, 372n, 1070converter, 656, 659, 700rdiode, 454, 612
in oscillator, 431full, see also H-bridge, 655, 889, 1077, 1085half, 655inductance, 405measurement system, 945ratiometric, 884rectifier, 630, 699r, 805
active, 634ndual-voltage input, 660
resistive, 297, 608, 945, 1070strain gauge, 347, 364, 941switch configuration, 206, 655Wheatstone, 123Wien, 436ff, 437, 438, 452t, 847
brownout, 1064buck, see switchmodebuffer
logic, 23, 218tring, 747nunity-gain, 275, 311, 588, 843
bulk capacitor, see capacitor, storageburn-in, 683burst mode, 643nbus, see also computer, 1029t
multidrop, 990point-to-point, 990
1198 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
Butterworth, see filterbyte, 706, 990
cablecat-5, 352, 380, 381, 864, 1117cat-6, 352, 864coax, 380, 1116–1122
counterwound helix, 1130p, 1130sdriving with logic, 859, 859s, 860, 860s,861s, 862, 862s, 863, 863s, 864s,858–864, 1120driving with video, 862pre-emphasis, 864reflections, 859, 859s, 860, 860s, 861s,862, 862s, 863, 863s, 864s, 858–864,1116g, 1118, 1119sterminating, 859, 859s, 860, 860s, 861s,862, 862s, 863, 863s, 864s, 858–864,1117ffvideo, 1140
differential, 864–870digital signals through, 856ff, 877rdriving, 856ff, 877requalization, 864pre-emphasis, 864shielded, see also cable, coax, 587STP, 864television, 1134terminated
capacitance disappears, 860termination
back, 739, 862, 1118, 1122double-ended, 861, 1122far end, 860series, 739, 862, 1118
twisted-pair, 864–870UTP, 352, 864velocity factor, 1117
calculus, 1099calibration
data in EEPROM, 1067CALL, 996CAN bus, see also computer, data bus, 1043,
1043ff, 1044, 1061, 1081isolated, 1045levels, 1044
capacitance, see also BJT; FET; JFETbootstrapped, 542, 548CMOS switch, 178ffdisappears in terminated cable, 860, 1116effective power-dissipation, 754equivalent (switching), 719feedback, see also Miller effect, 113gate, 197g, 197isolation, 843, 849JFET, 153, 157, 164, 170JFET switch, 178ffjunction, 114, 130r, 153, 157
MOSFET, 164, 165, 187, 188–191t, 197g,197ff, 205
multiplier, 537, 557, 578, 579gof analog switch, 178–181of current source, 150nof op-amp, 532power-dissipation, 719, 719gsensor, 1086transmission line, 1116fftrimmer, see trimmer
capacitivecoupling, 581isolator, 586
capacitive load, see loadcapacitor, 18ff, 20p, 68r
active, 645nair, 326as microphone, 682nblocking, 19, 43, 69r
in H-bridge, 659bootstrap to suppress leakage, 682, 683bulk, see capacitor, storagebypass, 19, 54, 69r, 222, 758, 759, 857, 1056
resonances, 857nceramic, 438
ESR and stability, 561, 617ncompensation, 283, 307, 308, 700rcurrent through, 19, 46dielectric absorption, 28, 300, 301g, 326,
388r, 422, 915, 920digital, 1082double-layer, see AoE 2nd ed., pp 820, 934,
689electrolytic, 20p, 232n, 301g, 393, 579, 599,
633ff, 661, 690t, 856dc coupling eliminates, 496
energy densityvs battery, 690g
energy storagevs battery, 690t
energy storage in, 19, 671, 688ESL, 28, 646ESR, 28, 561, 599n, 611, 646, 671, 689
filter attenuation, effect on, 393gincreased ripple from, 639n
film, 19, 20p, 279, 300, 326, 422, 438, 631pflying
driving MOSFETs, 822, 847in power conversion, 184, 638ff
HV discharge circuit, 211international notation, 5nleakage, 260, 300, 682, 683, 897
bootstrap cure, 897leakage compensation, 298, 298Miller, 282, 283, 597multiplier, see capacitancemylar, 19, 20pnon-ideal, 28, 388r
in filter, 392
parallel, 21piezoelectric effect in, 682npower density
vs battery, 690gpowerline rated, 631, 631p, 664p, 668, 671
discharge resistor, 632RC circuit, 21ffreactance of, 42, 45, 49greactive current, 47gripple current, see also current, 634, 635s,
659series, 21speedup, 74n, 808sstorage, 32, 55, 69r, 665, 699r
ripple current, 634storage, in power supply, 633super, 689surface-mount, 20p, 65, 66p, 758, 759switched, see filter, switched-capacitorswitched, filter, 415ff, 436timing, 55, 69rtypes, 20variable, 64“X” and “Y” types, see capacitor, powerline
ratedCAPZero, 632CAS, 1020cascode, 102, 114, 115, 146, 148ff, 345, 369,
377, 502, 534, 544, 548, 549, 550folded, 149, 377, 498, 537in TIA, 548inverted, see cascode, foldedregulated (RGC), 551, 552regulator, for HV, 693series, for HV, 697
catalogs, 1153cathode
ray tube (CRT), 1142CD audio, 902CDMA, 975CDR, 971ceramic resonator, 450, 1063cesium, see oscillator, atomicCFB, see op-amp, current feedbackchain rule, 1100charge
injectionin autozero op-amp, 334, 339
integrator (Coulomb counter), see also AoE2nd ed., pp 640–643, 933
MOSFET gate, 197g, 198s, 221rpump, see also capacitor, flying, see also
switchmode, 175n, 183, 638, 699r, 872redistribution
ADC, 909, 950ncharge injection
absence of, 843in ADC, 911
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1199
in analog switch, 176t, 180, 181g, 300, 947,948nvs RON, 182g
in integrator, 918in sample-and-hold, 256gin switched-capacitor filter, 418
charge transfer, see charge injectionChebyshev, see filterchoke, see also inductor, 29
common-mode, 585chopper, see op-ampchrominance, see video, compositecigar, see cigarcircuit
BJT, basic, 90, 91breaker, 630diagram
how to draw, 1101ffintegrated, see IClinear, 14loading, see loadingparallel, 2RC
discharge waveform, 21gThevenin simplification, 23
resistorshortcuts, 6
resonant, 52ffseries, 2
parallel, 5resistor, 5
clamp, see also SCR, 257active, 257active reset, in SMPS, 657diode, 36input transient, in SMPS, 669op-amp, 912, 913power supply, 692
Clapp, see oscillatorclearance, 663, 663clipping, 81clock
and data recovery (CDR), 971feedthrough, 417generation with PLL, 972inputs and hysteresis, 808real-time, 1061, 1084recovery, 1037skew, 757, 757, 759
clock skew, see also logicCMOS, see analog switch, see logic, see
op-amp, see oscillatorCMRR, 103, 388r, 515, 583
and source impedance, 365at high-frequency, preserving, 359differential amplifier, 376ground-loop isolation, 583instrumentation amplifier, 364, 364g, 367
vs frequency, 364
trim, 356, 361, 515coax, see cable
digital signals through, 1116ffdriving, 1116ff
codec, 1140ncoil driver, precision, 897, 898cold atoms, 365Coldfire, see microcontrollercollector, see also BJT
open, see open collectorsaturation, 73ff
color burst, see video, compositecommand bit, see computer, programmed IOcommand register, see computer, programmed
IOcommon-mode, see also amplifier, see also
choke, see also comparator, see alsoop-amp, see also transmission line,differential
pickup, see also CMRR, 583torture test, 866s, 869s
common-mode rejection ratio, see CMRRcompact disc (CD), 992, 1131Compact Flash, 1061comparator, see also Schmitt trigger, 23, 129r,
173, 173, 236, 267, 289r, 700r, 812t, 813t,809–817, 876r, 1061, 1081
antisaturation circuit, 812cautions, 816digital magnitude, 728, 728driving logic from, 806ffhysteresis
internal, 815input
common-mode range, 812input characteristics, 812ffinput current, 814, 814ginput stage, 814output current, 811, 811goutput stage, 811output swing, 810response time, 816gsaturation voltage, 811gschematic, LM393, 270speed, 815supply voltage, 815voltage
differential, 815offset, 812
window, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 669, 429with hysteresis, 237without hysteresis, 237zero-crossing, see zero-crossing
compensationactive
of op-amp phase error, 314, 315g, 315tdominant-pole, 282ffof transimpedance amplifier (TIA), 537,
539ff, 540–542g, 545
pole-zero, 284, 545complex
conjugate, 1098numbers, 1097plane, 1098
compliance, see also current source, 8components
best avoided, 63pconfusing markings, 65pitty-bitty, 65p, 269, 627p, 712n, 821npassive, 56ffthrough-hole, 65, 196, 268, 269, 432n, 500,
601, 603, 617, 714, 715, 715p, 720, 769,772, 782, 785, 786, 788, 789r
where to buy, 1150composite amplifier, see amplifier, compositecomposite video, see video, compositecompression, 1136
artifacts, 1137nbitrate reduction, 1137lossless, 1137lossy, 1137
computer, see also microcontroller, 1053architecture, 990–993
Harvard, 991von Neumann, 991
assembly language, 993, 1087BASIC, 1087block diagram, 991bus-oriented, 991C/C++, 1087CPU, 990data bus, 990, 992, 1029t, 1049r
1-wire, 1035, 1036, 10822-wire, 1061ADDRESS, 992, 997ATA, 1027, 1062bidirectional, 1001bridge, 1089CAN bus, 1043, 1043ff, 1044, 1045,1050r, 1061contention, 721control lines, 992DATA, 992, 997differential, 1031nEISA, 1027neSATA, 1028, 1037, 1050rEthernet, 1045ff, 1050r, 1053, 1061Fastbus, 1027nFireWire, 1042, 1050rFirewire, 871n, 992, 1027Front Side, 990nFuturebus, 1027nGPIB, 1031, 1050rI2C, 1034, 1034ff, 1035, 1036, 1051r,1053, 1061, 1095rI2C vs SPI, 1035IDE, 1027, 1050r, 1062IEEE-488, 1031
1200 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
ISA, 990nJTAG, 1036, 1036, 1051rMicroChannel, 1027nMultibus, 1027nmultidrop, 1014, 1027NuBus, 1027noverview, 1027parallel, 1027, 1028, 1050rPATA, 1027, 1031, 1050rPC104/ISA, 992, 1012, 1027, 1044, 1049rPCI, 990n, 992, 1027, 1030, 1050r, 1053,1061PCIe, 990n, 992, 1027, 1030, 1037, 1041,1044, 1050r, 1053, 1061PCMCIA, 1044, 1053, 1061PLD address decoder, 1000point-to-point, 1027printer port (Centronics), 1031Q-bus, 1027nread cycle, see memoryRS-232, 771, 804, 1027, 1051rSAS, 1027, 1028, 1037, 1050rSATA, 1027, 1031, 1037, 1041, 1050r,1053, 1062SCSI, 1031serial, 1027, 1032–1046signals, 1013t, 997–1013signals, summary of, 1012SPI, 1032, 1032ff, 1033, 1036, 1051r,1053, 1061, 1095rSPI vs I2C, 1035STD bus, 1027nSTROBE, 997Unibus, 990n, 1027nUSB, 871n, 992, 1027, 1042, 1042, 1044,1050r, 1053, 1059, 1061, 1062VAX BI, 1027nwrite cycle, see memory
direct memory access (DMA), 1010, 1050rflags, 990, 1049rIBM650, 1ninstruction, 990instruction decoder, 990, 1049rinstruction set, 1049r
addressing modes, 994argument, 993jump, 996POP, 995PUSH, 995subroutine, 996, 997x86, simplified, 994t, 993–997
interrupt, 1005–1010, 1050racknowledgment, 1009autovectored, 1009handler, 1006, 1064, 1096rhardware, 1006mask, 1010polling, 1008shared, 1008
software, 1010Java, 1088keyboard bus interface, 1002, 1003, 1005,
1006machine language, 993mass memory, 991memory, see also memory, 991, 1014–1027,
1051r, 1061cache, 991, 1049rread cycle, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022SD, 1061write cycle, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022
multidrop bus, 1014number storage in memory, 1048object code, 993, 996PC104, 997p, 1013, 1014, 1015p
signals, summary of, 1012port, 992program
counter, 990, 1049rexample, 996
programmed IO, 998–1005command bit, 1050rcommand register, 1004data in, 1001data out, 998, 999read cycle, 1001, 1049rstatus bit, 1002, 1050rstatus register, 1002write cycle, 998, 1049r
progress in, 990ppseudo-op, 996Python, 1088real-time IO, 992register, 990, 994, 1049rSBC, 997p, 1013serial port, 1038software interrupt, 1010source code, 996stack, 995
pointer, 990, 995, 1049rsubroutine, 996, 997terminology, 989UART, see UARTword, 990xy vector display, 999, 999
block diagram, 1000conductance, 6conduction
angle, 613, 631, 633, 635, 662scontinuous mode, 637n, 642, 644ffdiscontinuous mode, 637n, 642, 645, 666
confusion central, 65pconnector
audio, 62pavoid these, 63pbanana, 61pBNC, 56, 59, 62p, 264, 1116
insulated, 274, 275, 555, 583, 805
card-edge, 61circular, 61pDIN, 61pDisplayPort, 1145DVI, 1145HDMI, 1144Lemo, 61, 62pMHV, 62pmicrophone, 61pMicrotech EP-7S, 61pminiDIN, 61p, 1144MS, 61pmultipin, 61phono, 63pphotographs of, 60–62p, 1144ppin jack, 61pRCA, 62p, 1143rectangular, 60pRF and shielded, 62pRJ45, 1064SC (fiber), 62pshielded-cable, 59SHV, 62pSMA, 62pSMB, 62pST (fiber), 62p, 841pSupericon, 61pTNC, 62ptype N, 62ptype-F, 63pUHF, 62, 63pvideo, 1143ff, 1144pXLR, 61, 62p, 348
continuous mode, see conduction, seeswitchmode
controlbang–bang, 608, 644n, 645, 645, 649, 650,
700r, 1070proportional, 1070
control loopblock diagram, 1069PID, 1069
converter, see also ADC, see also DAC, seealso power, 30
AD/DAerrors, 880linearity, 899performance parameters, 879–880, 985
power, see power supply, see switchmode,see voltage regulatorboost, see also switchmode, 30buck, see also switchmode, 30charge-pump, 183flying-capacitor, 183
time-to-amplitude, see also AoE 2nd ed.,p 1035, 914
V to f , 912nonlinearity, 914g
correlated double sampling, 553, 571n
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1201
coulomb, see also charge, integrator, 2, 18counter, 933
counter, see also logic, 733timing with, 465
cowspherical, 804
cPLD, see programmable logic device (PLD)creepage, 663, 663, 664crest factor, 568, 981crossover distortion, see distortioncrossover, input, see op-ampcrosstalk, 581, 588crowbar, see also voltage regulator, 598
overvoltage, 598, 672, 690ff, 691, 700r, 702rcrystal, see oscillatorCuk converter, see switchmodeCUPL, see programmable logic device (PLD)current, 1, 68r
class-A, 754, 1073comparator input, 814, 814gcomparator output, 811, 811gconveyor, 99critical, in SMPS, see switchmodedark, 537n, 1059defined, 2differential drive, 865discontinuity
in switchmode converters, 649, 651divider, 698dynamic, 164, 186, 186, 793
of digital logic, 186, 186, 719feedback, see feedbackgate leakage, 163impact-ionization, 164input
of digital logic, 795of instrumentation amplifier, 362of op-amp, 244
inrush, 637, 651, 661, 668Junction leakage, 253junction leakage, 70r, 91, 109Kirchhoff’s current law, 2leakage, see also analog switch, FET, see
also capacitor, see also FET, gate current,see also FET, leakage, see also JFET, gatecurrent, see also MOSFET, gate leakage,see also op-amp, input current, 163g, 327cancelling, 894CMOS logic, 463, 466, 795diode, 70r, 160, 294, 294n, 634FET, 163floating gate, 1023gold doping, 458guarding, 572, 573n, 587JFET, 163measuring, 299nMOSFET, 163PCB, 554nphotodiode, 841, 877r
PIN diode, 497, 500ridiculously low, 1023, 1025solid-state relay, 1062specifications too conservative, 296, 388r,1055n
limiting, 286, 351, 597, 700r, 823, 824foldback, 286, 693, 694, 694g, 823, 824,824gof outboard pass transistor, 695
load-sensing, 277loop, 1038, 1084mirror, see current mirrormode, see switchmodenoise, see noiseprobe, 1161pulsation in SMPS, 650, 651pulsation in switchmode converters, 649quiescent, 83
BJT, 84ffblocking capacitor preserves, 182JFET, 145, 156lateral MOSFET, 215of logic families, 719stabilized with emitter resistor, 96
reactive, 41ripple, 634, 635s
in boost converter, 647in bridge converter, 659in buck converter, 644in storage capacitor, 634in zener bias, 598
saturation, 132, 165nsensing, 278, 349, 350, 365, 754, 760shoot-through, 186, 186, 222, 660, 754, 760,
760g, 856, 942nshunt, 277, 365, 944, 944source, see current sourcespy, 754, 754steering, see also DAC
