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Armaments,Disarmament andInternational
Security
SIPRIYEARBOOK
2010
Summary
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STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL
PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
SIPRI fl,
, . E 1966, SIPRI ,
, , , ,
.
GOVERNING BOARD
A R E, C (S)
D D F A (I)
D A G. A (R)
A L B (A)
J D (S L)D N E (E)
A W I (G)
P M K (U K)
T D
DIRECTOR
D B G (U S)
Signalistgatan 9
SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden
Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00
Fax: +46 8 655 97 33
Email: [email protected]: www.sipri.org SIPRI 2010
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THE SIPRI YEARBOOK
T SIPRI Y fi 1969 41 . SIPRI
Yearbook 2010
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T SIPRI Yearbook 2010
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CONTENTS
I. I , 2010 21. A : ? 3
Part I. Security and conflicts, 2009
2. A fl, 4
3. C 6
4. E-A : 8
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2009
5. M 106. A 12
7. I 14
8. W 16
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2009
9. N - 17
10. R 18
11. C 19
12. C - 20
A 22
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2 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
A SIPRI Yearbook 2010
, 2009
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INTRODUCTION. INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, ARMAMENTS AND
DISARMAMENT IN 2010
bates gill
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A R, O 1986, M
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introduction 3
1. A WORLD WITHOUT NUCLEAR WEAPONS: FANTASY OR NECESSITY?
james e. goodby
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4 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
MAJOR ARMED CONFLICTS, 2009
In 2009, 17 major armed conflicts were
active in 16 locations around the world.
Conflict location
Africa Rwanda*
SomaliaB
Sudan?
Uganda*
Americas ColombiaB
Peru?
USAB
Asia AghanistanB
India (Kashmir)?
Myanmar (Karen State)
PakistanB
Philippines
Philippines (Mindanao)Sri Lanka (Tamil Eelam)
Middle East Iraq?
Israel (Palestinian territories)
Turkey (Kurdistan)*
Where a conflict is over territory, the disputed
territory appears in parentheses after the country
name. All other conflicts are over government.
* Fighting in these conflicts also took place in other
locations.
B Increase in battle-related deaths from 2008.
?Decrease in battle-related deaths from 2008. Conflict inactive or not defined as major in 2008.
Only 6 o the major armed conflicts in
2009 were over territory, with 11 being
ought over government. Indeed,
conflicts over government outnumbered
those over territory in 9 o the
10 years 20002009.
For the sixth year running, no major
interstate conflict was active in 2009.
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2. ARMED CONFLICT, CRIME AND CRIMINAL VIOLENCE
ekaterina stepanova
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Over the decade 20002009, only 3 of the
total of 30 major armed conflicts have
been interstate.
Major armed conflicts, 20002009
THE GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2010
The Global Peace Index (GPI) seeks to
determine what cultural attributes and
institutions are associated with states of
peace. It ranks 149 countries by their
relative states of peace using
23 indicators.
Rank Country Score
1New Zealand
1.188
2 Iceland 1.212
3 Japan 1.247
4 Austria 1.290
5 Norway 1.322
145 Pakistan 3.050
146 Sudan 3.125
147 Afghanistan 3.252
148 Somalia 3.390
149 Iraq 3.406
Small, stable and democratic countries
are consistently ranked highly. Island
states also generally fare well.
These facts and data are taken from appendix 2A,
Patterns of major armed conflicts, 20002009, by
Lotta Harbom and Peter Wallensteen, Uppsala
Conflict Data Program (UCDP), based on the UCDP
Database, , and
appendix 2B, The Global Peace Index 2010, by Tim
Macintyre and Camil la Schippa, Institute for
Economics and Peace.
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security and conlicts 5
20
15
10
5
02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
No.ofconflicts
2009
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6 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
PEACE OPERATIONS, 2009
In 2009, 54 multilateral peace operations
were conducted in 34 diferent locations
The annual total o active peace
operations ell in 2009, having risen
steadily rom 2002 to 2008.
Number of peace operations, 20002009
Peace operations, by region, 2009
No. o Total personnel
operations deployed
Arica 16 85 562
Americas 2 9571
Asia 9 88 270
Europe 17 19 750
Middle East 10 16125
Total 54 219 278
The number o personnel deployed to
peace operations increased by 16 per cent
over 2008 to reach 219 278 by the end o
2009, 89 per cent o whom were military
personnel and 11 per cent civilian staf.
