Strengthening Fisheries Management in IndonesiaNational Initiative on Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management
National Working Group on
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia
Jatinangor, 23 September 2014
Disampaikan oleh
Luky AdriantoPKSPL-IPB/FPIK-IPB
The Outline
What’s EAFM and What’s Difference with Conventional Fisheries Management?
Why Indonesia needs EAFM?
Road Map and Progress of EAFM Initiative in Indonesia
EAFM Indicators for Indonesia : Strategic Planning Approach
EAFM Activities and Their Challenges for Better Fisheries Management in
Indonesia
Closing Remarks
Konektivitas Perikanan
Understanding Fisheries – Complex System
Human ecosystems (2)
Aquatic ecosystems (1)
The FAO definition is“....an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) strives to
balance diverse societal objectives, by taking account of the knowledge and
uncertainties of biotic, abiotic and human components of ecosystems and their
interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecologically
meaningful boundaries.”
Ecosystem‐based fishery management is a new direction for fishery
management, essentially reversing the order of management priorities so
that management starts with the ecosystem rather than a target species.
(Pikitch, et al., 2004)
An ecosystem approach is different from the way fisheries have been
management historically where the focus is usually on a single species.
EAFM is a holistic approach to fisheries management that involves the entire
socio-biotic system.
What is EAFM – Some Formal Definitions of EAFM
fish resources
aquatic
ecosystem
fish resources, aquatic ecosystem
and human activities
fish resources,
aquatic ecosystem, human activities
and policies
EAFMAdopted from Adrianto (2011)
Understanding EAFM
How to Understanding EAFM ?
It is simple : existing fisheries management just focuses on target species or
catch without considering their relationship with other components of aquatic
ecosystem.
In short word : existing fisheries management sees that target species is
INDEPENDENT to aquatic ecosystems.
EAFM more focuses on the connectivity among the component of ecosystems,
EAFM sees target species is part of ecosystems including human being who
dependent on the fish as their livelihood.
EAFM is improving the existing fisheries management not replacing it..
EAFM Main Features
Managing the fisheries with concerns on system integrity between the targets,
habitats and fishers interests.
Putting fishers as the importance factors.
Adaptive and evolutionary process
• Maintain system sustainability
• Maintain biodiversity consistent with natural processes
• Protect and restore habitats of fish and prey
• Maintain social and economic benefits
EAFM Ultimate Goals
Aquatic ecosystems of Indonesia (marine and inland waters) are tropical
ecosystems that characterized by HIGH BIODIVERSITY in terms of species.
Fish species is HIGH DIVERSE but LOW in terms of abundance.
High biodiversity connects with the diversity of ecosystems.
In the meantime, fisheries still play an important role in food security and
livelihood of the most coastal communities in Indonesia
Therefore, fisheries management is indeed an SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
(SES).
EAFM is needed.
Why Indonesia Needs EAFM ?
Working Group 1 on
Seascape
Working Group 2 on
Ecosystem Approach to
Fisheries
Management
Working Group 3 on
Marine Protected Area
Working Group 4 Climate
Change Adaptation
Working Group 5 on
Threatened Species
Working Group 6 on
Capacity Development
National Working Group 2 on
Ecosystem Approach to
Fisheries
Management
Initiating EAFM in
Indonesia
International Policy on EAFM
National
Working Group on
EAFM
(led by Direktorat
SDI)
NGOs
Support
Central
Government
Support
Local
Government
Support
Industries and
Fisheries
Stakeholders
National Expert
Group on EAFM
EAFM Learning
Centers
setiap WPP
International
Support
NWG EAFM Platform
KEMENTERIAN KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN
KOMNASJISKAN
Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Sumberdaya Kelautan dan
Perikanan
Badan Karantina Kelautan dan Perikanan
Direktorat Jenderal P2HP
Direktorat Jenderal Kelautan, Pesisir, dan Pulau-
pulau Kecil
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan
Perikanan
Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan
dan Perikanan
Aspek Scientific
Aspek Sumberdaya Ikan dan Lingkungan
Aspek Pengawasan
Aspek Perdagangan
Stakeholders :Fishers Association, Local
Goverment, University, NGO, Company Trading, etc
Sumber : NWG2-EAFM
NWG EAFM Platform
Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap
Aspek Pengembangan
Kompetensi SDM
EAFM Initiative in Indonesia – A Strategic Planning Approach
Existing Fisheries Management
Improving Fisheries
Management through EAFM
Initiative
Better Fisheries Management
Bridging
Process
Before
After
PA
I
MP
A
I
MP
A
I
M P
A
I
M
Planning
Adopting
Implementing
Monitoring-Evaluating
2010
• Workshop on the Needs of EAFM and Development Its Indicator
2011
• Further development of EAFM Indicators and Testing for FMAs
2012• Capacity Development in EAFM and Pilot Testing
2013
• Pilot Testing and Preparation for Legal backbone for EAFM implementation in Indonesia
2014• Adoption of EAFM
Source : National Working Group 2 on EAFM
Policy Road Map of EAFM in Indonesia
What NWG EAFM have done?