sawtooth generator, 917suppression, 573transfer ratio, 844, 1062transformer, 944, 944transient
output-stage, 856current limiting, see also power supply, see
also voltage regulator, linear, see alsovoltage regulator
current mirror, 99, 100, 101ff, 123, 124, 128r,146, 369, 431, 960
active load, 105, 153, 496, 544compliance, 101, 104Early effect in, 101
fix, 102, 102, 148IC, 622input offset adjust, 244VCO programming, 960Wilson, 102, 102, 146, 546
current source, 8, 85ff, 431, 620ff, 623g, 702r
2-terminal, 6223-terminal regulator as, 620, 620, 621gbandwidth of, 254bipolarity, see also current source, Howland,
229, 230, 894, 896BJT, 85, 87, 91, 146, 534compliance, 8, 27, 28, 86, 895deficiencies of, 87depletion-mode
FET as, 211, 622, 623g, 696difference amplifier as, 350, 351discrete, 622floating, 895, 894–897high voltage, 622, 696high-voltage floating, 897Howland, 229, 230IC, 621, 622ginstrumentation amplifier as, 367JFET, 142, 623gJFET and BJT compared, 145nanoamp
programmable wide-compliance, 894,896pulsed, 555
noise of, 487ffop-amp, 228–230, 242, 254, 344, 367, 622,
623, 895oscillation in, 442output resistance, 93nprecision, 351, 367, 897, 898resistor as, 85slew rate of, 367symbols, 9transistor, see current source,
BJT/JFET/depletion-modecurrent transformer, see transformercurve tracer, 1115cut-and-try, 597, 835, 963
DAC, see also converter, AD/DA, 879,881–900, 1053, 1061, 1065, 1081, 1095r
1-bit, see delta-sigmaapplication examples, 891–899, 985raudio, 939tcharge redistribution, 904, 909, 909, 911choosing, 891, 986rcode-change glitch, 892current-steering, 883, 883–886, 985r
generating voltage output from, 885, 885delta-sigma, see delta-sigmaexemplary, six, 886, 887, 889tfor DDS, 1065for offset correction, 949for zero correction, 949frequency-to-voltage, 890, 985rintroduction, 879–881multiplying, 413, 884, 894t, 985rPWM as, 888, 888, 890, 985rPWM to, converter, 889
1202 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
R−2R, 882, 883, 985rresistor string, 881, 882, 985rselected, 893tswitched-capacitor, 904, 909tables, 889t, 893, 894ttypes, 985rvideo, 885, 1086
Darlington, see BJTphoto, 842
data bus, see bus, see computerdata-acquisition system, see ADCdatasheet
too big, 1063ndB, 15ff, 68r, 351
desert island, 15dB per octave, 51–52dB$ , 15ndBm, 15dc
blocking capacitor, 43power switching, 202restoration, 37supply splitter, 262
dc-dc converter, see power supply, seeswitchmode
DCE, 1038DDR, 1021DDR2, 1021DDR3, 1021DDR4, 1021DDS, see also oscillator, 1066, 1067
phase control, 1068debouncer, see also switch, 1064debugging
microcontroller, in-circuit, 1092decibel, see dBdecoder, see logicdecompensated, see op-ampdegeneration, see emitter, see sourcedelay equalizer, 415delay line
lumped element, 1126, 1128p, 1129impedance of, 1127
transmission line, 1128p, 1130sdelay time, of filter, 400delta-sigma, 902, 987r
20-bit ADC, 934, 93424-bit ADC, 934, 936, 936, 937, 937ADC, 935t, 922–941
digital filter in, 924, 926micropower, 941
application examples, 932ffaudio ADC, 902n, 937tblock diagram, 924charge integrator, 933DAC, 888, 930, 931, 938, 985rdemystifying, 923–930dynamic range, 925
vs OSR and m, 929g
ENOB, 928, 929geven simpler, 932fast multichannel IC, 955, 956idle tones, 931, 932, 932t
mitigating, 932simulation, 933g
“industrial” ADC, 936, 937magic in the modulator, 927microcontroller, implemented with, 932, 933modulator, 924, 925
higher order, 928, 929monotonicity, 931noise shaping, 927g, 927ffpowerline rejection, 953–955, 955gpro-audio ADC, 936, 940pros and cons, 931ffsimplest, 922simulation, 929g, 930g, 928–930spectrum, 930gsuntan monitor, 922ffthe paradox, 924time delay, 931vs the competition, 938
DeMorgan’s theorem, 713depletion mode, see current source, see
MOSFETderivative, 1099desaturation protection, 847, 847desensitivity, 117, 118design review, 1059Designs by the masters
instrumentation amplifier, 359Keysight’s multislope converters, 919,
918–922nanoamp programmable current source, 896paralleling MOSFETs, 213, 214powerline SMPS, 595p, 667s, 665–672precision DMM, 342ffSR560 preamp, 512ff, 514
desoldering stationfavorite, 1152
detectorAM, 970demodulation, 969FM, 969homodyne, 970optical, see optoelectronicsphase, see PLLquadrature FM, 969
device programmer, 769diac, 428diagram, ugly, 1102Dicke switch, 577dielectric
absorption, see also capacitor, 300, 301gconstant, 18, 1116isolation, 175
difference amplifier, see amplifier, see op-ampdifferential, see also amplifier
cable, 864–870logic signal, 705noutput, creating, 372, 373pseudo, 583, 947signal, 347ff
differential amplifier, see amplifierconfigurations, 376–378
differentiation, 1099differentiator
bridged, 415op-amp, 260RC, 25, 26s, 51
digital, see also logicconquest over analog, history of, 703, 703nfiltering, 419measurement, 140gmeets analog, 879–988multimeter, 10potentiometer, 63, 184signal processing (DSP), 418ff
sampling, 419television
broadcast, 1138cable, 1138satellite, 1139spectrum, 1136s
vs analog, 703digital-to-analog, see DACDIN
rail mount, 686diode, see also rectifier, 12, 31, 31ff, 70r
AND gate, 711as log converter, 37back, see also diode, tunnel, see AoE 2nd
ed., pp 49, 891, 904bridge, 431catch, 642clamp, 36current-regulator, 143g, 623gdrop compensation, 35fast recovery, 671fault protection, 606, 607, 619forward current, 294, 295gforward drop, 31freewheeling, 642gate, 36I vs V , 92inductive clamp, 38input protection, 37, 37, 159, 160, 210, 266,
269, 294, 362, 362, 532, 804JFET as, 294laser, see laser diodeleakage current, see current, leakageLED, see optoelectronicslimiter, 37MOSFET body, 199operating point, 1112photo, 537n, 539, 841, 841p, 842
amplifier, 547, 548
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1203
wideband amplifier, 540PIN, 837pprotection array, 805representative, 32treverse current, see current, leakagereverse recovery, 634, 635n, 670, 671Schottky, 32t, 35, 199n, 222, 608, 634, 642,
643, 645–649, 651, 655, 657, 665, 666,671, 696, 717, 757, 792, 912, 913protection with, see input, see op-amp,input protection
suppression, 75tunnel, 7, 1113varactor, 64, 435, 440, 441, 960, 969, 971
capacitance vs voltage, 441gzener, see also voltage reference, 12ff, 82,
199, 670, 674, 696–698, 7013-terminal, 680as voltage regulator, 595biasing, 675buried, 546compensated, 674dissipation, 82drift, 675dynamic resistance, 13, 675gfor crowbar, 690IC, 676fflow voltage, 13gnoise, 676nprogrammable, 677t, 680tempco, 675gthe astonishing LTZ1000, 675
DIP (dual in-line package), see IC, packagesdirect digital synthesis, see oscillator, DDSdirect memory access, see computerdischarge
curves, of battery, 687gof high-voltage supply, 211RC, 21
discontinued parts, 273 (box)discontinuous mode, see conduction, see
switchmodedisplay
LCDinterface timing, 1028
xy vectorinterface, 999, 999
display devices, see optoelectronicsDisplayPort, see connectordistortion, see also op-amp, distortion
barn-roof, 95, 95scrossover, 286, 309, 311
effect of feedback, 235sin push-pull follower, 107
of differential amplifier, 386, 386gof filtered sinewave, 436of modified sinewave, 674of op-amp, 329ff, 331, 332g
rail-to-rail, 318
of phase-shift oscillator, 439of photoconductive cell, 437of switched-capacitor sinewave, 436of Wien-bridge oscillator, 437, 438test circuit, 332ultra-low, oscillator, 437, 438
dithering, 382n, 636s, 658t, 968, 969divider
Kelvin-Varley, see AoE 2nd ed., p 1025voltage, 7
DMM, 10, 1152Agilent’s accurate, 342ff
block diagram, 343current sink, 344front end, 343, 344gain block, 345ranging, 345
favorites, 1152Dobkin, Bob, 604 (box), 679dogs, 63pdominant pole
compensation, 282ffdouble buffering, 1000doughnut, 29DPCP, 1145drain, see also FET, see also JFET, see also
MOSFETopen, see open-drainoutput impedance, see JFET, output
conductance, see JFET, output resistanceDRAM, see computer, see memory, dynamicdry switching, see switchDSL, 1141DTE, 1038DTL, see logicdual-slope
conversion, see ADCdual-tracking, see voltage regulatorduty cycle, 643duty-cycle
limiting, 465DVD, 703n, 852, 992, 1135DVI, see also connector, 1062dynamic RAM, see memorydynamic range
of delta-sigma converter, 925of numbers, 1048of switched-capacitor filters, 418vs precision, 292
Early effect, 92, 93n, 99, 99n, 101g, 127r, 151nconfigurations that avoid, 102, 127r, 148in current mirror, 101
Early voltage, see voltage, 502Ebers–Moll model, see also BJT, 90ffECL, see logicEden
garden of, 549edge
detector, 26leading, 25trailing, 25triggered, 458ff, 957, 1010
flip-flop, see logicEEPOT, see also potentiometer, 63, 1067EEPROM, see memoryegg
Easter, see if you can find all eightelectrical engineer
view of biology, 805electrical tape, 63pelectrolytic capacitor, see capacitorelectromagnetic interference, see EMIelectrometer, 10n, 259, 297, 570ffelectromotive force, see EMFelectrostatic discharge, see ESDelliptic filter, see filterEMF, 2
back, 28EMI, 649, 668
in instrumentation amplifiers, 365emitter, see also BJT, see also optoelectronics
degeneration, 88, 96, 98, 116, 126r, 128,129r, 308, 502
emitter ballast resistor, see BJT, see resistoremitter follower, see also BJT, 79, 79–85, 91,
128rability to source/sink, 81ac coupled, 84as voltage regulator, 82base-emitter breakdown, 77nbiasing, 83cancelling offset, 85, 87current flow in, 81example, 84gain, 93impedances of, 80JFET current-sink pulldown, 144noise of, 487ffoutput impedance, 84output impedance of, 94push-pull, 81, 106–108revisited (Ebers-Moll), 93with split supplies, 84
en, see noise, density, voltage, see noiseen-C, see transimpedance amplifierencoder, see also logic
flash, 903Gray code, 708keyboard, 803logic, 727quadrature, 844protary, 844p, 852, 1066video, 1030, 1030
energydensity
battery vs capacitor, 690gin capacitor, 19
1204 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
in inductor, 28storage
battery vs capacitor, 690tENOB (effective number of bits), 900, 905t,
928, 929g, 985renvelope, 54, 55, 55g, 55s, 970, 973, 974, 978,
979, 1163EPROM, see memoryequalization, see also amplifier, 40g, 223, 284,
380, 381, 864, 870, 870, 871s, 873gequivalent series inductance, see capacitor, see
resistorequivalent series resistance, see capacitorerror
budget, 293, 295–299, 307, 388rcomponent, 299, 388r
eSATA, see computer, data busESD, see also human body model, see also
spike, 200, 200t, 804input protection, 258, 362
ESL, see capacitor, see resistorESR, see capacitorEthernet, see also computer, data bus, 867,
992, 1027, 1041, 1045ff, 1061, 1064,1081, 1089, 1095r
3-level signaling in, 1040n, 10464b/5b coding in, 1040n, 10468b/10b coding in, 1041, 1046Manchester coding in, 1040power over (PoE), 1046n
Euler, Leonhard, 1098excluded state, see logicexclusive-OR, see logic, gateseye diagram, 870, 870, 871, 872s, 975, 988r,
1027, 1028s
failurepattern sensitive, 857
fan, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 858, 627fanout, see logicfarad, 18feature size
scaling, 793nfeedback, 115ff, 130r, 223ff
BJT examples, 121Blackman’s impedance relation, 120closed-loop gain, 117compensation, 120current, see also op-amp, 118–120, 150,
308, 378, 513, 521, 524t, 527, 544, 593effect on amplifier circuits, 117ffeffect on input impedance, 118effect on output impedance, 119gain equation, 116improved frequency response, 118in PLL, 960, 961loading by the feedback network, 120nonlinear, 276nonlinear control, 1075
output-current sensing, 120PID, 1069, 1069, 1074, 1077
circuit, 1075convergence, 1076gtuning, 1069, 1074
predictability of gain, 117series, 118shunt, 119split, 263, 286, 913stability, 120
in switchmode converters, 650with inductive load, 899
ferrite, 29, 29p, 51, 579, 581, 584, 585, 655,670
bead, 51, 212, 366, 582, 669–672, 696–698,921
FET, see also JFET, MOSFET, 115, 131ffanalog switch, see analog switchbasic circuits, 140capacitance, 132, 148, 163, 164, 170, 178,
187, 188–191t, 192ff, 194, 197ff, 202t,204, 206t, 207, 222, 511, 516t, 662, 670
depletion-modeas current source, see also current source,622
drain characteristics, 137g, 137, 139gdynamic gate current, 164enhancement and depletion, 135, 219rfamily tree, 134, 136gate current, 163, 220rgate drive, 137gate leakage current, 163, 303Gmax, 141tinterdigitation, 140JFET and MOSFET, 134leakage, 530
circuit cure for, 259fflinear region, 137, 137g, 220rlinear switch, see analog switchmanufacturing spread, 140g, 138–140, 145g,
157, 158, 169, 169gmatching, 139operating regions, 219rpolarities, 131, 136, 219rprobe, 810pquadratic region, 132, 137, 137g, 138, 147,
165ffresistive region, 132saturation current, IDSS, 136, 139g, 361saturation region, 132, 137g, 137, 147,
165ff, 219rsimilarity to BJT, 132square law, 137ff, 165subthreshold region, 138, 139g, 166, 167g,
168, 220rswitch, 132, 171, 220rtempco of ID, 138g, 138nterminal nomenclature, 131
threshold voltage (Vth), 136n, 137ff, 137,138g, 147
transconductance (gm), 132, 141t, 146, 219rtransfer characteristics, 135g, 137g, 139g,
142gtypes, 134V−I curves, 132, 133gVGS spread, 140g
FEXT (far-end crosstalk), 581FFT, 422, 560sfiber optics, 852ff, 853p, 877r
integrated transceiver, 853p, 855, 856ST/SC, 853p, 855TOSLINK (EIAJ), 852, 853, 853p, 854sVersatile Link, 853p, 854
field-effect transistor, see FETFIFO, see logicfilter
active, 396–399, 405–415, 423rbandpass, 411fflowpass, 241, 400ffSallen and Key, 242guniversal, 416, 417, 417, 418
allpass, 415analog FIR, 983anti-alias, 395, 901ffattenuation
degraded by ESR, 393gbandpass
noise bandwidth, 564t, 565gBessel, 402g, 403, 409g, 423r
VCVS, 408biquad, 411, 423rbrickwall, 391g, 477, 902
equivalent bandwidth, 477, 561, 561,563ff
bridged differentiator, 415Butterworth, 401, 401, 402g, 409g, 423r,
902LC, 1109ff, 1110tVCVS, 408
Cauer, 402characteristics, 400, 401g, 423rChebyshev, 401, 402g, 409g, 423r
phase and amplitude, 400gVCVS, 408vs RC, 396g
comparison, 402gcontinuous-time, 397, 406, 423rdelay equalizer, 415delay time, 400digital, 419ff, 424r
in delta-sigma, 924, 926of PRBS, 979response, 421g
discrete-time, 418, 423reco-friendly, 1073effect of component tolerances, 402geffect of non-ideal capacitors, 392
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1205
electrically tunable, 412elliptic, 402, 403g, 1068equiripple, 401, 402finite-impulse-response (FIR), 419, 421g,
424rfrequency response
comparison, 409gfrequency-domain characteristics, 399Gaussian, 404highpass
approximate, 43exact, 48VCVS, 408
