INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES
Volume 4, No 2, 2013
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380
Submitted on June 2013 published on November 2013 280
Studies on textural characteristics of Erra Kalva River,
West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East coast of India Karuna Karudu.T1,Jagannadha Rao.M1, Ganesh.B1, Avatharam.P2, Naidu.A.G.S.S1
1 - Delta Studies Institute, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
2 – Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
ABSTRACT
The detailed textural study of Errakalva river (lat. 160 50' - 170 20' N: long. 810 0'- 810 40' E)
has been carried out. A total of forty samples from thirteen stations were collected along the
river profile from different locations indicate that the sediments possess a mean grain size range
of granule to medium sand; moderately sorted to poorly sorted; very coarsely skewed to very
finely skewed; very platykurtic to very leptokurtic in nature. The area of sediment bar, channel
bar sediment samples and depositional energy conditions were also studied. Frequency
Distribution Curves and scatter plots drawn between different textural parameters clearly
established that the sediments are of unimodal nature and are having very coarse to medium
sand (mean 1.5Φ). The sediments are deposited under tractive current conditions with dominant
bottom suspension and rolling mechanisms.
Keywords: Sediment texture, Erra kalva river,Sediment bar and Channel bar
1. Introduction
The Errakalva River originates from Erraguntapalle reserved forest hill rangessituated
Southeast of Chintalapudi and flows for about 80km, before entering into the Bay of Bengal
(Figure 1). The basin lies in the Khammam and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh.
One distributary channel of this river joins in Kolleru lakeand another channeldebouches into
Bay of Bengal (Figure 2). The river flows seasonally during the floods and receives sediments
from Jala vagu, Jalleru vagu and Baineru vagu join at Bandivarigudem, Konguvarigudem and
Rajavaram respectively.The ErrakalvaRiver drains various geological formations viz.
Easternghat groups of rocks, lower gondwanas of Chintalapudi sandstone, upper gondwanas
of Gollapalli sandstones.
Raghavapuram shales, Tirupathi sandstones and recent alluvium. Earth dam for irrigation
purpose is constructed on Errakalva River near Konguvari Gudem, with a catchment area is
1,083 sqaure miles, and total length is 2.75 km.Rengamannar and Pardhan (1991) reported that
Errakalva, Gostanadi and old Tulybhaga drain are the earliest abandoned channels. The
abandoned course of Errakalva is traced in the delta along Kamarru, Moyyuru and
Kesavapuram which had discharged in to Kolleru lake. Several authors have studiedthe textural
characteristics of sediments from major rivers of east coast such as Mahanadi (Satyanarayana,
1973, Reddy et.al., 2008, 2009), Godavari (Naidu, 1969; Dora, 1978), Krishna (Swamy, 1970;
Adinarayana, 1987; Ramesh and Subramanian, 1992), Penner (Seetharamaiah,1989), Cauvery
(Seralathan, 1979) and minor rivers of east cost of India viz. Nagavali and Vamsadhara
(Devavarma, 1987; Prabhakara Rao et al. 2001), Gadilam river basin (Rajamanickam and
Muthukrishnan, 1995) rivers. In the present study, the Errakalva river area are considered for
detailed grain- size parameters viz., mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis and, their
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 281
inter-relationships have been scientifically worked out to decipher the nature of sediments and
environment of deposition.
Figure 1: Location map of Errakalva Raiver
Figure 2: Catchment area of Errakalva River
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 282
2. Method of study
Thirteen stations in the river basin have been visited whereupon forty surface sediment samples
were collected including river sediments (31), sediment bar (8) and channel bar (1) of the
Errakalva River (Figure1). Photos 1-6 represent Errakalva River. The surface sediment
samples have been subjected to size analysis (Carver, 1971) and grain size parameters were
calculated (Folk and Ward, 1957).About 150-200 grams of sample is taken in porcelain dish
and air dried, taking all possible care against contamination. Sandy samples are repeatedly
washed in distilled water for removal of salts and then air dried. After drying, a sub sample
weighing about 40-50 grams is obtained by coning and quartering, H2O2 and HCl were added
to remove organic matter and shell material in the sample and then dried. The sub sample is
subjected to sieving by ASTM test sieves of 8″ diameter with successive sieves spaced at ½ Φ
interval. The grain size data obtained was used to determine the Grain size parameters(G-Stat
software, Dinesh, 2009). Frequency curves, scatter plots and CM diagram were drawn and the
data analyzed.
