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Anatomy and
Physiology- Unit D
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External Features
and Bones
Competency: 9.00Summarize the major parts of
small animals
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Objective 9.01
Describe the major external parts of smallanimals
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Basic Anatomy Terminology
1. Cheek- fleshy side of the face
2. Dewlap- loose skin under the chin
3. Elbow- upper joint of the front leg4. Flank- fleshy part of the side
5. Foot pad- part that the animal walks on
6. Forearm- front limb just below the elbow
7. Guard hair- longer course hair above theshorter under fur (protection)
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Basic Anatomy Terminology
8. Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb
9. Lion- fleshy part of the side under the spinal
column10. Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth)
11. Nose pad
Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects
Called the nose leather in cats
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Basic Anatomy Terminology
12. Rump- upper rounded part of thehindquarter
13. Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg14. Stifle- joint above the hock
15. Thigh- area between the rump and hock
16. Whiskers- long hairs growing near themouth
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Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds
1. Crown top of the head
2. Ear covert feathers covering the ears
3. Mandible upper or lower segment of the bill
4. Nape back of the neck
5. Orbital ring ring around the eye
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Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish,
Amphibians, and Reptiles1. Brille
transparent layer covering eyes
Eyelid for snakes
2. Fins
Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage
rods Enables fish to move through water
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Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish,
Amphibians, and Reptiles3. Gills
Major organ of the respiratory system
Breath without lungs4. Scales
Modified portion of the epidermal layer
Provides protection
5. Scutes
Epidermal scales found on turtles
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Objective 9.02
Define major skeletal parts of smallanimals
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Skeletal System
Axial skeleton
vertebral columnRibs
Sternum
skull
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Dog Skeleton
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif
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Dog Skeleton
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S23.GIF
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Skeletal System
Pectoral limb
front limbs
shoulders, legs and feet
scapula (shoulder blade)
humerus (arm)
radius and ulna (forearm)
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)
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http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg
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http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeg
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Skeletal System
Pelvic limbrear legs and pelvic bones
hookspin bones femur (upper leg bone) tibia and fibula (lower leg bones)
Tarsals (hocks)Metatarsals (feet)Phalanges (toes)
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Rabbit Skeleton
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gif
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Rabbit Skeleton
http://www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg
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Skeletal System-Birds
Have some unique bones unlikemammals
Most have a skull bone that elongatestoward the front of the head
Some have a skull with an upper beakfused to it while other birds have hingeson both upper and lower mandiblesgiving it more flexibility
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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml
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Objective 9.03
Discuss the role of internal organs in smallanimals
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Major organs and systems
Heart
major organ in the circulatorysystem
3 muscle layers
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Circulatory System
Myocardiumsecond layer muscle that makes up the
thickness of the heart Endocardium thin layer inside myocardium
Epicardium thin cover over the myocardium
Other parts of the circulatory system are thearteries, capillaries, veins and blood
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Layers of the Heart
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Heart
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Circulatory System
Other parts of the circulatory system are
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Blood
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Circulatory System- Functions
Transports
nutrients
metabolic waste
oxygen
Protects against microbes andinjury
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Kidneys and Bladder
Part of the excretory system
rids the body of waste maintain chemical composition
volume of blood
regulates tissue fluid
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Stomach and Intestines
Major part of digestive system
breaks food down into smallerpieces to be used by the body
Nutrients are gleaned from these
food materials
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Lungs
Part of the respiratory system
oxygen is taken in by the nose,passed on to the lungs and thengoes into the blood
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Nervous System
Brains, spinal cord, and nerves
Coordinator of all body activitiesRegulates other systems
Controls memory and learning
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Reproductive system
Ovaries and testes
EggSperm
Help produce new individuals of
the same species
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Muscular System
Muscles
MovementPosture
Support
Produces heat
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Small Animal
Nutrition
Competency: 10.00
Examine the role of nutrition in
the support of animals life
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Objective 10.01
Discuss the six basic nutritionalrequirements of small animals in relation
to the function they serve for the smallanimal
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Nutrition
Nutrient- single group of foods ofthe same general chemical
composition that supports animallife
There are six basic nutrient
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Water
More important nutrient than anyother nutrient
makes up 55-65% of an animal’s
body
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Water
Aides in digestion
Transports nutrients
Regulates body temperature
Carries waste from the body
Supports respiration
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Proteins
Complex nutrients composed ofcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, andnitrogen
Develop and repairing body
organs and tissuesmuscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves,
and feathers
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Proteins
Production of milk, wool, and eggs
Reproduction process of thedeveloping fetus
Developing the young
Transmitting DNA
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Carbohydrates Converting of food into energy
Made up of chemical elements
CarbonHydrogen
Oxygen
Supports breathing and digesting
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Carbohydrates Production of heat for body warmth
Stores fat
Types of carbohydratesSugars
Starch
fiber
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Fats
Chemical elements of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Same elements as carbohydratesbut different combinations
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Fats
Fats contain 2.25 times more energy
Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitaminsA, D, E and K
Provides the essential fatty acids
needed in an animal’s diet
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Vitamins
Organic substances needed forspecific biochemical reactionsA,B, C, D, E and K
Needed in small amounts
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Vitamins
Regulation of body glands
Digestive system
Absorption
Metabolism The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or
organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Inmetabolism some substances are broken down to yieldenergy for vital processes while other substances, necessaryfor life, are synthesized.