implementation, 405–418, 423rinductorless, see filter, activeinfinite-impulse-response (IIR), 419, 424rLC, 54g, 54p, 55s, 393, 423r
brickwall bandwidth, 561multisection, 394
linear-phase, 400, 404linearity, 422lowpass
after transimpedance amplifier, 542anti-alias, 395approximate, 42dc-accurate, 418exact, 50FIR, 420IIR, 420in switching amplifier, 109, 673of PRBS, 979VCVS, 407
maximally flat, 401multiple-feedback, 413
effect of op-amp Zout, 414gnode of difference amplifier, 355noise bandwidth, 564t, 565gnotch, 53g, 414, 423rovershoot, 400passive, 391–396, 423rperformance parameters, 399phase shift, 404gphase-sequence, 455, 456, 456gpower-supply, 32, 699rpowerline, see also ac line filter, 631RC highpass, 69r
approximate, 43exact, 48
RC lowpass, 69rapproximate, 42gexact, 50phase shift of, 50gphasor diagram, 51switchable, 182
RC, 402g, 423rbrickwall bandwidth, 561loading by, 44phase shift, 393gresponse, 392g
worst-case impedance of, 44recursive, 419ringing, 400ripple, 399rise time, 400Sallen and Key, 399, 409, 423rsettling time, 400skirt, 399specifying, 403gstate-variable, 410ff, 423r
bandpass, 411step response, 405g, 406t
comparison, 405g, 406tswitched-capacitor, 397, 406, 415ff, 423,
424r, 436advantages, 416configurations, 417drawbacks, 417noise, 418gsine from square, 436, 436s
Thomson, 403time delay, 404gtime-domain characteristics, 400tracking, 436, 577twin-T, 414, 423rtypes, 400ffVCVS, 407, 408, 408t, 407–410, 423r
effect of op-amp Zout, 414ghighpass, 408
finite state machine (FSM), see logicFIR, see filter, digitalFireWire, see computer, data busfirmware, 1056first-in, first-out, see logicflash
conversion, see ADCmemory, see memory
flicker, see also noise, 1/ fof ADC code, 935
flip-flop, see logicfloating gate, see memory, non-volatile, see
voltage reference, MOSFET floating gatefloating point, see numberflowchart, 1056fluctuation-dissipation theorem, 475flyback, see inductor, see switchmodeflying
amplifier, 367capacitor, see capacitor
foldback, see power supply, see voltageregulator
follower, see emitter follower, see op-amp, seesource follower
forgettory, 991forward
converter, see switchmodeFourier transform, 395nFPGA, 788, 789r, 1031, 1036, 1053n, 1060,
1090p, 1093, 1096
frequencyanalysis of reactive circuits, 41ffangular, 14beat, 973, 974compensation, 280ff
in linear regulator, 597dithering, 649n, 969intermediate (IF), 562, 1139log sweep, 1069modulation, see modulationmultiplier, 961, 962shifting, 395spurs, 966, 967, 971, 1066, 1067synthesis, 394, 451, 471r, 966–969synthesizer, 17, 1082, 1152
microcontroller, 1065–1069to voltage converter, 890translation, 562unity-gain, see op-amp
fT , see op-amp, gain vs frequency, see op-amp,unity-gain frequency
full duplex, 1033, 1042, 1051function generator, 17
arbitrary, 18favorites, 1152low-distortion, 1152
fuse, 630, 699rrating, 631
GaAs, 135n, 793, 841pgain
amplifier, see amplifier, see BJT, see JFET,see op-amp
loop, see loop gainGAL, see programmable logic device (PLD)galvanic isolation, 843, 873
CAN bus, 1045Garwin, R. L., 571ngate
charge, see JFET, see MOSFETdelay
vs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g
input current, 795glogic
as pulse generator, 459CMOS, 185
speedvs power, 719g, 792gvs voltage, 719g, 794g
universal, 715, 717Gaussian, see filter, see noiseGBW, see BJT, gain-bandwidth product, see
op-amp, gain vs frequencygeneralized impedance converter, 398
op-amp bandwidth, effect on, 399gGilbert cell, 162glitch, see also logic, see also runt pulse, 738
ground-bounce, 856
1206 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
in 555 output, 429in active clamp, 238in analog switch, 180in counter, 743sin crowbar, 691in DAC, 882, 892, 893t, 939in logic MUX, 756in logic one-shot, 463, 759in logic race, 738with slow transitions, 808
GLONASS, 451nglossary, 1166GPIB, see computer, data busGPIO, 1084GPS, 451, 1053, 1061Gray code, 708
binary conversion, 711ground, 2
bounce, 758s, 759, 793, 856, 856, 877rinductance, 758loop, 442, 582
isolation, 349, 350mecca, 582noise, 856, 856oscilloscope probe, 1161plane, 581, 758, 759, 857, 1117sensing, 316separate analog and digital, 915
grounded coplanar waveguide, 1117grounding, 579ff, 582ff, 593r, 758
between instruments, 583blunders, 582
group delay, 400guard, see also current, leakage, 358, 360, 587Gummel plot, 92g, 127r, 500Gummel-Poon, 93ngyrator, 393n, 397ff
H-bridge, 655, 659, 889, 1077, 1084, 1085half duplex, 1034, 1042, 1084, 1084nHall effect, 1161Hamming, see also window, sampling, 975handshake, 1017, 1029t, 1031, 1033, 1038,
1039tHanning, see window, samplinghard disk (hdd), 1135Hartley, see oscillatorHarvard architecture, see computer,
architectureHDCP, 1145HDL, see programmable logic device (PLD)HDMI, see also connector, 1041HDTV, 1137headroom, see also voltage regulator,
low-dropout, 195, 277, 351, 497, 579,600, 600n, 604 (box), 636, 936
heat, 623ff, 701rheatsink, 236, 600, 623ff, 625p, 701r, 834
air flow, 627
insulating, 626LED, 834, 835pPCB foil as, 626, 627gsizing, 626gsizzle test, 625thermal resistance of, 626g
heelAchilles’, 536n
henry, see inductorheterodyne, 562, 563Hewlett, William, 437nhex file, 1059hex number, see numberhexadecimal, see numberhibernate, 755high side, see MOSFET, power, see switchinghigh voltage
amplifier, 696, 696clearance distance, 663creepage barrier, 665pcreepage distance, 663, 664, 665pcurrent source, see also current sourcecurrent source in SMU, 897discharge circuit, 211electrostatic, 200, 200tin SMPS, 662MOSFET isolated switches, 205op-amps, 272tpulse generator, 333, 917, 918regulator, 609, 609, 693, 693, 695ff, 696resistor, see resistor
high-voltageamplifier, 209
hold time, see logic, flip-flophot carrier diode, see diode, Schottkyhour of power, 466, 467, 469hour of power (design example), 466Howland current source, see op-amp, current
sourcehuman
body model (HBM), 200, 804ff, 805, 872,875r
system interface (HI), 1059, 1096rhumidity
and MOSFET damage, 200effect on ICs, 684
hybridsignal isolator, 1046
hysteresis, see also Schmitt trigger, 237clock inputs, 808in tunnel diode, 1114thermal, 683
hystereticSMPS, see switchmode
ICdiscontinued, 273 (box)packages
DIP, 3p, 57p, 65p, 73p, 224p, 225, 269,
340, 443p, 664, 715p, 758, 765p, 861,1059SMT, 73p, 224p, 225, 269, 340, 443p,715p, 758, 765p, 861
parallel interface, see also computer, databus, 1028, 1030example, 1028, 1030
serial interface, see also computer, data bus,1032–1046
IEC power entry, 629IEEE 1394 (FireWire), see computer, data busIEEE 488 bus (GPIB), see computer, data busIEEE number format, 1047IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor), 207,
222r, 695desaturation, 847
I2C, see also computer, data bus, 887, 1028,1030, 1061, 1081, 1089, 1094
address selection, 952, 953bridge, 1084in DAQ, 954microcontroller peripherals, 1085,
1084–1086immediate argument, 993impedance, 40ff, 68r
audio, 351characteristic, of transmission line, 1116converter, generalized (GIC), 398
op-amp bandwidth, effect on, 399gconverter, negative (NIC), 397in parallel, 46in series, 46input
of difference amplifier, 352, 354of differential amplifier, 376of op-amp, 245
loading effect of, 11, 11g, 69r, 99, 105, 861,862
matching, 1120of LC, 52, 444nof RC, 49gof common-emitter amplifier, 88of emitter follower, 80of sources and loads, 79of transmission line, 1120output
of op-amp, 309of RRO op-amp, 316
output, of op-amp, 246small-signal, 12, 50, 81transmission-line matching, 1122
in, see noise, density, currentin-phase, 395ninductance
leakage, 30, 633–635, 656, 659, 664, 667,667n, 668disadvantages, 633nenergy in, 669in powerline transformer, 633
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1207
snubber, 634, 656, 659, 669spike, 634, 659spike from, 667symbols, 665n
magnetizing, 30, 656, 666, 667, 669of coil, 28of op-amp output, 250gsensor, 1084
inductivekick, see also spike, 38loads, 38
inductor, see also ferrite, 28ff, 29p, 68ractive, 397, 398, 399g, 645nAL value, 670drawbacks of, 396flyback, transformer as, 655, 656international notation, 5nreactance of, 44, 45, 49gsome magic with, 29stored energy, 689, 700r
in switchmode converter, 636, 655, 666variable, 64volt-second balance, 30, 643
inputprotection, 37, 37, 159, 160, 175, 175, 210,
266, 269, 294, 294, 362, 532, 804, 805,946, 949logic, 804, 804robust, 362
inrush current, see currentinstrumentation amplifier, 273, 288r, 297, 306,
363t, 390r, 512, 1070, 1071accuracy, 306as current source, 367autozero, 342, 370bootstrapped power supply, 359, 359classic, 357CMRR, 306, 347, 358, 363t, 364, 364g, 367
vs frequency, 364CMRR depends on gain, 358CMRR vs Rsource mismatch, 366gcommon-mode range, 367, 1071configurations, 357, 368, 368ff, 369discrete, 361EMI, 365hybrid, 513in DAQ, 948input current, 362JFET-input, 512miscellany, 362noise, 362noise depends on gain, 358offset drift, 306offset trim, 366, 366offset voltage, 306PGA, 370, 370, 371tresistor matching, 358roll-your-own, 359signal guards, 358
integrated circuit, see ICintegrating
ADC, see ADCconversion, see ADC
integratordroop, 257–260in active filter, 406in PLL, 960in quadrature oscillator, 453op-amp, 230, 231s, 257–260RC, 26, 51reset, 230, 231, 288r, 388r, 552
amusing story, 573switched-capacitor, 416
interdigitation, 140, 515interface, see computer, data bus, see logicinterference, 478, 579ff
intersymbol, 870interlace, 1133nInternet
video streaming, 1140interrupt, see computerinverter
ac power converting, 673, 673scharge-pump, 183flying-capacitor, 183logic
CMOS, 185nMOS, 185op-amp, 225optional, 232pMOS, 185
invertingswitchmode converter, see switchmode
IP, see programmable logic device (PLD)ISA, see computer, data busisolation
amplifier, 585ff, 847barrier in offline SMPS, 663coupler, see also optocoupler, 847power switch, 203, 205
jam-load, see also logic, counter, see alsologic, flip-flop, see also logic, register,730, 742, 748, 751
jetpack, 1095rJFET
source ballasting, 547nJFET (junction field-effect transistor
bootstrapped drain, 343, 344JFET (junction field-effect transistor), see also
FET, 134, 217t1/ f noise, 510, 517gamplifier
biasing, 220rcommon-source, 149gos gain error, 167instrumentation, 512, 513low noise, 346, 509–520
maximum gain Gmax, 166with cascode, 148
as diode, 294as variable resistor, 161ff, 437, 438
linearizing, 161, 162, 162gbiasing, 150, 150n, 156, 513capacitance, 157, 164, 170, 510, 519care and feeding of, 346characteristic curves, 143gcurrent noise, 511g, 511, 591rcurrent source, 142, 623g
as BJT follower pulldown, 144self-biased, 143g, 145g
deep subthreshold region, 166, 167gdifferential amplifier, 152, 343, 512, 513dual, 139, 515dynamic gate current, 164gate charge, 164gate current, 146, 157, 163g, 325, 509, 511,
511g, 591r, 593rimpact ionization, 164g, 546
Gmax, 141thybrid amplifier, 151, 153g, 155g, 343, 344,
512, 513, 544compensation, 154, 154gvs FET op-amp, 155
impact-ionization current, 164, 538in Wien bridge oscillator, 437, 438leakage, see JFET gate currentlinear circuits, 142fflow distortion, 346low noise
hybrid op-amp, 534low-noise, 516t
selecting, 515manufacturing spread, 140g, 138–140, 145g,
157, 158, 169, 169gmini-table, 141tnoise, 346, 500, 509–520, 591r, 593r
reduction by paralleling, 509vs BJT, 517
op-amp, see also op-ampfast, 155t
operating point, 156, 1112oscillator, 155, 441
in PLL, 395spectrum, 442g
output conductance, 148n, 166output resistance, 148n, 166, 517pinch-off reference, 680, 680pinch-off voltage tester, 240pinch-off voltage, VP, 136schematic symbols, 135series-feedback pair, 150, 151gsource follower, see source followersubthreshold region, 166g, 167g, 168g,
166–170switch, 220r
1208 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
threshold voltage (Vth), 137, 147, 166, 167g,169g
transconductance, 132, 141t, 146vs drain current, 168g, 169, 169gvs drain voltage, 170, 517within a family, 169, 169g
transfer characteristics, 135g, 137g, 139g,142g, 165ff, 166–169g
trimming offset with DAC, 345VGS spread, 140gvoltage noise, 346, 509–511, 518–520g
theory vs measurement, 509gvs frequency, 510gvs transconductance, 509g
voltage reference, 680, 680vs MOSFET, 170g
jitter, see also oscillator, see also slew rate,427, 457g, 457, 464, 870, 907, 964, 966,971
rejection in PLL, 974Johnson noise, 474ff, 475g, 475t, 482g, 494g,
526g, 569, 590ras noise source, 557calculation example, 486gain resistor contribution, 152, 352, 358,
379, 384, 906greater at low gain, 387
in differential amplifier, 520in JFET channel, 509in TIA feedback resistor, 537ff
eliminating, 552joule, 2joy
and pain, 65JTAG, see also computer, data bus, see also
memory, nonvolatile, see alsomicrocontroller, 764, 769, 787r, 1028,1036, 1061
bootloader, 1091jump, 996junction
capacitance, see capacitanceleakage current, see current
Karnaugh map, see logicKCL, KVL, see Kirchhoff’s lawsKelvin connection, 277, 294n, 350, 365, 898,
1070Kelvin-Varley divider, see AoE 2nd ed., p 1025keyboard, 1064
parallel bus interface, 1003, 1005keypad, 1081
hex, 1068, 1069Kirchhoff’s laws, 2, 68r, 1107
L network, 1123laboratory power supply, see power supplyladder
R−2R, 234
DAC, 882, 883replaced by charge redistribution, 909
lamp, 62, 437as a problem load, 694neon, 428
Lantronix XPort, 1064Larkin, John, 360laser diode, 830p, 834, 835, 836s, 973, 973
current, 835sdriver, 835n, 836linearizing, 836smodulating, 836
laser trimming, 244, 305, 352, 357, 416latch, see logiclatchup
in analog switch, 174in CMOS, 754, 759
latencyin ADCs, 903ff, 905t, 931, 937, 938, 940,
985–987rnone, 903, 916t
in FIFOs, 747in processors, 1011in RAM, 1014n, 1021, 1021ff
LC, see also filter, 52Butterworth filter, 1109ff, 1110tdamped oscillation, 53gfilter, 54g, 54p, 55sfilter examples, 1109ffimpedance of, 52, 444nnotch, 53oscillator, see oscillatorparallel, 52resonant circuit, 52, 69rseries, 52tank, 53trap, 441n
LCseries, 394
LCD, see optoelectronicsLCR meter, 1152LDO, see voltage regulator, low-dropoutleakage, see also capacitor, see also current,
see also JFET, 420, 1062cancellation, 298, 897, 898spectral, 420
leakage inductance, see inductanceleap year, 967nLebowski, see eggLED, 13, 62, 575, 830p, 829–834, 876r, 1062
angular illumination, 830g, 832garrays, 832as bias reference, 86nbacklight, 1084BJT driver, 76constant-current drive, 832current-source drive, 622desklamp, 834, 835pdriver, 1086
driver ICs, 833tdriving