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 283
3. Results and discussion
The results of the grain size analysis carried out consists of grain size parameters and granule,
sand, silt, clay ratios of river sediments and sediment bar which is detailed in Table.1 and
Table.2 respectively. Range and average values of grain size parameters are presented in
Table.3. There is no observable variations of grain size parameters viz. mean size, standard
deviation, skewness and kurtosis from upstream to downstream of Errakalva Riveralong the
profile as shown in Figure.3.
3. Grain size parameters of river sediments
3.1 Mean size
The graphic mean size is the average size of the sediments represented by Φ mean size and
mainly is an index of energy conditions.The mean grain size of the Errakalva river sediments
vary from granule to medium sand (-0.55 to 1.88 Φ). The variations in Φ mean size reveals
the differential energy conditions resulting their deposition.Most of the sediments are coarse
sand to medium sand. The sediment samples from E 7, E 8 show granule size which is a special
case because the Errakalva river pass through the Gollapalli sandstone at Mangapeddipalem
and Pongidigudem canal road. At Kavuluru (E16), river sediments are medium sands having
mean size 1.88Φ compared to other stations,due to the ErrakalvaRiver crossing the
Raghavapuram shale. The range of mean (i.e., medium to coarse) and poor sorting indicate
only proximity to source and hence limited transport of sediments (Joseph, et.al., 1997).The
variation in mean size is a reflection of the changes in energy condition of the depositing media
and indicates average kinetic energy of the depositing agent (Sahu, 1964).
Table 1: Grain size parameters of Errakalva River sediments
Station.
Nos
Sample
No. Mean Sd Skewness Kurtosis
1 E1 0.71 1.16 -0.29 1.59
3 E3 0.70 0.57 -0.02 1.18
E4 1.31 0.70 0.17 1.33
4
E5 0.80 0.62 -0.19 1.47
E6 1.45 0.99 0.20 1.03
E7 -0.21 1.73 0.39 0.55
5
E8 -0.55 1.23 -0.02 0.66
E9 0.06 1.22 -0.25 0.92
6
E11 0.73 0.69 0.01 1.18
E12 0.85 0.84 -0.18 1.52
E13 1.12 0.74 0.03 1.15
7
E14 0.66 1.29 -0.24 1.24
E15 0.54 1.25 -0.39 1.31
E16 1.88 0.82 0.14 0.89
8 E17 0.52 0.98 -0.07 1.50
9 E18 0.92 1.02 -0.35 2.51
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 284
E19 0.85 1.26 -0.42 1.70
E20 1.60 0.74 0.01 1.52
10
E22 1.38 0.86 -0.03 1.15
E23 0.72 1.64 -0.14 0.89
E24 0.74 1.56 -0.29 0.98
11
E25 1.37 0.69 0.10 1.17
E26 1.06 0.56 0.03 1.23
E27 1.43 0.66 0.22 1.26
12
E28 0.81 0.52 -0.06 1.11
E29 0.44 0.99 -0.12 1.08
E30 1.44 0.68 0.05 1.20
13
E31 0.86 0.52 -0.09 1.13
E32 0.93 0.54 -0.13 1.19
E33 1.22 0.54 0.14 1.31
Table 2: Grain size parameters of sediment bar and channel bar of Errakalva River
sediments.
Station.