EAFM
Initiation
Workshop on the Importance of EAFM
Fisheries management testing using EAFM indicators
Capacity Development for EAFM Assessment
EAFM implementation process
Workshop on EAFM Indicators
Software development for Ecosystem Approach
EAFM Competency Development
Launching EAFM Indicators System
Development of Learning Centers on EAFM
2010-2014
Pre-workshop
EAFM I
Workshop
EAFM Indicator
Workshop
Refinement
EAFM Indicator
Preliminary Studies
EAFM for FMAs
in Indonesia
Refinement of
Preliminary Studies
of EAFM for FMAS
In Indonesia
Workshop on
EAFM Methodology
In Indonesia
Development of
Course Book on EAFM
Indicators
Training
Workshop
on EAFM
Indicators
Pilot Testing
For EAFM
Indicators
Workshop
Pilot Testing
EAFM
Indicators
Refinement
EAFM Approach
and Methodology
Adoption of EAFM
in Indonesia
Set A
Set B
V-2
V-1
Workshop
on EAFM
for
Stakeholders
V-3
2010
2010 20112011
2011
2011-201220122012
2012
2012
Pilot Testing
for EAFM
Implementation
20132013 2014
2011
V-4
EAFM Roadmap in Indonesia
EAFM
Competency
Development
2014
Domain
Habitat dan
Ekosistem
EAFM
Assessment
Domain
Sumberdaya
Ikan
Domain Teknologi
Penangkapan Ikan
Domain
Sosial
Domain
Ekonomi
Domain Tata
Kelola/Kelembagaan
EAFM Indicators System
Ecological Tier
Social Tier
Tier MethodLevel of
information
1 Quantitative analysis High
2 Semi-quantitative or
Qualitative AnalysisLow
EAFA – 2 Tiers
Limit RPTarget RPUndisturbed
Risk
03
Green zone Yellow zone Red zone
2
Increased anthropogenic impact
Improved by proper management
1
EAFA – Reference Points and Risks
Modified from Zhang (2014)
EAFM Indicators
Connectivities
Habitat Domain
Kualitas Perairan
Status Mangrove
Status Lamun
Status Terumbu Karang
Habitat unit/khusus
Produktivitas perairan
Perubahan iklim
Fish Resources Domain
CPUE Baku
Ukuran Ikan
Proporsi Ikan Yuwana
Komposisi Spesies
Spesies ETP
Range of Collapse SDI
Densitas Ikan Karang
Fishing Technology Domain
Metode PTI Ilegal
Modifikasi alat tangkap
Fishing capacity dan effort
Selektivitas Penangkapan
Kesesuaian fungsi dan ukuran kapal
Sertifikasi awak kapal
Social Domain
Partisipasi pemangku kepentingan
Konflik Perikanan
Adanya TEK
Economics Domain
Kepemilikan aset
Nilai Tukar Nelayan
Pendapatan rumah tangga
Saving Rate
Institutional/Governance Domain
Tingkat Kepatuhan
Kelengkapan aturan main
Mekanisme pengambilan keputusan
Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan
Sinergisitas kebijakan dan kelembagaan
Cognitive SpiderDiagram EAFM
(after Adrianto, 2005, Wildenberg, 2005)
Qualitative Modeling for EAFM
Habitat Domain
Kualitas Perairan
Status Mangrove
Status Lamun
Status Terumbu Karang
Habitat unit/khusus
Produktivitas perairan
Perubahan iklim
Agregat
Domain
Value
(CAi)
Agregat
Domain
Value-1
EAFM
Agregat
Value
(C-WPPi)
Agregat
Domain
Value-2
Agregat
Domain
Value-3
Agregat
Domain
Value-4
Agregat
Domain
Value-5
Agregat
Domain
Value-6
n, br, sd CAij
n =indicator value,
br =ranking value
sd = density score
Visualisasi Penilaian EAFM – Social Ecological System Approach
Ecolo
gic
al fe
atu
res (
habitat,
SD
I)
Social-features (TPI, sosial, ekonomi, kelembagaan)
Sustaining
strategy
Conservation
Management
Strategy
Social
Development
Strategy
Restoration
strategy
S=3
S=1
S=2
S=2
Testing implementasi EAFM Testing indikator EAFM 2012 Testing indikator EAFM 2013
Testing Unit Perikanan dengan Menggunakan Sistem Indikator EAFM
What NWG EAFM have done?
Unsyiah
Unri
STP
IPB (NLC)
Undip
UB Unram
UKAW
Poltan
Unmul
Unhas
Unhalu
Unpatti
STPL Palu
Learning Centers EAFM
What NWG EAFM have done?
EAFM Implementation Challenges in Indonesia
WPP-1 FMA-1
WPP-2 FMA-2
WPP-3 FMA-3
financial/policy support
financial/policy support
financial/policy support
monitoring/evaluation
monitoring/evaluation
monitoring/evaluation
feedback action
feedback action
feedback action
NationalFisheriesManagement
co-management/EAFM
co-management/EAFM
co-management/EAFM
• Government• Resources users
• NGO, sciencecommunity
• Government• Resources users
• NGO, sciencecommunity
• Government• Resources users
• NGO, sciencecommunity
FMNationalBoard
Adrianto (2011)
Closing Remarks
EAFM is evolutionary process and it is not replacing existing fisheries
management but improving it.
EAFM implementation should be based on the changes from
ADMINISTRATIVE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT to FUNCTIONAL FISHERIES
MANAGEMENT
Functional implementation of EAFM requires a structural institutions changes
i.e. needs a fisheries management authority based on spatial concerns.