series string, 832driving from comparator, 13, 14driving from logic, 817ff, 833driving from MOSFET, 206, 465, 466driving from TTL, 718nforward drop, 76g, 827ghigh-current driver, 835slamp (design example), 833multiplexed display, 751, 751–752multiplexed drive, 744norganic, see OLEDpanel-mount, 832tpulsed, 466, 835ssynchronous detection of, 577voltage budget, 752wavelength, 76
Lehrer, Tom, 1099LFSR, 558, 771, 771, 975, 975ffLi-ion battery, see batterylighting, see also LED, see also optoelectronics
theater, 1081lightning detector (design example), 497limiter
diode, 37line driver
difference amplifier, 351linear
circuit, 14, 68rlinearity
converter, 880, 899DNL warning, 900INL vs DNL, 899, 899
linearizingJFET resistor, 162optocoupler, 849via lookup table, 1067, 1096r
Little Logic, see mini-logicLMOS, see mini-logicLO, see oscillator, localload
active, see also active load, 85, 105, 158,266, 266, 496
capacitivelogic, 857, 857op-amp, 263s, 264, 264
dump, 618inductive, 38
load lines, 145g, 156, 156g, 1112ffloading, 10ff, 11g, 69r, 79lock-in, see bandwidth, narrowinglockup, see logic, pathologylogarithmic
amplifier, see amplifierfrequency sweep, 1069
logic0 and 1, 7041-of-8 decoder, 727
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1209
4-bit full adder, 728Verilog code for, 729
5V-tolerant, 7988-input multiplexer, 726active-HIGH, active-LOW, 704, 714adder, 728arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 728, 990, 1049rassertion-level, 713asynchronous, 733, 734, 734s, 743sBiCMOS, 714, 717nbuffer, see buffercapacitive load, 857, 857class-A current, 186, 186, 754clock
global, 777clock skew, 757, 757, 759, 801CML, 874CMOS, 221r, 714, 790–794
characteristics, 718ffcircuits, 791failure modes, 760input current, 795gminimizing power, 754open inputs with, 759, 760output current, 798goutput voltage, 797gpathology, 759shoot-through current, 760, 760gspeed vs power, 792gspeed vs voltage, 794gthreshold skew, 760threshold voltage, 797gtransfer characteristics, 796gweak outputs, 827
combinational, 708–728, 762rcombinatorial, 708contention, 721, 722, 730counter, 742t, 741–744, 762r
asynchronous, 733, 734, 734smodulo-n, 748ff, 750modulo-n, timing, 750gripple, 733, 734, 734ssynchronous, 737, 737sup-down, 736, 742, 909
currentclass-A, 754, 760, 760g
D-registerVerilog code for, 741
data bus, 720, 721DCL, 790decoder, 726, 751, 838
expansion, 727Verilog code for, 727
delayvs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g
demultiplexer, 726digital vs analog, 703diode, 711
divide-by-2, 731, 732divide-by-3, 734, 743, 743s
asynchronous glitch, 743ssynchronous, 735Verilog code for, 736
double transitions, 759driving
external loads, 721, 818, 817–829, 875rfrom comparator, 806from op-amp, 808pre-emphasis, 864
driving ac loads from, 821, 822driving negative loads from, 821, 822DTL, 790dynamic current, 186ECL, 714, 717n, 718, 718, 722, 750, 790edge rate, 801, 801senable, 720, 752encoder, see also encoder, 727excluded states, 735expansion, 726, 726, 727families, 704n, 706t, 714, 717ff, 763r
characteristics, 718ffchoosing, 719, 794, 875rchronology, 790–794circuits, 791CMOS, 790–794DTL, 790ECL, 790input, 718, 795, 797g, 875rinput current, 795, 795ginterconnecting, 799, 798–802, 875rlife cycle, 715glogic levels, 706 (box), 718output, 718, 796, 797, 798g, 875rRTL, 790speed and power, 719speed vs power, 719g, 792gspeed vs voltage, 719g, 794gsupply voltage, 718threshold voltage, 796, 797gtransfer characteristics, 796gTTL, 790–793
fan-out, 711, 720, 794ff, 795nnone in transmission gate, 725, 726
FIFO, 747flip-flop, 196, 728ff, 762r
clocked, 730, 732debouncer, 802, 802sedge-triggered, 731hold time, 732master-slave, 732metastability, 732, 733g, 733smultiple inputs, 730propagation time, 732RS, 729setup time, 732setup time violation, 733g, 733stoggling, 731, 732
type-D, 731, 732type-JK, 731type-T , 731
floating input, see logic, unused inputFPGA, see FPGAgate, see also buffer, logic, see also
mini-logic, 708–724, 762r2-input select, 724, 725AND, 709, 709circuits, discrete, 711example, 712, 714exclusive-OR, see logic, gate, XOR
interchangeability, 713inverter, 709, 710NAND, see also memory, nonvolatile, 186,710, 710, 1024NOR, see also memory, nonvolatile, 710,710, 1024NOT, 709, 710OR, 709, 709standard, 709transmission, 172, 725, 725universal, 715, 717, 800XOR, 710, 710, 737, 753, 771, 782, 957,975, 982XOR realization, 722
glitch, 738, 739, 743sin one-shot, 759
glue, 793GTL, 857hardware description language, see also
programmable logic device, see logic,HDL, 711
HDL, see also programmable logic device,711
HIGH and LOW, 704hold time, 732IC packages, 715pidentities, 722tinput characteristics, 795input overdrive, 806input protection, 804, 804inputs, 795
current, 795, 795gdriving, 802overcurrent, 806pulldown, 805pullup, 805unused, 806voltage, 797g
interfacing, 790–874between logic families, 799, 798–802
isolator, 823Karnaugh map, 723keeper circuit, 802, 803latch, 740level translator, 800, 802levels, 17, 706 (box), 762r
CAN bus, 1044
1210 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
symmetrizing, 978life cycle, 715glockup, 755LVDS, see also LVDS, 794LVPECL, see LVPECLmagnitude comparator, 728, 728metastability, 732, 733g, 733s, 756Mickey-Mouse, 468micropower design, 753mini, 712n, 715n, 793minimization, 723MOSFET, 184multiplexed display, 751, 751ffmultiplexer, 724
expansion, 726, 726race condition in, 756, 756Verilog code for, 726
multiplier-accumulator, 728NECL, 718, 718nnegative-true, 704n, 714nMOS, 712
driving LED, 827g, 828driving loads, 828input characteristics, 828interfacing, 826ffoutput characteristics, 827output circuit, 827
open-collector, 721, 800, 807, 811, 817, 993as level translator, 721
open-drain, 721, 721, 800, 807, 811output characteristics, 796
voltage vs current, 798gparity generator, 728pathology, 755–760, 763r
unspecified rules, 757PECL, see also PECL, 718, 718npositive-true, 704n, 714power
dynamic, 754minimizing, 754
preloadasynchronous, 748, 752synchronous, 748
priority encoder, 727probing, 808, 809s, 810pprogrammable, see programmable logic
devicepropagation time, 710s, 732pulse generator
design example, 739with flip-flops and counters, 739
quiet, 759, 793race, see also runt pulse, 724n, 738, 748, 756register, see also computer, 740, 762r, 990
power, 819, 819tshift, 744, 744
removal time, 758reset
asynchronous, 743
synchronous, 743reset/supervisor, 756tringback, 759nrobust link, 1120RTL, 711n, 712, 790runt pulse, see runt pulseSCR latchup, 759sequential, 728–745, 762r
miscellaneous, 746timing example, 748
setup time, 732violation, 733g, 733s, 756n
shift register, 762r, 1081feedback PRBS, 975linear feedback, see LFSRnoise source, see also LFSR, 558RAM as, 745, 745, 746gtiming, 746g
speed, 710svs power, 792gvs voltage, 794g
standard, 763r, 793combinational ICs, 724gates, 715, 716tsequential ICs, 740when to use, 782
startup reset, 755, 755state machine, 734, 734
Mealy, Moore, 736states, 704, 797gstrobe, 725SUHL, 790switch, 725, 917tswitch input as pulldown, 729nsynchronizer, 737, 738synchronous, 734, 743s, 777syntax, 711tthree-state, 720, 720, 993through cables, 856ff, 877r, 1117
comparison, 874timing skew, 737ntoggling, 196toggling flip-flop, 731
Verilog code for, 732transmission gate, 172, 725, 725, 917t, 1016
bidirectional, 725, 727truth table, 708TTL, 714, 790–793
characteristics, 718ffnoise in, 758output characteristics, 827
unspecified rules, 757unused input, 718, 738, 754, 759, 760, 806
LVDS trick, 800wired-AND, 722, 1082wired-OR, 721, 722
lookup table, 735loop
second-order, see PLL
loop gain, 111, 117, 118–120loss
switching, 662loudspeaker
as microphone, 486low dropout, see voltage regulator, low-dropoutlow-voltage differential signaling, see LVDSLSB, see also number, 705, 711, 734, 737, 751,
882, 903, 909LVDS, 705n, 794, 864, 869, 869s, 868–870,
870, 871s, 878r, 1030levels, 873power, 874grates, 873gsignal conditioning, 870, 871storture test, 869, 869s
LVPECL, 794, 874
macrocell, see programmable logic device(PLD)
magazines, 1153magnet controller, 365man
transistor, 75Manchester code, 1041Manchester coding, 1039ffmantissa, 1048MARK and SPACE, 771nMark (RS-232), 871math review, 1097–1100maximal length shift register, see LFSRMDAC, see DAC, multiplyingmecca, see groundmemory, see also computer, see also logic, see
also microcontroller, 745, 990, 991,1014–1027, 1051r
1T1C cell, 10196T cell, 1016access time, see also memory, dynamic, see
also memory, static, 746gburst mode, 1021cache, 990, 991computer, 991configuration, for FPGA, 769double data rate, see DDRndynamic, 991, 1019, 1018–1021, 1051r
asynchronous, 1018, 1020, 1021latency, 1021synchronous, 1021, 1022timing, 1021, 1022
endurance, 769EPROM, 769flash, 769, 991, 1082, 1094, 1096rHDD, 991multilevel cell (MLC), 1025non-volatile, 764, 769, 770, 772, 779, 787r,
1051rnonvolatile, 1021–1027, 1067
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1211
EEPROM, 1023, 1051r, 1053, 1064,1082, 1084, 1094, 1096rEPROM, 1023ferroelectric, 1022, 1025flash, 1022, 1024ff, 1051r, 1053, 1089,1094floating gate, 1022, 1023JTAG programming, 1036magnetoresistive, 1022, 1026mask ROM, 1023NAND flash, 1024, 1025NOR flash, 1024, 1024phase change, 1022, 1026PROM, 1023
page mode, 1019npseudo-static, 1017, 1017RAM
as shift register, 745, 745, 746gread cycle, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022, 1049rretention, 769ROM
in state machine, 735, 736nSSD, 992static, 769, 991, 1016, 1016–1018, 1051r,
1061, 1094, 1095, 1096rasynchronous, 1016, 1016, 1017synchronous, 1018, 1019timing, 1016, 1017, 1019
static vs dynamic, 1015volatile, 991volatile/nonvolatile, 1014wrapup, 1026write cycle, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022, 1049r
MEMS, 446nmetastability, see logicmeter, 61mho, 6microcomputer
terminology, 989, 1049rmicrocontroller, 747, 749, 763r, 797, 887,
1053–1094, 1095r8051, 1060, 1067, 1087, 1090p, 1091–1093ac power control (design example), 1063,
1062–1065pseudocode, 1064, 1065
ADC timing example, 1088, 1088gpseudocode, 1089
ARM, 1036, 1060, 1087, 1090, 1090p,1091–1093, 1094n, 1095r
as debouncer, 803, 804as timer, 469assembly code
for PRBS generator, 783PRBS generator, 779
assembly language, 779AVR, 1036, 1055, 1059, 1060, 1087,
1089–1093, 1095rBlackfin, 1061block diagram, 1054
bypassing, 1056C-language code
for PRBS generator, 784PRBS generator, 782
code download, 1059Coldfire, 1061, 1090p, 1093constraints, 1086debugger, 779, 1095rdevelopment environment, 1086–1092,
1095rcost, 1092
development kit, 1090, 1090pfirmware, 1056frequency synthesizer (design example),
1067p, 1065–1069block diagram, 1066pseudocode, 1067, 1068
how to select, 1094IDE, 779implementing delta-sigma ADC, 932, 933in-circuit debugging, 1092, 1096rin-circuit programming, 1053instrumentation amplifier frontend, 1071JTAG programming, 1036, 1053loading code on, 1089–1092
JTAG bootloader, 1091parallel bootloader, 1091proprietary bootloader, 1091SPI bootloader, 1091UART bootloader, 1090USB bootloader, 1091
logic inputs, 1081, 1084MIPS, 1061MSP430, 1061object code, 779, 1096routput characteristics, 798goutput current, 798gperipheral ICs, 1078–1086
direct connection, 1080, 1079–1082I2C connection, 1085, 1084–1086SPI connection, 1083, 1082–1084
peripheralson-chip, 1061ff
PIC, 1060popular families, 1059–1061PowerPC, 1061PRBS generator, 777ff, 782precision ADC in, 1071Propeller, 1061PSoC, 1061Rabbit, 1060realtime constraints, 1088SH-4, 1061simulator, 779, 1095, 1096rsoftware, 1086ff
assembly code, 1087assembly language, 1095rBASIC, 1087C/C++, 1087
Java, 1088Python, 1088
special-function register, 779ST6/7, 1061stabilized platform (design example), 1077,
1077p, 1079pblock diagram, 1078pseudocode, 1078
suntan monitor (design example),1054–1059C-language code, 1058circuit, 1054, 1055pseudocode, 1056, 1057
terminology, 989thermal controller (design example), 1071,
1069–1077block diagram, 1069control loop, 1074, 1075pseudocode, 1075, 1075
when to use, 785, 1093, 1096rwrapup, 1092–1094XMOS, 1061
microconverter, 1070microphone
capacitor as, 682loudspeaker as, 486ribbon preamp, 505
micropower, see also ADC, see also logic, seealso op-amp, see also oscillator, crystal
digital design, 753microstrip, see also stripline, 858, 1117, 1119Miller effect, see also capacitor, 105, 113ff,
130r, 153, 164, 197, 197g, 198s, 511and differential amplifier, 114configurations that avoid, 115, 148, 152n
Millman’s theorem, 6, 1108mini-logic, 715n, 715p, 772n, 800nMiniGate, see mini-logicmixer, 395, 562, 563, 1139M2L, see logic, Mickey-Mousemodem, 873modified sinewave, 673smodulation
8-VSB, 1138n8PSK, 1139amplitude (AM), 55, 56s, 970, 1134
homodyne, 970synchronous, 970
BPSK, 970delta, 910frequency (FM), 969, 1134
demodulation with PLL, 969Foster-Seeley detector, 970quadrature demodulation, 969quieting in, see AoE 2nd ed., p 898ratio detector, 970slope detector, 970
pulse-code (PCM), 703, 971QAM, 970
1212 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
QPSK, 970, 1139quadrature amplitude (QAM), 1138nsynchronous detection, 575, 576video, 1133
modulatordelta-sigma, 924, 925magic in, 927
monostable multivibrator, see one-shotmonotonicity
converter, 880Monticelli output circuit, 318, 330Moore’s law, xxix, 748, 989n, 990p, 1018nMOSFET, see also FET, 134
as pullup, 828avalanche rated, 819n, 1073, 1073capacitance, 164, 165, 187, 188–191t, 197g,
197ff, 205construction, 134depletion-mode, 209, 210t, 222r, 698
as current source, 622as input protection, 210, 949current source, 211extending regulator VIN, 211, 693HV discharge, 211
dynamic gate current, see also MOSFET,gate driver, 164
floating-gate reference, see voltage referencegate capacitance, 197g, 197ffgate charge, see also MOSFET, power, 164ngate driver, 194, 194, 218t, 222, 222, 753,
797, 798g, 823, 828, 833, 861, 1073,1095roptocoupler, 206
gate leakage, 163, 1059gate threshold, 137handling precautions, 200
gate damage, 201phigh-voltage
creepage barrier, 665pisolated power switch, 203, 205lateral, 213logic switch, 184maximum current, 221rmaximum ratings, 221rnoise, 519, 520gon-resistance, see MOSFET, RON and
RDS(ON)
polarity, 134power, 187ff, 188–191t
applications, 202ffballast, see also ballast, 213body diode, 199drain capacitance, 198floating switches, 205gate breakdown, 199gate capacitance, 197ggate charge, 188–191t, 197g, 197, 198s,202, 205, 221rgate protection, 199