nos
Sample
no. Mean SD Skewness Kurtosis
9
E34 SB1 1.593 0.498 0.338 1.193
E35 SB2 1.595 0.497 0.344 1.173
E36 SB3 1.607 0.697 0.284 1.204
E37 SB4 1.977 0.481 0.126 1.068
E38 SB5 1.669 0.673 0.38 1.439
E39 SB6 1.745 0.506 0.269 1.041
E40 SB7 2.136 0.563 -0.029 1.054
E21 SB 1.17 0.527 0.025 1.473
5 E10 CB 0.331 0.928 -0.105 1.062
Table 3: Range and average values of grain size parameters of Errakalva River sediments
River Name /
Environment
Mean Size
(φ)
Standard
Deviation Skewness Kurtosis
Errakalva
River
Min -0.55 0.52 -0.42 0.55
Max 1.88 1.73 0.39 2.51
Av. 0.88 0.92 -0.06 1.23
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 285
Sediment Bar
Min 1.593 0.481 -0.029 1.041
Max 2.136 0.697 0.38 1.439
Av. 1.760 0.555 0.244 1.167
Figure 3: Grain size parameters variations from upstream to downstream of Errakalva river
sediments
3.2 Standard deviation
The graphic Standard deviation indicates the difference in kinetic energy associated with mode
of deposition or uniformity of particle size distribution. It is an important parameter in sediment
analysis because it reflects the energy conditions of depositional environment but it does not
necessarily measure the degree to which the sediment has been mixed (Spencer, 1963). The
standard deviation of the Errakalva river sediments vary frommoderately sorted to poorly
sorted (0.52 to 1.73Φ). The river sediments show coarse sand and poorly sorted nature in the
stations no’s E1, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15,18,19,23 and 24.The variations in the sorting values are likely
due to continuous addition of finer/coarser materials in varying proportions.
3.3 Skewness
The graphic Skewness measures the symmetrical distribution, i.e. predominance of coarse or
fine-sediments.The negative value denotes coarser material in coarser-tail i.e., coarse skewed,
whereas, the positive value represents more fine material in the fine tail i.e., fine-skewed.The
skewness of the river sediments are very coarsely skewed to very finely skewed (-0.42 to
0.39Φ). The river sediments are coarse sand, poorly sorted with very coarse to coarsely skewed
are shown from station no’s E 1,7,8,9,14,15,18,19,23 and 24. The other stations show coarse
to medium sand, moderately sorted, coarsely to finely skewed.Very finely skewed to finely
skewed sediments generally imply the introduction of fine material and very finely skewed
nature of sediments indicates excessive riverine input
3.4 Kurtosis
The graphic kurtosis is a quantitative measure used to describe the departure from normality of
distribution. It is a ratio between the sorting in ‘tails’ and central portion of the curve.If the tails
Sampe numbers (From Upstream to downstream)
MzSDSkKg
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 286
are better sorted than the central portion, then it is termed as leptokurtic, whereas, it is
platykurtic in opposite case, or mesokurtic if sorting is uniform both in tails and central portion.
The kurtosis of the river sediments are very platykurtic to very leptokurtic in nature (0.55 to
2.51Φ). The station no’s. E7 and E8 sediment samples show very platykurtic with granule
grain size, poorly sorted nature.Friedman (1962) suggested that extreme high or low values of
kurtosis imply that part of the sediment achieved its sorting elsewhere in a high energy
environment. The variation in the kurtosis values is a reflection of the flow characteristics of
the depositing medium (Seralathan and Padmalal, 1994; Baruah et.al., 1997).
3.5 Grain size parametersof Sediment bar and Channel bar
The sedimentsfrom sediment bar, range in mean size from medium to fine sands (1.59- 2.13Φ,
av.1.76Φ); well sorted to moderately well sorted (0.48 – 0.69); symmetrical to very fine skewed
(-0.029 – 0.38); mesokurtic to leptokurtic (1.04 – 1.43). While, the channel bar sedimentsare
having mean size of coarse sand (0.33Φ),moderately sorted (0.93),coarselyskewed (-0.105) and
mesokurtic (1.062)in nature.Positive skewnessof sediments indicate the deposition of the
sediments in sheltered low energy, whereas negative skewness of the sediments indicate
deposition at high energy environments (Reddy et al., 2008).
3.5 Frequency distribution curves
The frequency distribution curves (FDC) are used to describe the nature of sediments and
exhibit the pictorial representation of weight percentage of different fractions of sediments.
The sediments from station Nos. E1 – E6 (Figure 4a) show medium sand (1.5 Φ) and are of
unimodal nature. The sediments from station Nos. E7 - E17 (Figure 4b and 4c) show Bimodal
nature, their FDC show that the first peak is situated around (-1Φ) indicating very coarse sand,
while the second prominent peak is around (1 Φ) indicating coarse sand. Station Nos. E18 -
E33 (Figure 4d, 4e and 4f) are river sediments showing unimodal nature and most of the
samples are medium sands (1.5 Φ). In the sediment bar FDC (Figure 5) shows medium sand
(1.5 –2 Φ) and unimodal nature while, the channel bar FDC(Figure 6) shows coarse sand (1 Φ)
and unimodal nature. Most of the sediments in the Errakalva Riverare of unimodal nature with
very coarse to medium sand.