With no new operations in 2009, the
increase in the number o personnel
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3. CIVILIAN ROLES IN PEACE OPERATIONS
sharon wiharta and stephanie blair
No.ofoperations
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Ad hoc
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Conducting
organization:
Regional organ-
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United
Nations
2009200820072006200520042003200220012000
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deployed was due to troop reinorcement
or existing operations, most
significantly or the International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in
Aghanistan. ISAF was nearly our times
larger than the next largest operation,
and the number o ISAF troops (84 146)
exceeded the total number deployed to
the 12 UN peace operations with troops
(83 089).
Personnel deployed to peace operations,
20002009
Civilians deployed to peace operations,
20002009
These facts and data are taken from chapter 3 and
appendix 3A, Multilateral peace operations, 2009,
by Kirsten Soder and Krister Karlsson, and are
based on the SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations
Database, .
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security and conlicts 7
Total (including ISAF)
Total (excluding ISAF)
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No.ofpersonneldeployed
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8 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
I 2009
E-A N A
T O (NATO),
E U (EU)
O S
C- E (OSCE)
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4. EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY AND INSTITUTIONS: REBALANCING IN
THE MIDST OF GLOBAL CHANGE
alyson j. k. bailes and andrew cottey
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security and conlicts 9
SIPRI DATABASES
SIPRI , SIPRI
,
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Facts on International Relations and Security Trends (FIRST)
P
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SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations Database
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SIPRI Military Expenditure Database
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SIPRI Arms Transfers Database
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SIPRI Arms Embargoes Database
P 1988.
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10 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
T
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MILITARY EXPENDITURE, 2009
Military expenditure, 20002009
To allow comparison over time, the figures i n the bar
chart are in US dollars at constant (2008) prices.
Military expenditure, by region, 2009
Region Spending ($ b.)
Arica27
.4
North Arica 10.0
Sub-Saharan Arica 17.4
Americas 738
Central America 5.6
and the Caribbean
North America 680
South America 51.8
Asia and Oceania 276
Central Asia . .
East Asia210
Oceania 20.4
South Asia 44 .0
Europe 386
Eastern 60 .0
Western and Central 326
Middle East 103
World total 1 531
The spending figures are in current (2009) US
dollars.
5. MILITARY EXPENDITURE
sam perlo-reeman, olawale ismail and carina solmirano
Militaryexpenditure(US$b.)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2009200820072006200520042003200220012000
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military spending and armaments 11
2009
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The 10 largest military spenders in 2009
accounted or 75 per cent o world
military spending, with the USA alone
accounting or 43 per cent. While the
identities o the top spenders have not
changed in recent years, their relative
rankings have, with European countries
alling down the ranking.
The top 10 military spenders, 2009
Spending World
Rank Country ($ b.) share (%)
1 USA 661 43
2 China [100] [6.6] 3 France 63 .9 4 .2
4 UK 58 .3 3 .8
5 Russia [53 .3] [3.5]
6 Japan 51.0 3 .3
7 Germany 45 .6 3 .0
8 Saudi Arabia 41.3 2 .7
9 India 36 .3 2 .4
10 Italy 35 .8 2 .3
World total 1 531
[ ] = SIPRI estimate. The spending figures are incurrent (2009) US dollars.
SIPRI military expenditure figures are
based on inormation available in open
sources, primarily supplied by
governments. They represent a low
estimate; the true level o military
spending is certainly higher, due to
omitted countries and items o spending.
Nonetheless, SIPRI estimates capture
the great majority o global military
spending and accurately represent
overall trends.
These facts and data are taken from appendix 5A,
Military expenditure data, 20002009, by Sam
Perlo-Freeman, Olawale Ismail, Noel Kelly and
Carina Solmirano, and are based on the SIPRI
Military Expenditure Database, .
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12 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
THE SIPRI TOP 100 FOR 2008
The SIPRI Top 100 list ranks the largest
arms-producing companies in the world
(outside China) according to their arms
sales.
The 10 largest arms-producing companies,2008
Company Arms sales Profit
(country) ($ m.) ($ m.)