high-side switching, 202ff, 204high-voltage, 202, 662, 695lateral, 214glight-at-night, 206linear applications, 208logic-level, 192, 193paralleling, 201, 212ff, 214, 222rpiezo amplifier, 208piezo driver, 207power rating, 199protected switch, 204push-pull follower, 214source ballasting, 192, 212ff, 213, 214switch, 206t, 221r, 1073switch examples, 206switching applications, 195, 196,192–196switching cautions, 196thermal runaway in, 214thermal stability, 187vs BJT and IGBT, 201, 202t, 208t
RDS(ON), 139, 188–191t, 199, 221rRON vs VCE(sat), 201, 202tRON vs temperature, 187, 199, 213gRON vs voltage, 202, 662schematic symbols, 134series connection of, 697source ballasting, 192, 214switch, 1081
floating, 203high-side, 825, 826t, 1082protected, 824, 825, 825t, 1082protecting, 823ff
switching examples, 193, 204, 205, 820transfer characteristics, 212gvs BJT, 202tvs BJT and IGBT, 201vs JFET, 170
motor driver, 1078, 1079pmotorboating, 287mouse, 1064MOV, see varistorMP3, 1137nMPEG, 1093MPEG-2, 1137nMPEG-4, 1061, 1137nMSB, see also number, 705, 711, 734, 737,
751, 882, 903, 909MSP430, see microcontrollermultichannel scaling, see bandwidth,
narrowingmultimeter, 2, 10 (box)
true rms, 631multiplex
video, 1138multiplexer, see also analog switch, see also
logic, 724FET analog switch, 173in DAQ, 946
multiplier, see also Gilbert cellanalog, 162, 562, 575capacitance, see capacitancefrequency, see frequencylogic, see logic, multiplier-accumulator
multiplyhow to, 761
multiplying DAC, see DACmultislope conversion, see ADC
Nakamura, Shuji, 62NAND, see logic, see memory, nonvolatilenarrowcast, 1142negative-impedance converter, 397negative-true, see logicnetlist, see programmable logic device (PLD)network
local-area (LAN), 1046neutral, see powerline, wiringNEXT (near-end crosstalk), 581night light, 206NMR, 577node, 2noise, see also amplifier, see also avalanche,
see also op-amp, 15, 326, 473–481, 636s,637
1/ f , 337, 476g, 476, 491, 520, 590rcancellation of, 485ncorner frequency, 566filtered bandwidth, 564tforever?, 566, 567sintegrated, 566gJFET, 510, 517gop-amp, 324, 324g, 530
analogfiltered PRBS, 975, 977–982
averaging time, 574band-limited, 477bandpass filters
response, 565gbandwidth, 477, 561ff
multisection RC, 561of LC, 561of an average, 562
bistable, 477sBJT, see BJT
test circuit, 557burst, 477, 477s, 590rcapacitively coupled, 581common-mode choke, 585crest factor, 568, 981current
density, 483measuring, 569ffof bias-canceled op-amp, 327, 527ultra-low measurement, 571, 572
current source, of, 487ffdensity, 474, 479, 590r
voltage, 481ff
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1213
differential amplifier, 520digital
generation with PRBS, 974–982emitter follower, 487ffen-C, see also transimpedance amplifier,
532, 538, 538ff, 540–542g, 542s, 543gequivalent power (NEP), 537nexceedance probability curve, 574gexcess, 475ff, 590rfigure, 479, 480g, 493g, 519, 592r
contour plot, 490g, 492, 493gconversion to SNR, 480example, 492
filteredover decades, 567s
filtering out-of-band, 911flicker, see noise, 1/ ffloor, 418Gaussian, 475g, 482, 590r, 979, 981generator, 559
pink, 559pink, spectrum, 560sPRBS, 558
immunity, 705, 754in inverting amplifier, 521in noninverting amplifier, 520instrumentation amplifier, 362integrals, 564tintegrated
calculating, 563of op-amps, 338g, 530, 531g, 531t
interference as, 478JFET, see JFETJohnson, see Johnson noiselow-frequency specification, 564magnetically coupled, 581maxima, 574measurement, 555ff, 568, 592r
hot-cold, 557RF, 558transistor test circuit, 557
MOSFET, see MOSFETmosquito, 1137nNyquist, see Johnson noiseof switching power supplies, 649of voltage regulator, 618
filtering, 619, 620op-amp, 522t, 523t, 524t, 528g, 529g, 532s,
520–533autozero, 333ff, 334s, 568g, 570g, 572schoosing, 525–533spectrum, 568g, 568s, 570g, 572svs Cin, 532g
peak vs rms, 532, 564, 568, 935nphase, see phasepink, 477s, 559, 563ff, 566popcorn, 477s, 478g, 590rpotpourri, 574
power supply, 578ff, 580g, 580t, 593r, 618,913capacitance multiplier, 557, 578, 579g
pseudorandom, see PRBSquantization, 927gquantization error, 574quick guide to, 473red, 477s, 563ffrejection in PLL, 974resistance, 494, 501, 502t, 522t, 528, 569,
592rrms vs magnitude, 574shaping, see also delta-sigma, 927, 927ffshot, 327, 475ff, 476t, 482g, 511g, 590, 591r
equivalent to Johnson noise, 482, 509,525nsuppression of, 476, 487ff, 488
sourcePRBS circuit, 980
sources, 558ff, 590r, 592rswitchmode power supply, 636g, 636s, 637telegraph, 477stemperature, 480, 519, 592rthreshold-crossing rate, 574true random, 982, 988r
circuit, 984types of, 474, 477s, 558, 590runits of, 474unspecified, 503, 504g, 507, 517, 517g, 519,
535voltage
from filtered PRBS, 978voltage reference, see also voltage reference,
677t, 682g, 682white, 474ff, 477s, 563ffzener, 676n
nonlinearityconverter error, 880, 899
nonmonotonicityconverter error, 880
NOR, see logic, see memory, nonvolatileNorton equivalent circuit, 66, 69r, 1108notch, see LC, see filterNRZ, 1041NRZI, 1041NTSC, 1062, 1132n, 1134, 1136number
2’s complement, 707, 1046arithmetic in, 708
BCD, 706codes, 705–708, 880, 1046–1048denormalized, 1048dynamic range, 1048floating-point, 708n, 1047
formats, 1047formats, 1047Gray-code, 708, 709
binary conversion, 711hex, 705
integerformats, 1047justification, 1046signed, 707t, 1046unsigned, 1046
MSB in, 707ff, 1046ffnot a, 1048of the beast, the, 666offset binary, 707overflow, 708packed BCD, see AoE 2nd ed., pp 736, 741sign-magnitude, 707signed, 707storage in memory, 1048
nybble, 990Nyquist, see also sampling, 395, 419
noise, 474Nyquist criterion, see samplingNyquist noise, see also Johnson noise
Odroid, 1053noff-axis pole, see poleoffline, see ac poweredoffset binary, see number, codesOhm’s law, 4
generalized, 46not obeyed by diode, 31
ON resistance, see analog switch, FET, seeMOSFET
one second per hour (design example), 467one-shot, 77, 242, 459, 460, 463t, 461–465,
471r, 739, 762r555, 460, 460application examples, 465cautions, 462ffcircuit, 461problems with, 462ffprotecting pulsed power devices with, 465reset, 462retriggerability, 462timing coefficient, 464g
op-amp, 223ff, 224p1/ f noise, see noiseabsolute-value circuit, 257ac amplifier, 226
biasing, 261, 262accuracy vs linearity, 313active clamp, 257, 289ractive peak detector, 254active rectifier, 238ff, 257, 289r
effect of slew rate, 238as voltage regulator, 235autozero, 254, 272, 295, 333ff, 334, 335t,
370, 388, 389r, 528g, 933common-mode input range, 340external, 341, 341input current, 339instrumentation amplifier, 342integrated noise, 338g
1214 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
noise, 336g, 336, 337s, 569tnoise current, 339, 569, 570g, 572snoise voltage, 339, 568goffset voltage, 339overload recovery, 337selecting, 338ffself-calibrating, 341settling time, 340slew rate, 340supply voltage, 338
bandwidth, 247, 249, 290r, 308, 328, 329gbasic circuits, 225–231, 288rbias canceled, 125, 252, 266
better than JFET, 303gcurrent noise of, 327, 527
BJT, 163, 244, 244n, 245t, 248n, 290, 522t,524t, 525, 569bias canceled, 327input current, 244, 290, 303, 303g, 304,304gnoise, 337, 526g, 568gRFI, 366, 369nslew rate, 308g
Bode plot, 290rcapacitive load, 332
driving, 264stability, 265gstabilizing, 263s, 264
cautions, 231, 289rchopper-stabilized, see also op-amp,
autozero, 340, 340, 1070clamping, 912CMOS, see also op-amp, autozero, see also
op-amp, input current, 163g, 245t, 258,265, 290r, 296t, 389r, 523, 524t, 525input current, 225, 244, 259, 289r, 303,304g, 325, 325g, 339noise, 526g, 531, 531g, 568g
CMRR, 305, 328CMRR and PSRR, 249common-mode input range, 245, 290r
of autozero, 340of difference amplifier, 354
compensation, see also op-amp,overcompensation, 247, 280ff, 283, 290r,308
compensation pin, 320, 321tclamping, 912, 913
current feedback, see also feedback, 270,271, 272t, 308, 310t, 331g, 375t, 378,384–386, 513, 514, 521, 524t, 548peaking vs gain-setting R, 379g
current source, 228–230, 242, 254, 344, 367,622, 623, 895Howland, 229, 230
current-to-voltage converter, 233decompensated, 283, 283g, 308, 328, 515,
542, 550, 553departure from ideal, 243–249, 289r
detailed look, 242–253die (LT1028), 527pdifference amplifier, 227, 288r, 347–387
bandwidth, 355CMRR trim, 356, 357configurations, 356filter node, 355offset trim, 355, 357
differential amplifier, 347–387differential input range, 232, 246, 535differentiator, 260, 288rdistortion, 329ff, 331, 332g
slew-rate, 248svs frequency, 311g
driving logic from, 808electrometer, 259, 289, 290rfeedback at dc, 232follower, 227, 288r
with bootstrap, 233frequency compensation, see op-amp,
compensationgain, 249, 290r
vs frequency, 281g, 281ff, 282–284g,311g, 328, 329g
gain error, 312, 312ggain nonlinearity, 312ff, 313
measuring, 313golden rules, 225, 288rhigh-power, 272thigh-speed, 310thigh-voltage, 272thybrid amplifier with JFET, 151, 153g,
155g, 343, 344, 534, 545ideal, 243, 288rinput capacitance, 532input current, 163, 163g, 244, 252, 289r,
295, 302, 325, 388r, 530, 535BJT better than JFET, 303gcommon-mode voltage, variation with,304, 304g, 306geffect on integrator, 257measuring, 325ffof autozero, 339temperature, variation with, 295, 303g,307, 325g, 530
input impedance, 245, 250, 301, 306input offset current, 244, 252input protection, 258, 294, 362instrumentation, see instrumentation
amplifierintegrator, 230, 231s, 257–260, 288r, 933
resistor stabilization, 259inverting amplifier, 225, 288r, 316n
noise, 521JFET, 140, 155, 163, 163g, 226, 245t, 252,
274, 296t, 389r, 492, 523, 524t, 525, 532gfast, 155timpact-ionization input current, 538
input current, 225, 244, 303, 303g, 304,304g, 325, 325g, 339noise, 526g, 531, 531g, 568gRFI, 369nslew rate, 308g
JFET hybrid, see op-amp, hybrid amplifierwith JFET
limitations, effect on circuits, 249–254linearity, 251low input-current, 303tlow noise, 522–524t
choosing, 525–533hybrid, 534
micropower, 273Monticelli output circuit, 318, 330noise, 289r, 528g, 529g, 520–533, 592r
0.001–10Hz, 1/ f , Vn(pp), 531g0.01–10Hz, 1/ f , Vn(pp), 5641/ f , 528, 529gautozero, 333ff, 334simpedance, 326integrated, 338g, 530, 531g, 531tlow-frequency, 530ff, 532s, 564measuring, 568vs Cin, 532g
noise current, 326ff, 336g, 530, 570g, 572smeasuring, 569ffof autozero, 339
noise resistance, 528noise spectrum, 568g, 568s, 570g, 572snoise voltage, see also noise, 323, 324g,
336g, 337, 535, 568gmeasuring, 567of autozero, 339
noise voltage and current, 249, 526of bias-canceled, 327vs supply current, 525g
noninverting amplifier, 226, 288rnoise, 520
nonlinear circuits, 236, 289roffset trim, 306, 534offset voltage, 244, 251, 289r, 304, 306, 323,
388reffect on integrator, 257of autozero, 339test circuit, 323
offset voltage drift, 244, 289roptional inverter, 232oscillator
precision VCO, 267output current, 251, 272t, 290routput errors, 389routput impedance, 246, 250, 290r, 309
effect on MFB filter, 414geffect on VCVS filter, 414gvs frequency, 250g, 311, 312g
output range, 231output swing, 246, 290r
vs frequency, 251g, 307g
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1215
vs load resistance, 246goutput voltage
vs load current, 247govercompensation, 263, 285, 542, 571parameters, 245t
unspecified, 295peak detector, 289r
resetting, 255phase error, 314, 315g, 315t
active compensation, 314, 315g, 315tphase reversal in, 275, 361nphase shift, 247, 290r
vs frequency, 311gphotodiode amplifier, 233photometer, 265pinch-off voltage tester, 240pinout, 225power, 588power and high-voltage, 272tpower booster, 234precision, 292ff, 320, 321t, 388r
choosing, 319representative, 302tvs speed, 329
programmable pulse-width generator, 241PSRR, 306, 328, 533push-pull booster, 234rail-to-rail, 236, 246, 266, 277, 289, 290r,
315ff, 389rdistortion, 317g, 318gain, 318ginput circuit, 316input crossover, 316, 317goutput circuit, 317output impedance, 316, 318goutput saturation, 317output swing, 247gVOS shift, 316g
relaxation oscillator, see also oscillator,relaxation, 425
representative, 271tsample-and-hold, 256, 289rschematic
LF411, 243TLC271, 266
self heating, 306sensitive millivoltmeter (design example),
253, 293, 296tseries damping, 263, 263ssettling time, 308ff, 311g, 320, 321t, 328
of autozero, 340sign of feedback, 232single-supply, 245, 261, 265–270, 289r, 322slew rate, 248g, 251, 290r, 307, 328, 329
distortion, 248sof autozero, 340vs fT, 308vs input differential, 308g
smorgasbord, 232
split feedback, 263, 264s, 265stuck-node tracer, 276gsumming amplifier, 234summing junction, see summing junctionsupply rail splitter, 262
stability, 263, 263ssupply voltage, 248, 322
of autozero, 338supply-rail bypass, 232tables of, 271–272t, 296t, 302, 303t, 310t,
320, 321t, 335t, 522–524ttrack-and-hold, 256transconductance, see OTA (operational
transconductance amplifier)transimpedance amplifier, see
transimpedance amplifiertriangle oscillator, 239uncompensated, see also op-amp,
decompensated, 283unity-gain frequency, 247, 247g, 281g,
281ff, 282–284g, 328, 329gvoltage feedback, 385voltage gain, 247
vs frequency, 247gzero-crossing detector, 269
open collector, 173, 173, 721, 799, 807, 811,817, 818
open drain, 721, 799, 807, 811open frame, see power supply, modularoptocoupler, 805, 837p, 844p, 845, 846, 847,
848, 850, 851, 843–851, 852, 877r, 915,1062, 1064, 1081
analog, 586, 847as variable resistor, 437, 438ncurrent transfer ratio (CTR), 844ff, 845, 852for isolated feedback, 663gate drive, 206, 846linearizing, 849logic output, 844photoconductive
linearity, 437phototransistor output, 844signal isolator, 586
optoelectronics, 829–856, 876r16-segment display, 8385x7 matrix display, 8397-segment display, 838, 838angle encoder, 877rAPD, 877coupler, see optocouplerdetectors, 837p, 840, 841p, 876rdisplay
LED, multiplexed, 751, 751ff, 838multiplexed, 443, 751, 751
display technology, 1142displays, 62, 830p, 836ff, 837p, 876r, 1081emitters, 830p, 829–840family tree, 829, 831 (box)fiber optics, see fiber optics
image sensor, 841p, 1061interrupter, 844p, 851, 877rIrDA, 1061, 1081laser diode, see laser diodeLCD, 836, 837p, 840, 1061, 1066, 1095,
1096r, 1142interface timing, 1028
LED, see LEDLED backlight, 1084LED stick, 839light-to-frequency, 1081miscellaneous, 837pmulticharacter display, 839OLED, 836, 1082, 1143optocoupler, see optocoupler, 1081photo-Darlington, 842photoconductive, 437, 438n, 844pphotoconductive mode, 842photodiode, see also avalanche, 841photomultiplier, 837p, 842, 842
amplifier, 843phototransistor, 841photovoltaic mode, 842photovoltaic stack, 204, 849, 850PIN diode, 837p, 973plasma, 1143proximity detector, 851, 877rrotary encoder, 1066smart display, 839