3.6 Scatter Plots
Scatter plots between certain parameters are also helpful to interpret the energy conditions,
medium of transportation, mode of deposition etc. Passega (1957),Visher(1969), Folk and
Ward (1957) and others described that these trends and interrelationship exhibited in the scatter
plots might indicate the mode of deposition and in turn aid in identifying the
environments.Scatter plots are useful for understanding the geological significance of the grain
size parameters. Inman (1949) and Griffiths (1951) are the earliest workers to notice in their
experiments, the physical relationship between median diameter, standard deviation and
skewness measures. Folk and Ward (1957), Mason and Folk (1958),Friedman (1961, 1967),
Moiola and Weiser (1968) have used the values of graphic mean, inclusive graphic standard
deviation, graphic skewness and graphic kurtosis etc., to demarcate the fields of beach, river
and dune sands.Scatter plots viz. mean size vs. standard deviation, mean vs. skewness and
standard deviation vs. skewness were drawn to understand the relationship between different
size parameters.An attempt has been made here to utilize these scatterplots in the Errakalva
river sediments.
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 287
Figure 4: Frequency distribution curves of Errakalva River Sediments.
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 288
Figure 5: Frequency distribution curves of sediment Bar of ErrakalvaRiver
Figure 6: Frequency distribution curves of Channel Bar of Errakalva River
4. Mean size Vs. Standard deviation
The scatter plot between mean size and standard deviation in Figure 7 clearly brings out that
sorting increase with decrease in the size of the sediments from very coarse sand to medium
sand. Similar observations are also reported by Reddy et.al., (2008) in sandy sediments of
Mahanadi River.
Figure 7: Scatter plot between mean size and standard deviation of Errakalva river
sediments.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-2
-1.5 -1
-0.5 0
0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3
3.5 4
4.5
Weig
ht
(%)
Mean Size (φ)
E34
SB1
E35
SB2E36
SB3
E37
SB4E38
SB5E39
SB6E40
SB7
0
5
10
15
20
25
-2 -
1.5
-1 -
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Wei
ght
(%)
Mean Size (φ)
E1…
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
Mean Size
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 289
4.1 Mean size Vs. Skewness
The plot between mean size and skewness (Figure 8) shows the increase in grain size from
medium sand to very coarse sand with positive to negative skewness. The sediments of
negative skewness occur in high energy environments while, sediments with positive skewness
lie in low energy environments.
4.2 Standard deviation Vs. Skewness
The plot between standard deviation and skewness (Figure 9) shows moderately well sorted
sediments are positively skewed whereas the poorly sorted sediments are negatively skewed
with decrease in sorting.The interrelationship between sorting and skewness (Figure 10) shows
the concentration of points in the river sector of the plot as proposed by Friedman (1967).
Figure 8: Scatter plot between mean size and skewness of Errakalva river sediments.
Figure 9: Scatter plot between standard deviation and skewness of Errakalva river sediments.
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 290
Figure 10: The plot between standard deviation and skewness of Errakalva river sediments.
4.3 C M diagram
The CM pattern of the sedimentary environment are means of analyzing transportation
mechanism, depositional environment with respect to size, range and energy level of
transportation and also is the determining process and characteristic agents that are responsible
for the formation of clastic deposits. In the present study an attempt has been made to identify
the modes of deposition of the sediments of the Errakalva river by CM patterns. The present
interpretation is based on Passega (1957, 1964) and Passega and Byramjee (1969). Passega
(1957) interpreted the distinct patterns of CM plots in terms of different modes of transportation
by plotting coarsest first percentile grain size (C) and the median size (M) of sediment samples
on a double log paper, Visher (1969) explained the log normal sub populations within the total
grain size distribution curve as representing suspension, saltation and surface creep or rolling
modes of transportational mechanisms. The relation between C and M is the effect of sorting
by bottom turbulence. The good correlation between C determined by only one percent by
weight of the sample and M, which represents grain size as a whole, shows the precision of the
control of sedimentation by bottom turbulence. The CM plot (Figures11-12) shows that most
of the samples formed by two different depositional conditions. This field represents the most
of tractive current deposition and these sediments are deposited by bottom suspension and
rolling in river sediments. While the sediments of sediment bar (Figures13-14) show bottom
suspension and rolling where as channel bar sediments show depositions by rolling mechanism.