1 BAE Systems (UK) 32 420 3 250
2 Lockheed Martin 29 880 3 217
3 Boeing 29 200 2 672
4 Northrop Grumman 26 090 1 262
5 General Dynamics 22 780 2 459
6 Raytheon 21 030 1 672
7 EADS (trans-Europe) 17 900 2302
8 Finmeccanica (Italy) 13 240 996
9 L-3 Communications 12 160 949
10 Thales (France) 10 760 952
Companies are US-based, unless indicated
otherwise. The profit figures are from all company
activities, including non-military sales.
Almaz Antei tripled its arms sales since
2003 to reach $4.3 billion in 2008,
entering the top 20a first or a Russian
company. No Australian-owned company
appeared in the SIPRI Top 100 or 2008
ollowing BAE Systems acquisition o
Tenix Deence Systems in early 2008.
Hewlett-Packard entered the Top 100
ollowing its acquisition o EDS, a ormer
Top 100 arms-producing company.
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6. ARMS PRODUCTION
susan t. jackson
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military spending and armaments 13
National or regional shares of arms sales
for the SIPRI Top 100 for 2008
Region/ No. o Arms sales
country companies ($ b.)USA 44 229.9
Western Europe 34 122.1
Russia 7 10.8
Japan 4 7.0
Israel 4 6.9
India 3 4.2
South Korea 2 1. 8
Singapore 1 1. 3
Canada 1 0.7
Total 100 384.7
Figures refer to the arms sales of Top 100 companies
headquartered in each country or region, including
those of their foreign subsidiaries, not the sales of
arms actually produced in that country or region.
ARMS INDUSTRY ACQUISITIONS, 2009
There were no acquisitions o arms-
producing companies worth over
$1 billion in 2009, down rom our in 2008
and seven in 2007.
The largest acquisitions in the OECD arms
industry, 2009
Deal
Buyer Acquired value
company company ($ m.)
Precision Carlton Forge 850
Castparts Corp. Works
General Dynamics Axsys Tech. 643
BAE Systems BVT Surace Fleet 558Goodrich Corp. Atlantic Inertial 375
Systems
Woodward HR Textron 365
Governor
These facts and data are taken from chapter 6,
appendix 6A, The SIPRI Top 100 arms producing
companies, 2008, by Susan T. Jackson and the SIPRI
Arms Industry Network, and appendix 6B, Major
arms industry acquisitions, 2009, by Susan T.
Jackson.
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14 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
THE SUPPLIERS AND RECIPIENTS OF
MAJOR CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
The trend in transfers of major
conventional weapons, 20002009
Bar graph: annual totals; line graph: five-year
moving average (plotted at the last year of each five-
year period).
The five largest suppliers of major
conventional weapons, 20052009
Share o Main recipients
global arms (share o suppliers
Supplier exports (%) transers)
USA 30 South Korea (14%)
Israel (11%)
UAE (11%)
Russia 23 China (35%)
India (24%)
Algeria (11%)
Germany 11 Turkey (14%)
Greece (13%)
South Arica (12%)
France 8 UAE (25%)
Singapore (21%)
Greece (12%)
UK 4 USA (23%)
India (15%)
Saudi Arabia (10%)
T
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20052009 22
20002004.
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7. INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRANSFERS
paul holtom, mark bromley, pieter d. wezeman andsiemon t. wezema n
SIPRItrend-indicatorvalue(b.)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2009200820072006200520042003200220012000
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Reports to UNROCA, 19992008
TRANSPARENCY IN ARMS TRANSFERS
Ocial and publicly accessible data on
arms transers is important or assessing
states arms export and armsprocurement policies. However,
publishing data on arms sales and
acquisitions is a sensitive issue or nearly
all states.
The United Nations Register o
Conventional Arms (UNROCA) is the key
international mechanism o ocial
transparency on arms transers. The
recent downward trend in statesparticipation in UNROCA continued
during 2009. As o 31 December 2009,
only 79 states had submitted reports on
their arms transers during 2008.
Since the early 1990s an increasing
number o governments have published
national reports on arms exports. As o
January 2010, 32 states had published at
least one national report on arms exports
since 1990, and 28 have done so since
2006.