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Minerals Supply the material for building
the skeleton and producing
regulators such as enzymes andhormones
Divided into 2 groups
Macro
Micro
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Macro vs. Micro
Macro
Seven major minerals needed in
largest quantity and most likelylacking in the ration
Micro
Nine trace minerals needed insmall amounts
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Macro-minerals
Phosphorus
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium and chlorine
SulfurMagnesium
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Micro-minerals
Iron
Iodine
Copper
Cobalt
Manganese
Zinc
Molybdenum
Selenium
Fluorine
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Objective 10.02
Determine symptoms related to nutrientdeficiencies in small animals
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Nutrient Deficiencies
NutritionProcess by which an animal receives and
balanced food and water ration Grow Maintain its body
Reproduce
Perform
Nutrientsubstance that is necessary for an organism to
live and grow
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Nutrient Deficiencies
Slow growth (common of all nutrients)
Water deficiencyOverheatingslowdown in normal body functions occurs
Carbohydrates
lack of energyLack of normal body functions loss of body heat
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Nutrient Deficiencies
Proteins
Normal growth development and repairing of bodyorgans ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and
feathers suffers Protein deficiency may result
Anorexia
Anemia
Edema Slow growth rate
Low birth weight of young
Lower milk production
Decreased feed efficiency
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Nutrient Deficiencies
Fats
Provides energy
aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins
various body functions will suffer whenvitamins are lacking
Depends on the vitamins in question
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Nutrient Deficiencies
Mineral deficiency
low rate of gains
poor feed efficiency
decreased reproduction
decrease in milk, meat, eggs, andwool production
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Nutrition andDigestion of SmallAnimals
Competency: 11.00
Analyze the digestive process andfeeding requirements for smallanimals
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Objective 11.01
Discuss the digestive process in aruminant’s digestive system.
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Ruminants
Considered as “forage consuming”
Ruminants have one stomach with
multiple compartments Food is acted on by millions of
bacteria and microorganisms
Transform low-quality protein andnitrogen compounds
essential amino acids
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http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/Classes/ASC106/media/RUMEN.GIF
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Four compartments
Rumen
largest compartment
contains bacteria & microorganisms
aids in the digestive process
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Rumen Papillae
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab21/IMAGES/rumen%20copy.jpg
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Reticulum
Second compartment
aides in the formation of cud for
regurgitation
Also known as the hardware
stomach because it collects nailsor pieces of wire
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Reticulum
https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0508/5af1ca948b75e/5af1cabf41b75.jpg
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Reticulum
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/retic.jpg
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Omasum
Third compartment
removes water from food
Looks like the folds of a book
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Omasum
http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/m
ammal_digestive_photos.htm
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Abomasum
Fourth compartment
Referred to as the “true stomach”
Breaks down food material
muscular movement
secretes digestive juices
The material then passes into the smallintestine
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https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0508/5af1ca948b75e/5af1cac3a6f69./A
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Objective 11.02
Explain the digestive process in a non-ruminant’s digestive system
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Non-Ruminants
Single-stomached
Mono-gastric
includes all of the small animalsCats
Dogs
Rabbits
Birds
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Rabbits
Non-ruminant herbivores
Consumes large amounts of
roughage
Large cecum and colon between
the small and large intestines contains bacteria
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Rabbit Digestive System
http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm
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Rabbits
Rabbits eat undigested feces
Coprophagy
Usually occurs late night or earlymorning
Makes use of undigested materialso they can make full use of bacteria
in cecum
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Birds
Lack teeth
Saliva is added to aid in swallowingVery little breakdown in the mouth
Gizzard
Largest digestive organGrinds and crushes
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Digestive System- Bird
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatomy.jpg
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Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants
Food is broken down in mouth (exceptbirds)
Passes to the stomach Small Intestine
Primary site of absorption
Large IntestineAbsorption of Water
Addition of mucus
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Fish Digestive System
Systems vary
Type of feed determines teeth
Some fish swallow their prey wholewhile others chew it up
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Fish digestive system
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_system.jpg/medium.jpg
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Objective 11.03
Distinguish between feeding programs ofthe small animal
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Nutrient Use
Maintenance
keeping constant
no gain or loss of weightusually high in carbohydrates and
fats
Growthincrease in body size
rations high in energy and protein
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Nutrient Use
Reproduction
failures are a major result frompoor nutrition
Contains a large amount of protein,minerals, and vitamins
Improper nutrition can affectconception rates and breedingability
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Reproduction
Babies that are underweight atbirth, or which become an aborted
fetus are often the result ofimproper nutrition to female
during gestation
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Nutrient Use
Lactation
time during which females are
producing milk
Requires the proper nutrients to
have large milk production
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Lactation
Diet high in protein, calcium, andphosphorus.