codes, 840synchronous detection, 578VFD, 836, 1066, 1067
optointerrupter, see optoelectronicsoptoisolator, see optocouplerorthogonal
adjustments, 515oscillation
damped, 53gparasitic, 426, 427s, 442parasitic oscillations in, 427sslow logic transition, from, 801s
oscillator, 289r, 425–457, 470r, 700r, 1081555, 429, 430t, 428–432
50% duty-cycle, 429full-range duty-cycle, 430sawtooth, 430, 430triangle, 431, 432
atomic standard, 451blocking, 656ceramic resonator, 450, 471rClapp, 440, 441CMOS, 426Colpitts, 440, 440, 447crystal, 439, 443p, 443–450, 471r, 1063
a caution, 449aging, 451, 471rcircuits, 447, 447equivalent circuit, 444micropower, 448, 449g
1216 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
modules, 449“pulling”, 435series and parallel modes, 444, 444g
DDS, 451, 453, 455, 471r, 969, 1065, 1082,1089
emitter-coupled, 440GPS-disciplined, 451, 471rGunn-diode, 434, 435Hartley, 440, 440, 442inverter chain, 435, 973JFET, 155
low-noise, 441spectrum, 442g
jitter, 457, 971LC, 439, 470r
electrically tunable, 440local (LO), 395, 562, 971, 1139low-distortion, 437, 438, 1152MEMS, 960, 971microwave, 1152not needed in µC example, 1056OCXO, 968op-amp
triangle wave, 239parasitic oscillations in, 426Peltz, 440, 440phase noise, see phase, noisephase-shift, 438, 439Pierce, 447, 447PLL, 452, 471rprecision, 1152precision VCO, 267programmable, 267quadrature, 454, 454s, 453–456, 470rquartz crystal, 443–450ratiometric, 431relaxation, 267, 432, 425–435, 470r
555, 429CMOS logic, 426, 427, 559diac, 428high-voltage, 428neon, 428op-amp, 425, 426unijunction, 427, 428
resistor-programmed, 433, 433gring, 960SAW, 450, 471r, 960, 971sawtooth, 430, 430, 917, 918silicon, 432, 433tsinewave, 435–443, 470r
Wien bridge, 436ff, 437, 438, 452t, 470rTCXO, OCXO, 450, 471rtriangle, 239, 267, 431, 432tuning-fork, 441types, 452tvaractor-tuned, 441VCXO, 446, 471r, 960, 965, 969, 971voltage-controlled, 267, 434ff, 470r, 959
in PLL, 959
Wien bridge, see oscillator, sinewave, 847with integrated divider, 434YIG, 434, 435
oscilloscope, 2, 1158ffanalog, 1152, 1159digital, 1152, 1162ff, 1163
aliasing, 1164dead time, 1164
hints, 1160probe, 67, 808, 809, 810s, 1160, 1161
active, 809, 809s, 810p, 1161current, 1161skew, 1164
OTA (operational transconductance amplifier),100
outputcomparator stage, 811comparator swing, 810creating differential, 372current, comparator, 811, 811gcurrent, op-amp, 272t
output currentcritical, in SMPS, see switchmode
oven, 450, 681overcompensation, see also op-amp, 285, 285,
286overcurrent protection, see current, limiting,
see power supply, see voltage regulatoroversampling, see samplingovertemperature
sensor, see also sensor, 13, 14, 203, 602,604, 604 (box), 608, 671absent, 695
overvoltage, see also switchmode, OVP, 691shutdown, see also crowbar, see also power
supply, 598, 658t, 672, 687, 691, 702r,825
OVP, see overvoltage, see switchmode
packet, 1138switching, 1141
PAL, see programmable logic device (PLD),1062
PALASM, see programmable logic device(PLD)
parallel, 2bootloader, 1091capacitors, 21conversion, see ADCimpedances, 46, 69rJFETs to reduce noise, 509MOSFETs, 201port, 999–1002, 1063, 1066, 1067, 1069,
1081, 1084, 1095rresistors, 5resonant crystal mode, 444, 444g, 446g
parametersunspecified, 295
parasitic
coupling, see capacitive couplingoscillation, see oscillationSCR, see SCR
parity generator, 728pass transistor, see transistor, see voltage
regulator, linearpattern sensitivity, 857, 871sPC board design, see AoE 2nd ed.,
pp 816–852, 954PC104, see computer, data busPCB
ground plane, 759, 857ground wiring, 758
PCI, see computer, data busPCIe, see computer, data busPCM, see modulation, pulse-codepeak detector, 156
active, 254, 255passive, 254
peak-to-peakamplitude, 14full-power bandwidth, 251goutput swing, 246
PECL, 874permeability, 29perpetual motion, 116PGA, see amplifier, programmable gainphase
control in DDS, 1068detector, see also PLL, 575equalizer, 415error
of op-amp, 314, 315g, 315tmargin, 247, 263, 276, 282noise, 966, 968, 971sequence filter, 455, 456, 456gshift, see phase shiftsplitter, 105
with discrete BJTs, 88phase shift
and feedback stability, see also Bode plot,281–285, 285
control in SMPS, 659filter comparison, 404goscillator, 438RC lowpass, 50g
phase shifterconstant-amplitude, 89, 89
phase-locked loop, see PLLphase-sequence filter, see filter, see phasephasor, 51, 52g, 89photoconductive mode, 537n, 831 (box), 841nphotocoupler, see optocouplerphotodiode, 841photometer
single-supply, 265photomultiplier, 842, 842
amplifier, 843
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1217
photon counting, see avalanche photodiode, seeoptoelectronics, APD
photoresistor, 206, 844pphototransistor, 841photovoltaic mode, 537n, 831 (box), 841photovoltaic stack, 204, 849, 850PHY, 871pi network, 1109, 1124PIC, see microcontrollerpickup, 59, 442
common-mode, 583PicoGate, see mini-logicPID loop, see feedbackPierce oscillator, see oscillatorpiezo, 24, 1054, 1055piezo amplifier, see amplifierpiezo driver, 207, 333piezoelectric effect
capacitor, in, 682ncrystal, 443
pink noise, see noisePLA, see also programmable logic device
(PLD)platinum RTD, see sensor, temperaturePLD, see programmable logic device (PLD)PLL, 435, 452, 972t, 955–974, 987r, 1066,
1072AM demodulation, 970block diagram, 956Bode plot, 961g, 963gBPSK demodulation, 971capture and lock, 964capture transient, 964, 965clock generation, 972, 1072“cut and try”, 963design, 960–964first-order loop, 960FM demodulation, 969frequency multiplier (design example),
961–964circuit, 962
frequency synthesis, 442, 966–969fractional-n, 966, 966rational-approximation, 968, 968
laser offset locking, 973, 973loop
block diagram, 961loop filter, 395, 960, 961, 988rloop gain, 962, 962 (box)loop stability, 960, 961phase detector, 957, 957g, 957ff, 957t, 958g,
958s, 959g, 987ranti-backlash, 959backlash, 958dead zone, 958
pulse synchronization, 971rejection of noise and jitter, 974sampling clock, 907second-order loop, 960
signal regeneration, 971some realities, 964spur removal, 395VCO, 959
4046-type, 959, 959sVCO variability, 964with JFET oscillator, 394
PMT, see photomultiplierpod, 745, 769, 1036, 1053, 1059, 1090, 1091,
1096polar coordinates, 1098pole, 52, 69r
off-axis, 393splitting, 114
pole-zero, see compensationPOP, 995popcorn
noise, 477, 478gpositive-true, see logicpot, see potentiometerpot core, 29, 581potential difference, see voltagepotentiometer, 7, 8p, 63
digital, see also EEPOT, 63, 184, 412, 1082taper, 739
power, 2ac detect, 1081ac monitor, 1082an hour of (design example), 466density
battery vs capacitor, 690gdesign, 623ffdynamic, see current, 754entry module, 629, 630, 631, 699rfactor, 47
correction in offline SMPS, 668, 699rin offline SMPS, 661, 699rin unregulated supply, 635
five minutes of, 196in ideal capacitor, none, 19, 47in reactive circuits, 47in resistor, 6micro, see micropowerminimizing, in CMOS design, 754one minute of, 23phantom, 1046nprecision source, 285quiescent
in CMOS, 185, 718, 719g, 790in ECL, 719in FPGAs, 769in nMOS inverter, 185in push-pull stage, 106ff, 107, 108, 215in TTL, 718, 719, 758
semiconductor packages, 628, 629pspectrum
from PRBS, 977, 979gsupervisor, 613, 691, 755, 755, 803, 1079switching, 755
from logic levels, 192with MOSFETs, 192–200with outboard driver, 237
too hot!, see heatsink, sizzle testtradeoffs
noise, 483g, 509g, 525gspeed, 792g
train, see switchmode (SMPS)transfer, 11transistor, 624ff
series connection, 697power dissipation
capacitance, 719, 719gpower supply, see also voltage regulator, 594ff,
595pauxiliary, 668clamp, 692commercial modules, 684, 685pcurrent limit, 597
foldback, 693, 694, 694gof outboard pass transistor, 695
favorites, 1152filtering, 32flying capacitor
droop, 639gripple, 639g
high voltage, 695ff, 696, 1152kick-start, 669laboratory, 608, 608, 611, 1152linear
compared with switchmode, see alsoswitchmode, 635fftopology, compared with SMPS, 630
low noise, 578ff, 580g, 913low-noise, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 375modular, 684, 685pnoise, see noiseoffline, see switchmode, offlineovervoltage protection, 598, 690ffpass transistor, see transistor, passpower-factor correction, 661programmable, see programmablerectifier, 634
damping spikes, 634regulated, 123regulator, 34resonant charging, 40ripple voltage, 33sequencing, 912spike, 635nspikes, 633n, 634split, 34, 630, 639storage capacitor, see also capacitor, 633
ripple current in, 634supervisor, see powerswitchmode, 636ff
ac-powered, see also power supply, seeswitchmode, offlinecompared with linear, 630, 635ff
1218 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
controller ICs, 658tcurrent-mode ICs, 654tprogrammable, 1086voltage-mode ICs, 653t
uninterruptible, 673, 673sunregulated, 630, 699r
bench vs SPICE, 634, 635sfrom ac powerline, 628ffpower factor in, 635
voltage multiplier, 34power-on reset, see reset, logic startuppowerline
capacitor, 631, 668discharge resistor, 632, 668
controller, 1063entry, 629filter, 631monitor, 1082monitor IC, 943, 943rejection in integrating ADC, 914, 934switch, 631transformer, 632
leakage inductance in, 633rating, 632
wiring, 628ff, 943PRBS, 558ff, 762r, 770–782, 974–982, 988r
8051 assembly code for, 783ABEL code for, 776analog noise from, 975, 977–982analog noise voltage, 978C-language code for, 784chipping sequence, 975digital
filter, 979eye diagram, 871sfeedback shift register, 975, 976, 979
properties, 976taps, 976t
noise generator, 559, 771spectrum, 560s
noise sourcecircuit, 980
power spectrum, 977, 979gVerilog code for, 778VHDL code for, 780with cPLD, 772with discrete logic, 559, 771, 772with ECL logic, 981, 983pwith microcontroller, 777ff, 782
assembly code, 779, 783C-language code, 782, 784
with PLDs, 981wrapup, 981
pre-emphasis, 864, 870, 870, 871s, 873gprecision
vs dynamic range, 292, 388rprefixes, 4 (box)printed circuit
SMT vs through-hole, 268, 269
printer port (Centronics), see computer, databus
priority encoder, see logicprobe
active, 810pfor logic signals, 808, 810p
probingdigital signals, 808, 809s, 810p
programmultiplex video, 1138
programmable (with voltage)current source, 228–230, 367, 896oscillator, 267power supply, 605, 607, 610pulse generator, 918timer (one-shot), 242voltage source, 195
programmable logic device (PLD), see alsologic, 728, 737, 745, 763r, 765p, 787r,764–789, 797, 1036
ABEL, 764, 775, 776address decoder, 1000advice, 782ff, 788rapplications, 787rcPLD, 764, 766, 789r
PRBS bit generator, 772–777CUPL, 764FPGA, see also FPGA, 764, 768, 787r, 1031
configuration memory, 769logic element, 770
GAL, 764HDL, 745, 764, 765, 787r
behavioral coding, 777, 778structural coding, 777, 779
HDL entry, 775ff, 787radvantages, 777, 787r
in-circuit programming, 764, 769, 774macrocell, 764mixed-signal, 769netlist, 769, 787rnoise generator, 981output characteristics, 798gpackages, 765pPAL, 764, 765–768
circuit, 766, 767macrocell, 768
PALASM, 764PLA, 768place and route, 769, 773, 787rpod, 745programmer, 769, 773, 1152programming, 787rschematic entry, 745, 773, 773ff, 774, 787r
advantages, 775, 787rsoftware, 769Verilog, 775, 778VHDL, 745, 765, 775, 777, 780WebPACK, 770nwhen to use, 782ff
programmable oscillator, 267programmable-gain amplifier (PGA), see
amplifierpropagation time, 710protection, input, see input protectionproximity sensor, see sensorpseudo-differential, 275, 583pseudo-op, 996pseudo-random bit sequence, see PRBSpseudocode, 1056PSoC, see microcontrollerPTAT, see also bandgap, 92n, 104, 431n, 604
(box), 606, 621, 679, 680pullup
active, 270, 717, 720, 721current-source, 85, 696passive, 185resistor, 5 (box), 185, 209, 237, 623, 712,
720, 721pulse, 16
code, see modulation, pulse-codeduty-cycle
limiting, 465forming network, 1126from step, 77, 458ff, 459sgenerator, 17
high-voltage, 333, 917, 918long pulses, 740n-pulse, 752, 753programmable pulse-width, 241single, 739single-pulse, 739triggerable (design example), 739, 740with discrete BJTs, 77–79with flip-flops and counters, 739
height analysis, 914limiting width of, 465runt, see also logic, see runt pulse, 757spectrum of, 941gstretcher, 194synchronization
with PLL, 971width modulation, see PWM
PUSH, 995push-pull
BJT output stage, 81, 106–108, 129rbiasing, 108crossover distortion, 107thermal stability of, 108, 214
MOSFET output stagethermal stability of, 214
op-amp power booster, 234PWM, see also switchmode, 470r, 645, 699r,
1061, 1062, 1072, 1077, 1094, 1095,1096r
analog vs digital, 1072, 1072as digital-to-analog converter, 888, 888, 890,
985rdigital, 1072
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1219
in class-D amplifier, 109sin switchmode converters, 642, 645ff, 656,
665in thermal control, 1070light dimming, 834rate multiplier as, 890thermal controller, 1069–1077to DAC converter, 889torque-motor control, 890
pyroelectric detector, 841p
Q (quality factor), 53g, 53ff, 54gof crystal, 443spoiling, 53
QAM, 456quadrature, 395n
detector, 969encoder, 844p, 852, 1066FM demodulation, 969oscillator, 454, 454s, 453–456, 470rRF, 455square waves, 455
quadrature-amplitude modulation, see QAMquantization
noise, 927gquiescent, see current, see powerquieting
in FM, see AoE 2nd ed., p 898
R−2R, see ladderRabbit, see microcontrollerradio
AM, 55, 56swaveforms, 55g, 56s
radiofrequency, see RFrail splitter, 262, 277rail-to-rail, see op-ampramp, 15
generator, 27random walk, 981RAS, 1019Raspberry Pi, 1053nraster, 1132rate multiplier
as PWM, 890ratiometric, 123, 431, 739, 884, 1072rbb, see BJTRC circuit, 21, 21g, 21ffRC snubber, see snubberRCA, see connectorreactance, 40ff
graph of, 49greactive circuits, 40ff
power in, 47read cycle, see computer, programmed IO, see
memoryreading and references, 1154ffrectification, 31ffrectifier, see also diode, 12, 31ff, 32t, 634
active, 238ff, 289r, 634, 634nbridge, 32, 33, 612, 613, 630, 662s, 699r,
805active, 634ndual-voltage input, 660
fast-recovery, 670forward drop, 31full-wave, 32
active, 257full-wave center-tapped, 33half-wave, 32inrush current in, 651power supply
spikes, 633n, 634Schottky, see diodesignal, 35soft-recovery, 670synchronous, 289r, 634
referencedesign, 671
reflection coefficient, 1117refresh, see also memory, dynamic
display, 1001register, see logicregulation
cross, 672line, 595nload, 595nsecondary, in SMPS, 671
regulator, see voltage regulatorseries pass, 598
relaydriver, 194driving from logic, 817ffelectromechanical, 59, 818latching, 459, 515, 819low-level, 515optocoupled, 843ffsolid-state, see SSR