These facts and data a re taken from chapter 7,
appendix 7A, The suppliers and recipients of major
conventional weapons, by the SIPRI Arms
Transfers Programme, and appendix 7C,
Transparency in arms transfers, by Mark Bromley
and Paul Holtom, and are based in part on the SIPRI
Arms Transfers Database, .
.
I
A
M
. SIPRI
N A
20052009 A.
H, M
fi
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q
.
military spending and armaments 15
No.ofreports
0
30
60
90
120
150
2008200720062005200420032002200120001999
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16 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
I J 2010
U S, R F,
U K, F, C,
I, P I
7500
. I
,
, , ,
,
22 000 .
T fi
, fi 1968
N-P T (NPT)
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WORLD NUCLEAR FORCES, 2010
Deployed Other
Country warheads warheads Total
USA 2468 7100 9 600
Russia 4630 7300 12000
UK 160 65 225
France 300 300China . . 200 240
India . . 60 80 6080
Pakistan . . 7090 7090
Israel . . 60 80
Total 7560 1490 0 2260 0
All estimates are approximate and are as of January
2010.
GLOBAL STOCKS OF FISSILE
MATERIALS, 2009
As o 2009, global stocks o highly
enriched uranium totalled
approximately 1370 tonnes (not including
227 tonnes to be blended down). Global
military stocks o separated plutonium
totalled approximately 255 tonnes and
civilian stocks totalled 248 tonnes.
NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, 19452009
In May 2009 North Korea conducted
what is widely believed to be its second
nuclear test explosion. This brought the
total number o nuclear explosions
recorded since 1945 to 2054.
These facts and data are taken from chapter 8,
appendix 8A, Global stocks of fissile materials,
2009, by Alexander Glaser and Zia Mian,
International Panel on Fissile Materials, and
appendix 8B, Nuclear explosions, 19452009, by
Vitaly Fedchenko.
8. WORLD NUCLEAR FORCES
shannon n. kile, vitaly edchenko, bharath gopalaswamy andhans m. kristensen
8/7/2019 SIPRI 2010
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non-prolieration, arms control and disarmament 17
T 2009
-.
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1991
T R L
S O A (STARTT) 2002 S
O R T (SORT).
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START T
fi
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9. NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL AND NON-PROLIFERATION
shannon n. kile
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18 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
A ,
2009
. W ,
1993 C W
C (CWC) 1972B T W
C (BTWC)
,
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P B O US
A BTWC
D 2009, E
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10. REDUCING SECURITY THREATS FROM CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
john hart and peter clevestig
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non-prolieration, arms control and disarmament 19
T E
2009
,
1990 T C A
F E (CFE T)
D
2007 R
. A C , -
E ,
fi
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. A 2009 A
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11. CONVENTIONAL ARMS CONTROL
zdzislaw lachowski
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20 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
MULTILATERAL ARMS EMBARGOES,
2009
There were 29 mandatory multilateral
arms embargoes in orce in 2009,
directed at a total o 17 targets, including
governments, non-governmental orces
and a transnational network. The UnitedNations imposed 12 o these embargoes,
the European Union (EU) imposed 16 and
the Economic Community o West
Arican States (ECOWAS) imposed 1.
During 2009 the UN Security Council
imposed its first new arms embargo since
2006, on Eritrea. The UN widened the
arms embargo on the Democratic
Peoples Republic o Korea (DPRK, orNorth Korea) and lited the arms
embargo on the Government o Liberia.
Nine o the 16 EU embargoes were
straightorward implementations o UN
arms embargoes. In addition, two EU
arms embargoes difered rom UN
embargoes in their scope or coverage and
five did not have UN counterparts. In
2009 the EU imposed a new arms
embargo on Guinea and lited its arms
embargo on Uzbekistan. ECOWAS
imposed a new arms embargo on Guinea.
As in previous years in 2009 several
violations o UN arms embargoes were
recorded. For example, cargo inspections
led to the uncovering o violations o the
UN embargoes on arms exports rom
Iran and North Korea.