The same nutrients contained inthe milk are the same needed by
a lactating female
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Nutrient Use
Work and activityIncreased amounts of fats and
carbohydrates are needed in a workingdiet to supply the extra energy needed
Hunting dogs need special dietsbecause they require energy to chaseafter game
F di T i l
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Feeding Terminology DietFeed and water that an animal uses
Amount and type of feedstuff is based
upon:Animal Needs
Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained infeed
Palatability- digestible and appeals to theanimalA good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten
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Feeding Terminology
Feed classificationsRoughages (or forages)
made up of leaves and the plants tenderstems
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Feeding Terminology
Concentratesrecommended for small animals as a
regular part of their dietHigh energy
Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats
High protein Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower
meal
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Feeding Terminology
Supplementscontains a specific nutrient
Rationfeed that contains the right amount
and proportion of nutrients
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Specific Diets
Dogs and Cats
Commercial feed is the best
Puppies need diet higher in protein thanadults and food intake is regulated byactivity
Cats need 2X the protein of dogs10% of their diet should be fat
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Rabbits
Pellet type of commercial feed isbest
Avoid feeding leafy greenvegetables
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Pocket Pets
Best to use pellet typecommercial feed
If mixing ration; should have awide range of food
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Pocket Pets
Gerbils
Little green food in diet
Rats
can have dog food substituted
Ferrets can eat cat food
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Pocket Pets
Mice
will not overeat
Guinea pigs
need solid food to dull their teeth and acertain amount of Vitamin C
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Amphibians & Reptiles
Prefer to eat animals if large enough
Tadpoles
eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food
Turtles
Pieces of liver
Strawberries and other fruits
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Amphibians & Reptiles
Snakes (in captivity)Full grown can learn to eat canned dog
Variety of insectsBaby rodents
Frogs and toads
LizardsMost eat insects
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Birds
Diet mostly consists of seeds
Including cereal seeds and oil seeds
Fruit and nectar birds
eat oranges
Grapesapple slices
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Fish
Diet is affected by water temperature
Higher temperature
Increased food intake Variety of food should be given to
decrease boredom
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Fish
Amount fish is fed should be amount it caneat in a few minutes to avoid contaminatingwater
Smaller fish Flaked food
Larger Fish Shrimp Krill
Plankton
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Small Animal
Reproduction
Competency: 12.00
Analyze Reproduction in
Small Animals
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Objective 12.01
Discuss reproduction of small animals
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Sexual Reproduction
Two parents are required
Natural Insemination
Male Spermatozoa or male sex cell
Female
Egg or ovum (female sex cell)
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Trout Spermatozoa
http://www.rennes.inra.fr/scribe/images/spermato.jpg
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Sexual Terminology
Conception
Creation of new life by fertilization
Union of egg and sperm Estrus
Heat period
Female is receptive to breedingStand for mating
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Estrus- Stand for mating
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer_4.jpg
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Sexual Terminology
Gestation
Period of pregnancy
Begins at conception ends at parturition Ovulation
Release of egg
ParturitionProcess of giving birth
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Female Reproductive Anatomy
Uterus
Place of embryo growth and development
CervixPart of uterus that contains rings
Cervical mucus
Seals uterus during pregnancy
F l R d i A
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Female Reproductive Anatomy
Vagina
Reproductive passageway
Urine excretio Vulva
External opening of reproductive tract
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G i
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Gestation
Time from conception to parturition (birth)
Varies for each species
General Characteristics Increase size of breast and abdomen and
appetite
Restlessness End of gestation
E d f G t ti
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End of Gestation
Pocket pets and rabbits
Nesting box should be provided
Wood shavings
Straw Paper
Dogs and cats
Birthing box
One to three weeks prior
Helps them to get comfortable with the setting
Gestation Period
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Gestation Period
Species Period (days)Cats 51-65 (7-9 weeks)
Dogs 56-70 (9-10 weeks)
Rabbits 28-32 (4-4.5 weeks)
Hamsters 30-32
Gerbils 16
Rats 21-24
Mice 21-24
Guinea Pig 56-74