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 291
Figure 11: The basic CM pattern of Errakalva river sediments
Figure 12: The tractive current of CM Pattern of ErrakalvaRiver sediments
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 292
Figure 13: Sediment bar The Basic CM Pattern of sediment bar of Errakalva River.
Figure 14: The tractive current of CM Pattern of sediment bar of ErrakalvaRiver.
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 293
5. Summary and conclusions
The various plots discussed above suggest that the river sediment is mixed with fine grained
sediments which is evident from the positive skewness. This is in turn an indication that the
river is seasonal and only flows during flood leaving its fine grained sediments unwashed in
each flow cycle. Also some ambiguities are observable in the plots above which indicates the
mixing of variously grained sediments by associated drainage channels joining the mainstream
of Errakalva river. It is due to the fact that the channels joining the main stream have their
origin in the near vicinity of their confluence with the Errakalva. It is therefore the coarser
sediments are appearing in the graph showing rather gradational pattern of sediments so
analyzed along the river profile. The most important conclusions are
1. The textural parameters indicate that the Errakalva river sediments are of granule to
medium sand; moderately sorted to poorly sorted; very coarsely skewed to very finely
skewed; very platykurtic to very leptokurtic in nature.The sediment bar sediments range
in size from medium to fine sands (1.59- 2.13 Φ, av.1.76 Φ); well sorted to moderately
well sorted (0.48 – 0.69); symmetrical to very fine skewed (-0.029 – 0.38); mesokurtic
to leptokurtic (1.04 – 1.43).
2. The river sediments are deposited under high to low energy conditions with dominant
bottom suspension and rolling mechanisms. The sedimentsfrom sediment bar are
deposited under sheltered, low energy conditions while the channel bar sediments
deposited under high energy conditions. The variations in mean size indicate
differential energy conditions at different locations. Whereas, the variationsin sorting
values indicate continuous addition of finer to coarser material in varying proportions
at different locations.
3. Frequency Distribution Curves (FDC) clearly suggest that the river sediments are
unimodal and composed of mainly medium sand. While, the sediments which are
bimodal are composed mainly of very coarse sand. The sediment bar shows medium
sand and channel bar shows coarse sand with unimodal nature in both the cases.
4. The CM plot of river sediment samples indicates two different depositional conditions,
viz. bottom suspension and rolling. While the sediments from sediment bar show
bottom suspension and rolling and channel bar sediments show depositions by rolling.
6. References
1. Adinarayana, K.V. (1987). Studies on some sedimentological aspects of modern
sediments of the Krishna River, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam.
2. Baruah, J., Kotoky. P., and Sarma, J.N., (1997). Textural and Geochemical study on
river sediments: A case study on the Jhanji River, Assam. Journal Indian Association
Sedimentologists, 16 (2), pp195-206.
3. Carver, R.W. (1971). Procedures in sedimentary petrology. John wiles, Newyork, 458p.
4. Dinesh, A.C. (2009). G-Stat- A Software in VB6 for Grain size Statistical Analyses,
CM Diagrams, Trend Diagrams, etc. designed and developed by A.C. Dinesh,
Geologist, Marine wing, GSI, Mangalore.
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 294
5. Dora, Y.L. (1978). Certain aspects of provenance and sedimentation of the modern
sediments of the Godavari River and the Vasishta Godavari distributary, India. Ph.D.
Thesis. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (Unpublished).
6. Deva varma, D. (1987). Textural, mineralogical and geochemical studies of
Vamsadhara River of East coast of India. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Andhra University
(Unpublished).
7. Folk, R.L. and Ward, W. (1957). Brazos River Bar: a study in the significance of grain-
size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27 (1), pp3-26.
8. Friedman, G.M. (1961). Distinction between dune, beach and river sands from textural
characters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 31(4), pp 514-529.
9. Friedman, G.M. (1967). Dynamic processes and statistical parameters compared for
size frequency distribution of beach and river sands. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,
37 (2), pp 327-354.