T
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q
,
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A
G (AG), M T
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(WA). T
(ITT),
,
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E U (EU)
12. CONTROLS ON SECURITY-RELATED INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS
sibylle bauer and ivana mii
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non-prolieration, arms control and disarmament 21
Multilateral arms embargoes in force
during 2009
United Nations arms embargoes
Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and associatedindividuals and entities
Democratic Republic o the Congo (NGF)
Cte dIvoire
Eritrea
Iran (technology related to nuclear weapon
delivery systems)
Iraq (NGF)
North Korea
Lebanon (NGF)
Liberia (NGF)
Sierra Leone (NGF)
Somalia
Sudan (Darur)
European Union arms embargoes
Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and associated
individuals and entities
China
Democratic Republic o the Congo (NGF)
Cte dIvoire
GuineaIran
Iraq (NGF)
North Korea
Lebanon (NGF)
Liberia
Myanmar
Sierra Leone (NGF)
Somalia
Sudan
Uzbekistan
Zimbabwe
ECOWAS
Guinea
NGF = non-governmental forces.
These facts and data are taken from appendix 12A,
Multilateral arms embargoes, by Pieter D.
Wezeman and Noel Kelly.
-EU
.
I 2009 EU
2000
D- R. T
EU-
-
.
D 2009,
EU .
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22 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
A A, A
,
-
, ,
,
.
A B, I ,
, -
, ,
.
A C, C 2009,
fi 2009 ,
.
Arms control and disarmament
agreements in force, 1 January 2010
1925 P P
U W A,
P O G,
B M
W (1925 G P)
1948 C P
P C
G (G C)
1949 G C (IV) R
P C
P T W
1959 A T
1963 T B N W
T A, O
S U W (P
T-B T, PTBT)
1967 T P G
A S
E U O
S, I M
O C B (O
S T)1967 T P
N W L
A C
(T T)
1968 T N-
N W (N-
P T, NPT)
1971 T P
E NW W
M D S
O F
S (S T)
1972 C P
D, P
S B
(B) T W
D
(B T W
C, BTWC)
1974 T L
U N W
T (T T-B
T, TTBT)
1976 T U N
E P P
(P N E
T, PNET)
ANNEXES
nenne bodell
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annexes 23
1977 C P
M A O H U
E Mfi
Tq (E C)
1980 C P
P N M
N F
1981 C P
R U C
C W
D E
I
I E (CCW
C, IW C)
1985 S Pfi N F Z
T (T R)
1987 T E
I-R S-
R M (INF T)
1990 T C A
F E (CFE T)
1992 T O S1993 C P
D, P,
S U C
W
D (C W
C, CWC)
1995 T S A
N W-F Z
(T B)
1996 A N-W-F
Z T (T P)
1996 A S-R A
C (F A)
1997 I-A C
A I M
Tf F,
A, E,
O R M
1997 C P
U, S, P
T A-P
M D
(APM C)
1999 I-A C
T C
W Aq
1999 V D 1999
Cfi- S-
B M
2002 T S O
R (SORT, M
T)2006 ECOWAS C S
A, L W,
A O R
M
2006 T N-W-F
Z C A (T
S)
Agreements not in force, 1 January
2010
1972 T L A-
B M S (ABM
T)
1991 T R
L S O
A (START I T)
1993 T F R
L S O
A (START II T)
1996 C N-T-B
T (CTBT)
1999 A A
CFE T
2008 C C M
2010 T M
F R L
S O A (N
START T, P T)
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24 sipri yearbook 2010, summary
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SIPRI Yearbook 2010
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STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL
PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Armaments, Disarmament and International SecuritySIPRI YEARBOOK 2010
The SIPRI Yearbook is a compendium of data and analysis in the areas of
Security and conflicts
Military spending and armaments
Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament
This booklet summarizes the 41st edition of the SIPRI Yearbook, which includes
coverage of developments during 2009 in
Major armed conflicts
Multilateral peace operations
Military expenditure
Arms production
International arms transfers
World nuclear forces, stocks of fissile materials and nuclear explosions Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
Conventional arms control
Controls on security-related international transfers
Multilateral arms embargoes
as well as special studies on
A world without nuclear weapons
Armed conflict, crime and criminal violence Civilian roles in peace operations
Euro-Atlantic security and institutions
and extensive annexes on arms control and disarmament agreements, international
security cooperation bodies and events during 2009 in the area of security and arms
control.