resetlogic startup, 691, 755, 755, 1079of core, in SMPS, 657
resistancebase-spreading, see BJT, rbbdark, 206, 537n, 1059dynamic, see also BJT, emitter resistance, 12internal, 10leakage, 10negative, 7, 397, 646, 650n, 1113noise, see noise resistanceof analog switch, 175, 948nON, see analog switch, FET, see MOSFETsmall-signal, 12source, 10thermal, see thermal resistancetrimmer, see trimmer
resistor, 3ff, 3p, 5 (box), 68r4-wire, 294naccuracy, 1106t
active, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 257, 416, 416bleeder, 211, 634carbon, 5 (box), 300, 476, 591, 696, 1105
nonlinearity, 697, 698gchip
sizes, 4ncolor code, 1105tcurrent-sensing, 754, 760digital, 1082discharge, for powerline capacitor, 632E96 series, 1104temitter-ballasting, 113, 113, 138, 146, 192,
201, 214, 508excess noise in, 476high-voltage, 698, 1104, 1105
nonlinearity, 697, 698gin parallel, 5in series, 5international notation, 5nKelvin, 277, 294n, 350, 365, 898, 1070metal-film, 5 (box), 300, 476, 679, 696,
1105negative temperature coefficient, see also
sensor, temperature, thermistor, 661noninductive, 696nonlinearity, 697, 698g, 1106tpositive temperature coefficient, see AoE
2nd ed., p 216power in, 6power package, 3pprecision, 293, 300, 345, 348–350, 696,
1105precision divider, 679properties of, 300, 388rpullup, 5 (box), 209, 237, 623, 720, 721
logic input, 805MOSFET as, 828on demultiplexer, 727
series damping, 263, 263s, 264, 264source-ballasting, 192standard values, 1104suppression, 573T-network, 259tempco, 300, 679, 1106tthick-film, 1105thin-film, 1105types, 1104ff, 1106tvariable, 63
JFET, 161stability, 679
voltage coefficient, 697, 1106tvoltage rating, 697, 697nwirewound, 3p, 5 (box), 8p, 476, 591, 1070,
1105resonance, see LC, see capacitor, bypass, see
oscillator, crystal; oscillator, LC, seepower supply, resonant charging
resonantcharging, 39, 40
1220 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
circuit, 52ffreverse polarity protection, 616, 665, 671RF
driving cable, 862noise measurement, 558
RFI (radiofrequency interference), 582, 668ribbon microphone, 505ring buffer, see bufferring detection, see AoE 2nd ed., p 985ringback, 759ringing
capacitive loads, 263s, 264in SMPS, 668, 668nlogic signals, 809s, 856ff, 877r
ripple, 635, 636s, 639g, 699rcurrent, 644effect of capacitor ESR, 639neffect of switchmode frequency, 641filtering, 619in unregulated supply, 599, 632of filter, 399switchmode power supply, 636s
rise time, 16of RC, 22of filter, 400slow causes failure, 426, 757, 801
RLL, 1041rms amplitude, see amplitudeRogowski coil, 944, 944rotary encoder, 1066RS-232, see also computer, data bus, 771,
872s, 871–873, 1038, 1038ff, 1039s,1061–1063, 1066, 1081, 1089, 1095r
and cable length, 873driver ICs, 872levels, 873mark, 1038power, 874gpseudo-random byte generator, 770rates, 873gsignals, 1039tSTART bit, 1038STOP bit, 1038timing ambiguity in, 1038to USB adapter, 871n, 1064
RS-422, 864, 865, 865ff, 865slevels, 873power, 874gtorture test, 866, 866s
RS-485, 865, 865ff, 865s, 1038ff, 1061isolated, 867, 868levels, 873power, 874grates, 873g
RTC, 1084RTD, see sensor, temperaturerubidium, see oscillator, atomicrunt pulse, see also logic race, 738, 743s, 748,
753n, 757
s-plane, 52S/H, see sample-and-holdS/PDIF, 1061safe operating area (SOA), 113n, 192g, 216,
603n, 604 (box), 627, 702rSallen and Key filter, 399, 409sample
PLL clock, 907sample-and-hold, see also op-amp, 156, 183,
183, 256, 256g, 301g, 342, 388r, 843,849, 904, 950
sampling, 419, 900ff, 901, 907bandpass, 907depth
and dynamic range, 900direct IF to digital, 907images, 931gNyquist criterion, 900, 901over, see also delta-sigma, 901, 901, 902n,
924, 928ratio (OSR), 924
rateand aliasing, 900, 901and bandwidth, 900
rate and aliasing, 931gunder, 901, 907
band conversion, 907window, see window
SAS, see computer, data busSATA, see computer, data bussatellite
geostationary, 1139saturation, see also antisaturation, see also
BJT, see also comparator, see also FETcurrent, 132, 165ncurrent (IDSS), see also FET, drain
characteristicscurrent (IS), see also BJTDarlington, see BJTIGBT desaturation, see IGBTin BJT, 73
Schottky clamp prevents, 717nin oscillator, 437of magnetic core, 657, 659of output, see op-amp, rail-to-railvoltage, 165n
sawtooth, see oscillatorscaling
of IC feature size, 793nscary stuff, 1025schematic
diagramhow to draw, 1101ff
entryin SPICE, 1146
ugly, 1102Schmitt trigger, 128r, 237, 237, 237g, 267, 269,
270, 279, 279, 289r, 459, 717, 754, 755,801, 801s, 803s, 805, 807, 807, 808s
logic input, 801, 801s, 802speedup capacitor, 808stransfer function, 237gwith discrete BJTs, 79
Schottky, see diode, SchottkySCPI, 1065nSCR, 691, 1062
latchup, see also AoE 2nd ed., Fig. 14.41,222, 759, 795
overvoltage crowbar, 598, 672, 690ffSCSI, see computer, data busSD card, 1082SDR, 1021second breakdown, 113n, 187, 216, 627, 702rsecond-order loop, see PLLSeebeck effect, see thermal EMFsensor
ac power, 943, 944acceleration, 1077, 1079p, 1082, 1084,
1095ratom, 553ffcharge, 933current, 943, 944force, 1077grasp, 372gyro, 1077inductance, 1084light, 498, 548, 578, 837p, 841p, 844plightning, 497magnetic field, 1082proximity, 1084rotation, 1077, 1082, 1095rsound, 486, 505ffstrain, 297ff, 347, 348, 588, 937suntan, 278–280, 922, 1054–1059temperature, see also PTAT, 13, 14, 671,
1070absolute, 621, 680RTC, 1071RTD, 347n, 1070, 1070nsemiconductor, 621, 680, 1070thermistor, 123, 372, 661, 1070thermocouple, see also AoE 2nd ed.,pp 988–992, 337, 341t, 367, 675n, 937,1070, 1084
SEPIC converter, see switchmodeSERDES, 855, 870, 870, 874serial, see computer, data bus, see logicseries, 5
capacitors, 21damping, 263, 263s, 264, 264feedback, see feedbackimpedances, 46, 69rresistors, 5resonant crystal mode, 444, 444g
series-feedback pair, 122, 286with JFET, 150, 151g
servo, 1069, 1074SETI, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 1038, 973
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1221
settling time, 309gof RC lowpass, 309gof filter, 400of op-amp, 308ff, 320, 321t
setup time, see logicSH-4, see microcontrollerShannon sampling theorem, see Nyquist
criterionshielded twisted-pair, see STPshielding, 579ff, 581, 593r
magnetic, 581shift register, see logicshoot-through, see currentshootout
ADCs, SAR vs ∆Σ, 939at the ADC corral, 939tJFET vs BJT, 517low-power ADC, 941
shot noise, see noiseshrinkage factor, 391nshunt, 294n
current, 277feedback, see feedback
shutdown, see also overcurrent, see alsoovervoltage, 272t, 524t, 600, 653t
fault, 847, 847regulator failure during, 606, 619thermal, 235, 602, 604 (box), 671, 825
siemens, 6, 90n, 147sign extend, see AoE 2nd ed., p 794sign-magnitude, see numbersignal
amplitude, 68raveraging, 575, 576
bandwidth reduction by, 562, 575differential, 347ff, 705ngenerator, 17guard, 358, 360, 587mixed
PLD, 769protector, 175regeneration
with PLL, 971sampling, 419single-ended, 347, 705nslew rate of, 362to-noise ratio, see SNRtransformer, see transformer
signals, 13ffsigned number, see numbersignificand, 1048Silicon Valley, law of, 750gsilicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), see SCRSIM Card, 1061simulation, see SPICESINAD, 985rsinewave, 14
3-level, 673arbitrary phase, 456
digital generation, see DDSfrom square wave, 394s, 435, 436sinverter, 673smodified, 673, 673soscillator, see oscillator, sinewave
Single Gate, see mini-logicsingle pulse, 739single slope
conversion, see ADCsingle-ended
logic signal, 705nsignal, 347
sizzle test, 625skepticism
of fourth fundamental element claim, 18nof parts-per-billion claim, 437
skewclock, see logicprobe, see oscilloscopethreshold, see logictiming, see logic
skin depth, 1122gslew rate, see also op-amp, 328
and jitter, 457causes interference, 581, 587, 705filtered, 1073in oscillators, 426of composite amplifier, 920of current source, 367of differential amplifier, 385of op-amp, 248, 307, 328, 329, 515, 862of signal, 362reduced, 222, 607, 650, 759, 820, 865, 871too slow, 757, 808
slopecompensation, 650
SMA, see connectorsmall-signal, 12, 80, 147
impedance, 81, 245symbol for, 80, 90, 1097transistor, 74t
SMB, see connectorSMBus, 1061Smith chart, 1121smoke, 672nsmoothness
silky, 505nSMU, 554, 1115
favorites, 1152SNR, 478ffsnubber, 39, 630, 634, 656, 659, 660, 669SOA, see safe operating areaSoC, 1031soft start, 606n, 607, 645, 650solar cell, 2soldering iron
favorite, 1152solenoid, 29sound pressure level (SPL), 505ff
sourcedegeneration, 148, 159, 160, 169, 346, 367sinewave, 41
source followerJFET, 156ff
gain, 157input impedance, 157low distortion, 160, 161goutput impedance, 157tutorial, 159with active load, 158
operating point, 156output impedance
vs BJT follower, 157push-pull power MOSFET, 214
source-measure unit, see SMUsource-measure unit (SMU), 897Space (RS-232), 871SparkFun, 1082, 1095rspectrum
analyzer, 567, 1152spreading, 649, 975
SPI, see also computer, data bus, 887, 1028,1030, 1032ff, 1061, 1066, 1081, 1086,1087, 1094
ADC SAR example, 909bootloader, 1091bridge, 1084in ADC, 937, 943, 945in DAQ, 946, 947, 954isolation in DAQ, 950microcontroller peripherals, 1083,
1082–1084SPICE
amplifier analysis, 314, 315g, 1148comparison with bench, 459s, 635scrystal analysis, 444ff, 445, 446gfilter analysis, 393g, 399g, 414g, 456g, 560gfun with, 93nMOSFET models, 168npower supply analysis, 633–635, 635sprimer, 1146ffpulser analysis, 459ssimulation
comparison with bench, 1148stransistor model, 482nunregulated power supply
bench comparison, 634spike, see also charge injection, 17
differentiated edge, 26sfrom discharge, 200from flyback, 38, 193from hard switching, 668from leakage inductance, 669from snapoff, 199, 633n, 634ground-current, 856in frequency domain, 978in power supply rectifier, 633n, 634in SMPS driver, 669, 669
1222 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
logic driving capacitive load, 857, 857spur, see frequency
removal, 394square wave, 16
converting to sinewave, 394squadrature, 455
SRAM, see computer, see memory, staticSSR, see also zero-crossing, see also
zero-voltage switching, 24, 59, 823,848ff, 850, 851, 875r, 877r, 1062, 1063,1081, 1095r
leakage current, 1062stabilized platform
microcontroller, 1077, 1077p, 1079pmicrocontroller (design example)
block diagram, 1078standing-wave ratio, see VSWRstar network, 1042START and STOP, 771state machine, see logicstate-variable filter, 410ffstatus bit, see computer, programmed IOstatus register, see computer, programmed IOstep, 17
responsefilter comparison, 405g, 406t
stepping motor, 1084STM (scanning tunneling microscope), 553ff
image of Si crystal, 554pstorage capacitor, see capacitorSTP, 583, 1117strain gauge, see sensorstripline, see also microstrip, 456, 858, 871s,
1117, 1119nstuck node
tracer, 276gsubroutine, see also computer, instruction set,
996subthreshold region, see FET, see JFETsuccessive approximation, see ADCsumming amplifier, see op-ampsumming junction, 225, 225, 230, 250ff, 270,
288r, 297, 298, 319, 369, 384, 497, 511,547, 550
bias current, 257ffcapacitance of, 547impedance of, 251
suntan monitordelta-sigma, 922ffmicrocontroller, 1054–1059op-amp, current divider, 279op-amp, integrating, 278op-amp, two-step, 279with ADC, 922with microcontroller, 1054–1059
superbeta, see BJTsupervisory, see power, supervisorsurface acoustic wave, see oscillator, SAWsurface-mount technology (SMT), 3p, 65, 66p,
268, 269, 432n, 601, 603, 627p, 789r,793, 1104, 1152
size compared, 3p, 20p, 29p, 65p, 269, 269sizes, 4n, 269n
susceptance, 90nsweep generator, 17switch, see also analog switch
3-way, 59analog, see analog switchas digital input, 802, 802, 1081bounce, 729, 802, 802, 803sbreak-before-make, 179, 920cold-weld sticking, 573debouncer, 753, 802s
built-in, 803clocked, 803, 803keeper circuit, 803latch as, 730, 802, 803slowdown plus Schmitt, 802, 803, 803ssoftware, 803, 804SR flip-flop, 802, 802SR flip-flop as, 730supervisor as, 803
debouncing, 729, 802DIP, 57pdry-switching, 58, 804, 817floating, 203form A, 58, 803form C, 58, 803high-side, 825, 826tmatrix, 1068, 1069, 1081, 1095rmechanical, 56, 57pMOSFET, see MOSFET, see switchmodeopto-interrupter, 851PCB-mounting, 57ppowerline, 631protected, 175, 824, 825tprotecting, 823ffpushbutton, 58reed, 573rotary, 58self-wiping, 804simple logic with, 58SPDT, 56, 58, 803SPST, 56, 58, 803T-switch, 179toggle, 57ptoggling, 195
switched-capacitorADC, see also ADC, charge redistribution,
see also switchmode, inductorlessfilter, 415ffintegrator, 416resonator, 454
switchingactive, 32n, 643amplifier, 109, 109s, 673cold, 75, 725dry, see switch
hard, 659, 671high-side, 77, 193, 195, 196, 820, 820ff,
821, 821, 823, 825, 826, 828loss, 662, 671, 1073soft, 671synchronous, 32n, 643
switchmode (SMPS), see also power supply,see also voltage regulator, 609, 636ff,699r
basic topologies, 641ff, 642boost, 30, 647, 647, 700rbridge converter, 659, 700rbuck, 30, 642ff, 700r
intrinsically regulated, 643buck, examples, 644ff, 645, 646buck–boost, 649, 651, 700rburst mode, 643ncompared with linear, 630, 635ffcontinuous-conduction mode, 644, 670ncontroller ICs, 658tcore
gapped, 656, 670core reset, 657critical conduction mode, 643critical output current, 643cross regulation, 672Cuk, 649, 700rcurrent discontinuity in, 649, 651current pulsation, 649–651current-mode, 642, 649, 651, 651ff, 701r
pros and cons, 652, 701rcurrent-mode ICs, 654tdesign equations, 644, 647, 648, 656, 657,
659discontinuous-conduction mode, 645, 666,
670duty cycle, 643efficiency, 636, 637, 646, 672feedback stability, 650, 669flux balance, 659flyback, 655, 657, 665, 700r
power train, 671transformer in, 670
forward converter, 656, 700rH-bridge, 655, 659hysteretic, 644, 644, 700rinductorless, 638ff, 639g, 640t, 699r
regulated, 641ripple, 639n, 641
internally compensated, 645ffinverting, 648, 648, 700risolated, 653ff, 700r
flyback, 655topologies, 655
LED driving, 832loss, 662low-noise, 649, 673nminimum output current, 643, 672negative input resistance, 646, 650n, 672
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1223
noise, 636s, 637, 649, 672, 673nnoise spectrum, 636gnon-isolated, 641ff, 642
boost, 647, 647buck, 642ffbuck, examples, 644ffbuck-boost, 651design equations, 644, 647, 648hysteretic, 644internally compensated, 645ffinverting, 648, 648waveforms, 643, 647, 648, 652wrapup, 649ff
offline, 637, 656, 657, 660ffdual-voltage, 660feedback, 662input filter, 646, 650n, 660, 661, 665, 668,672input transient, clamp, 669inrush current, 661, 668power-factor correction (PFC), 661, 661,662s, 668real-world example, 665ffsafety, 672when to use, 672wrapup, 672