10. Friedman, G.M. (1962). On sorting, sorting coefficients and the log normality of the
grain- size distributions of sandstones. The Journal of Geology,70 (6), pp737-753.
11. Griffiths, J.C. (1951). Size versus sorting in some Caribbean sediments. The Journal of
Geology, 59 (3), pp 211-243.
12. Inman, D.L. (1949). Sorting of sediments in the light of fluid mechanics. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 19 (2), pp 51-70.
13. Joseph, S, Thrivikramaji, K.P. and Anirudhan, S. (1997). Textural parameters,
discriminant analysis and depositional environments of the Teri sands, Southern Tamil
Nadu. Journal of Geological Society of India, 50 (3), pp323-329.
14. Mason, C.C. and Folk, R.L. (1958). Differentiation of beach dune, and aeolian flat
environemts by size analysis. Mustang Island, Texas, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,
28 (2), pp211-226.
15. Moiola, R.J. and Weiser, D. (1968). Textural parameters: An Evaluation. Journal
Sedimentary Petrology, 38 (1), pp45-53.
16. Naidu, A.S. (1969). Texture of modern deltaic sediments of Godavari River (India).
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 53 (3), pp733-734.
17. Passega, R., (1957). Texture as a characteristic of clastic deposition. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 41 (9), pp1952-1984.
18. Passega, R., (1964). Grain size representation by CM patterns as a Geological tool.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 34(4), pp 830-847.
19. Passega, R. and Byramjee, R., (1969). Grain size image of clastic deposit.
Sedimentology, 13 (3-4), pp 233-252.
Studies on Textural Characteristics of Erra Kalva River, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast
of India
Karuna Karudu.T
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2013 295
20. Prabhakara Rao, A., Anil Kumar, V., Yugandhara Rao, A., Ravi, G.S. and Krishnan, S.
(2001). Grain size parameters in the interpretation of depositional environments of
coastal sediments between Bendi Creek and Vamsadhara River, east coast of India.
Journal Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 20 (1), pp109-116.
21. Rajasekhara Reddy, D., Karuna Karudu, T., and Deva Varma, D.,(2008). Textural
characteristics of southwestern part of Mahanadi Delta, East Coast of India. Journal of
Indian Association of Sedimentologists, 27 (1), pp111-121.
22. Rajamanickam, G.V. and Muthukrishnan, N. (1995). Grain size distribution in the
Gadilam river basin, northern Tamil Nadu. Journal of Indian Association of
Sedimentologists, 14 (1&2), pp55-66.
23. Rajasekhara Reddy, D., Karuna Karudu, T., and Deva Varma, D. (2009). Textural
Characteristics and Heavy Mineral Distribution in the Sediments of Kathjodi-Debi
River, Mahanadi Delta, East Coast of India. Journal of Indian Association of
Sedimentologists, 28(1), pp17-30.
24. Ramesh, R, and Subramanian, V., (1992). Textural characteristics of the Krishna River
sediments, India. GeoJournal, 28(4), pp449-455.
25. Rengamanner, V. and Pardhan, P.K. (1991). Geomorphology and evolution of
Godavari delta. Memoirs Geological Society of India, 22, pp51-56.
26. Satyanarayana, K. (1973). Studies on some aspects of the modern deltaic sediments of
the Mahanadi River, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
(Unpublished).
27. Sahu, B.K. (1964). Depositional mechanism from the size analysis of clastic sediments.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 34 (1), pp73-83.
28. Seetharamaiah, J. (1989). Studies on Modern Deltaic Sediments of the Penner River,
East Coast of India. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Andhra University, Waltair
(Unpublished).
29. Seralathan, P. (1979). Studies on texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of the modern
deltaic sediments of the Cauvery River, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam (Unpublished).
30. Seralathan, P., and Padmalal, D., (1994). Textural studies of surficial sediments of
Muvattupvzha river and central vembanad estuary, Kerala. Journal of Geological
Society of India, 43 (2), pp179-190.
31. Spencer, D.W. (1963). The interpretation of grain size distribution curves of clastic
sediments, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 33(1), pp180-190.
32. Swamy, A.S.R. (1970). Studies on some aspects of the modern deltaic sediments of the
Krishna River, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (Unpublished).