OVP, 654tphase-shift control, 659point-of-load, 637n, 685PWM, 659, 701rPWM modes, 651ffreference design, 671regulation, 630, 637, 637, 641, 642, 645,
646, 649–651, 656, 657, 659, 659, 662,665, 671, 672, 700r
ringing, 667s, 668ripple, 636s, 642, 645, 646, 649SEPIC, 649, 700rslope compensation, 650soft start, 650synchronous switching in, 643topologies, 638, 700r
compared with linear, 630transformer in, 653voltage-mode, 642, 649, 651, 651ff, 701r
pros and cons, 652voltage-mode ICs, 653twaveforms, 643, 647, 648, 652, 666, 667swrapup, non-isolated, 649ffzero-current switching (ZCS), 650, 659zero-voltage switching (ZVS), 650, 659, 671
synchronous, see also logic, see also memorycounter , see logic, counterswitching, see switching
synchronous detection, see bandwidth,narrowing
synthesizer, see also frequency, synthesizer, 17clock, 1084
Sziklai, see BJT
T network, 259, 1109, 1124tables, see Table of Contentstake-back-half, 1075
convergence, 1076gtank circuit, see also AoE 2nd ed., p 883, see
LCtape
electrical, 63phelical, 1135Kapton, 626
taper, 739TCP/IP, 1094, 1140Teensy, 1053nTeflon, 299n, 301g, 326television
analogbroadcast, 1134recording, 1135spectrum, 1136s
cable, 1134switched broadcast, 1142
digital, 1136ffbroadcast, 1138cable, 1138recording, 1142satellite, 1139spectrum, 1136s
display technology, 1142HD, 1137satellite
uplink, 1140pspectrum, 1137stutorial, 1131ff
temperaturestabilized, 681
oscillator, 450voltage reference, 676, 681
temperature coefficientautozero amplifier, 335t, 339bandgap reference, 604 (box), 679BJT base voltage, 140collector current, 92crystal oscillator, 450FET drain current, 138, 138g, 547nFET gate current, 163FET gate voltage, 140IC reference, 677, 678tIC zeners, 676MOSFET RON, 187, 192, 202, 212, 213g,
215gMOSFET drain current, 212, 214, 215offset voltage, 244, 289r, 306, 388rresistor, 300, 388r, 679, 1105ways to specify, 683gzener diode, 674, 675
temperature compensationbandgap reference, 604 (box), 679, 701rcrystal oscillator, 446n, 450current source, 87, 431
transistor, 87, 97, 102zener diode, 674
temperature controller, see thermal controllertemperature sensor, see sensortermination
of transmission line, 739, 858ff, 1117texting, 707nThevenin equivalent Circuit, 69rThevenin equivalent circuit, 9ff, 69r
examples, 1108Thevenin’s theorem, 1107ff
generalized, 55thermal controller, 123
microcontroller, 1069–1077thermal EMF, see also op-amp, autozero, 339,
340, 675nthermal hysteresis, 683thermal resistance, 216, 603n, 624ff, 701r
of heatsinks, 626gof PCB foil, 627gtransient, 628, 702r, 1073
thermal runaway, see also second breakdown,108, 108ff, 112, 187, 212ff, 214, 215
absent in MOSFET, 138thermal shutdown, see shutdownthermistor, see sensorthermocouple, see sensors, temperaturethree-state, see logicthree-terminal regulator, see voltage regulatorthree-way switch, see switchthreshold voltage, see FET, see JFET, see logic,
see Schmitt triggerthyristor, 208, 581TIA, see transimpedance amplifiertime
delay, see also latencyfilter comparison, 404gin ADC, 903minimized with DMA, 1010
delay circuit, 23hold, see logiclatency, see latencypropagation, see logicremoval, see logicripple-through, see logic, counterrise, see rise timesettling, see settling timesetup, see logicstandard, 1152storage, see BJT
time constant, see also rise time, 22time-interval measurement, see AoE 2nd ed.,
p 1022time-to-amplitude converter, see convertertimer, 457–469, 470, 471r, 1096r
555, 460, 460an hour of power, 466camera control (design example), 467ICs for, 468
1224 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
microcontroller as, 469one second per hour, 467programmable, 241
timingskew, 737n, 1027
TinyLogic, see mini-logictoggle, see logic, flip-flop, see switchtolerance, 6, 299, 388r
effect on filter response, 402gtools
favorites, 1152toroid, 581, 585
common-mode choke, 584totem-pole, 697, 697touchscreen, 1082, 1084touchscreen digitizer, 944track-and-hold, see also op-amp, 256, 909tracking ADC, 909transconductance, see also BJT; FET; JFET,
89, 91amplifier, see also OTA, 90, 90ffenhancer, 148
transconductor, 99transducer, see sensortransfer function, 7transform, see Fouriertransformer, 30
balun, 379, 380bifilar winding, 656current, see currentflyback, see inductorfor wideband ADC input, 382gapped, 656, 670in feedback loop, 286, 536in switchmode converter, 653, 699rinductance, see inductanceisolated SMPS, see also switchmode, 653ff,
670isolation, 672leakage inductance, see inductancepowerline, 632, 699r
leakage inductance in, 633rating, 632
pulsefor isolated feedback, 663
signal, 497, 535–537, 1124signal isolator, 586toroidal, see also toroid, 29, 29p, 537, 581variable, 64p
transientaveraging, see bandwidth, narrowingcapture, in PLL, 964suppressor, 632, 670, 699rthermal resistance, 628, 702r, 1073
transient responseof voltage regulator, 617
transimpedance amplifier, 233, 288r, 537,537ff, 547–549
bandwidth, 537ff
bootstrapped cascode, 550, 550bootstrapping, 547capacitive feedback, 552, 571cascode input, 548ffcommercial, 570compensation, 539ff, 540–542gcomposite, 543ff, 544
noise, 544scurrent calibrator, 555JFET hybrid, 544noise, 499, 511, 532, 593r
en-C, 538, 538ff, 540–542g, 542s, 543ginput, 538reduction by bootstrapping, 547
noise calculation, 539noise model, 539patch clamp, 552regulated cascode (RGC), 551stability, 537, 570STM, 553wideband
example, 540world’s best, 545
transistor, see also BJT; FET; JFET; MOSFETbias-resistor, 712n, 827bipolar, see BJTBJT switch, 73–79, 91diamond, 100digital, 712n, 827field-effect, see FETman, 75packages, 73ppass, 594, 596, 597, 598, 695, 699, 700r
protection, 695perfect, 99photo, 841, 841ppower, 624ffpre-biased, 712n, 827series connection of, 697superbeta, see BJTswitch, 127rthermal resistance of, see also thermal
resistance, 624unijunction, 427, 428
transmission gate, see logictransmission line, 1116ff
and sinewaves, 1120ffcharacteristic impedance, 1116
derivation of, 1127computer bus as, 1027delay line, 1128pdifferential, 878r
LVDS, 868–870rejection of common-mode signals, 866,866s, 869, 869s
digital signals on, 858ff, 878rpower dissipation, 874g
impedance matching, 1122broadband lossless, 1124
minimum loss, 1123narrowband lossless, 1125reactive, 1125transformer, 1124
loss, 1121, 1122gmatched
capacitance disappears, 1116pre-emphasis, 864reflection, 1027, 1117, 1118, 1119sresistive attenuator, 1123, 1124tringing, 1119stermination, 1117ff
back, 1118series, 1118
twisted pair, 1117unterminated, 859, 859, 860s, 1119
transresistance amplifier, see transimpedanceamplifier
tri-state, see logic, three-statetriac, 581, 691, 1062
quadrants, 692ntriangle wave, 15triboelectric effect, 573trigonometric function generator, see AoE 2nd
ed., p 293trigonometry, 1097trimmer
capacitance, 64CMRR, see CMRRdistortion, 438frequency, 466notch frequency, 415offset, 244, 251, 304ff, 305, 305g, 355, 515resistance, 8p, 63, 66p, 1128ptime, 466voltage, 600, 603, 671
truth table, see logicTTL, see logictuned circuit, see LC, resonant circuittunnel diode, see diodeTVS, 39, 670twin-T filter, 414twisted pair, see cable
wideband analog over, 352, 353
UART, see also computer, 1038ff, 1061, 1063,1064, 1067, 1071, 1089, 1090, 1095
bootloader, 1090ugly
diagram, 1102UHF, see connectorunblanking, 1000uncompensated, see op-ampundersampling, see also ADC, see samplingundersampling, deliberate, 907undervoltage, 691
lockout, 701runicast, 1142uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 673, 673s
Art of Electronics Third Edition Subject Index 1225
unity-gain frequency, see also op-amp, gain, vsfrequency
universeage of, 771, 988
unshielded twisted-pair, see UTPunsigned number, see numberunused input, see logicup-down counter, see logic, counterUPS, see uninterruptible power supplyUSB, see also computer, data bus, 1042, 1042,
1062–1064, 1081, 1089, 1095rbootloader, 1091isolated, 1081to RS-232 adapter, 871n, 1064
UTP, 1117
V to fconversion, see ADC
varactor, see also diode, 64, 435, 960, 969, 971tuned oscillator, 440, 470r
Variac, 64pvaristor, 39, 632
aging, 632VBE, see BJTVCE(sat), see BJT, saturationVCE(sat) vs FET RON, see MOSFET, RONVCO, see oscillator, voltage-controlledVCVS, see filter, types, see filterVerilog, see also logic, see programmable logic
device (PLD), 711, 745, 765vertical retrace, see video, compositeVGA, 1062, 1132nVHDL, see programmable logic device (PLD)Victoreen, 3p, 698video
amplifier, see amplifieranalog, 1132back-terminated, 315, 352, 859n, 862coax, 1140composite, see also NTSC, 1133, 1133sconnectors, 1143ff, 1144pDAC, see DACdigitizer, 1084encoder, 1030field, 1133nframe, 1132interlaced, 1133nmodulation, 1133multiplex, 1138multiplexer, 178on demand, 1141over Internet, 1140phase compensation, 314, 381, 864progressive, 1133nswitch, 178sync, 1133
volt, 2voltage, 1, 68r
amplifier, see also amplifier, 88, 117
as complex quantity, 44ffburden, 10common-mode, see amplifiercomparator output swing, 810compliance, 8converter
flying capacitor, 183defined, 1divider, 7, 7
adjustable, 7equation, 7generalized, 48
doubler, see also charge pump, 34, 34, 639,660, 872, 1063
dropof diode, 31
dropout, see voltage regulatorEarly, 93, 151n, 502electrostatic, 200tgain with RC, 71nhigh, see high voltageinverter, 639, 872, 1063Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 2logic threshold, 796mode, see switchmodemultiplier, 34noise, see noiseoffset, see also amplifier, see also op-amp,
366cancelling VBE, 85, 87comparator, 812correction with DAC, 949JFET, 139, 512, 515op-amp, 244
offset in op-amp, see op-amppower-supply ripple, 33reference, see voltage referenceregulator, see voltage regulatorsaturation, see also BJT, see also saturation,
165nsignal, 14, 21–27source, see also SMU, 8
8-channel, 893, 895low-noise, 891, 892stiff, 37
source, general laboratory, 891, 892spike, see spikethermal, kT/Q, 136nthermal, kT/q, 91thermoelectric, 341tthreshold
of digital logic, 797gtrigger, see also Schmitt trigger, 428
triboelectric, 573voltage controlled, see programmable (with
voltage)voltage controlled oscillator, see oscillatorvoltage reference, 275, 674ff, 700, 701r
2-terminal, 677t
3-terminal, 678taccuracy, 683aging, 683bandgap, 104, 599, 602, 604 (box), 606,
611, 677, 678t, 679, 701ras temperature sensor, 680noise in, 679n
current source with, 896drift, 683humidity, 684in DAQ, 949, 950JFET pinchoff, 680, 680, 701rline and load regulation, 684low tempco, 676, 676, 681MOSFET floating gate, 681, 701r, 912noise, 677t, 682g, 682, 701rprecision, 681PTAT, see PTATself-heating, 684series, 674, 678t, 701rshunt, 674, 677ttempco, 683, 701r
ways to specify, 683gtemperature stabilized, 676, 677t, 681trim, 683VBE, see voltage reference, bandgapx-ray exposure, 684zener, 674ff, 701r
biasing, 675bootstrap biasing, 676compared with bandgap, 679compensated, 674drift, 675dynamic resistance, 675gIC, 676ff, 677tLTZ1000, the spectacular, 675noise, 674, 676ntempco, 675g
voltage regulator, see also power supply, seealso switchmode (SMPS), 34, 82
3-terminal, 700ras current source, 620, 620, 621gfloating HV, 698
317-style, 604 (box), 605t, 700radjustable to zero, 605, 607, 608as current source, 620, 620, 621gcircuit, 606dual voltage, 612dual-tracking lab supply, 608high-voltage supply, 609hints, 604, 607proportional fan control, 608protection, 619schematic, 603, 606
337-styleschematic, 606
7800-style, 602t723, 598ff
in defense of, 600
1226 Subject Index Art of Electronics Third Edition
current limit, 619, 693foldback, 693
current-reference, 611dropout, 599, 600, 700remitter follower as, 82extending VIN, 211, 693fault protection, 619filtering, 619, 620floating, 698fully integrated, 600ffhigh voltage, 609, 610, 695ff, 696linear, 699r
3-terminal adjustable, see also 317-style,602ff, 6033-terminal fixed, 601, 602, 602tadjustable to zero, 605, 607, 608, 611,612bypassing, 616choosing, 613crowbar, 598current limit, 597dropout voltage, 606gerror amplifier, 597feedback stability, 597ground-pin current, 616high-voltage, 693, 698idiosyncrasies, 613LDO stability, 617, 617gnoise, 618pinouts, 613reverse polarity, 616taxonomy, 601transient response, 263g, 263s, 264, 617,618stutorial, 595ff, 596
load dump, 618low-dropout, 561, 599, 700rlow-dropout (LDO), 610, 610ff, 611, 612g,
614, 615texcess current near dropout, 616stability, 617, 617g, 700r
LT3080-style, 611, 611as current source, 620, 620, 621g
op-amp, 235point-of-load (POL), 685protection, 606, 607, 619
ramp-up control, 606nschematic, LM317, 603, 606schematic, LM337, 606switching, 609taxonomy, 699rzener as, 595
voltmeter, 2sensitive (design example), 253, 293true rms, 568
VOM, 10von Neumann architecture, see computer,
architectureVSWR, 1121
wall plugblades and wires, 628n
wall wart, 637n, 686wall-wart, 661watchdog, 755, 1059, 1061, 1064, 1067, 1079,
1096watt, 2wave
standing, 1121waveform
sampling, 419Wheeler’s formula, 29white noise, see noisewideband
analog link, 380Widlar, Bob, 97n, 101n, 102, 307, 598ff, 604
(box), 679Wien bridge, see bridge, see oscillator,
sinewaveWiFi, 1053, 1062Williams, Jim, 316n, 330, 438n, 1074, 1154Willison, John, 968Wilson mirror, see also current, mirror, 102,
102, 146window
averaging, 562n, 941gcomparator, see comparatorquartz, 769, 1023sampling, 420
tradeoffs, 421switch, 573
wire
in Verilog, 777long
digital signals through, 856ff, 877r, 1117wired-AND, -OR, see logicwirewound resistor, see resistor, wirewoundWords and Phrases, 714nworld’s best
DMM, 918frequency-control algorithm, 1068low en amplifier, 505low-distortion oscillator, 437, 438low-memory capacitor (Teflon), 301glow-noise power supply, 578, 580gmultichannel fast ∆Σ ADC, 956op-amp noise plot, 526g, 531gprecision current source, 898precision resistor, 227n, 300, 1105, 1106tPWM DAC, 889transimpedance amplifier, 544, 545voltage reference, 675, 677t, 681, 684, 892n,
920nworst-case specifications
violating, 296, 347, 388rwrite cycle, see computer, programmed IO, see
memory
X-capacitor, see capacitor, powerline ratedXLR, see connectorXOR, see logic, gates
Y-capacitor, see capacitor, powerline ratedyesterday, 273 (box)
ZCS, 1062zener, see also diode
active, 692, 692zero-crossing, 823
detector, 269, 269solid-state relay, 823, 850, 851
zero-current switching, 650, 823zero-voltage switching, 650, 823ZigBee, 1053, 1061ZVS, 850, 1062ZVS, ZCS, see also switchmode