Shade, litter, nematodes, earthworms, termites and companion trees in coffee-based agroforestry in relation to climate resilience
K. Hairiah1), I G. Swibawa 2), W.S. Dewi3), F. K. Aini4), D.Suprayogo1), Widianto1), F.X. Susilo2) and M van Noordwijk4)
Session 5.3 ‘Biodiversity and Agroforested Habitats’, Wednesday 12 February
Forest conversion to coffee
Can infiltration and soil functions be maintained?
Do agroforestry systems matter?
Objective: Quantify direct and indirect impact of changes in tree diversity on diversity of soil biota and ecosystem services of coffee based
agroforestry systems ~ climate resilience
Activities1. Survey belowground biodiversity
(BGBD) in various land use systems
2. Focus group discusisons (FGD) ~ farmer local knowledge on BGBD
3. Pot experiments ~ Earthworm response to litter quality
4. Survey on the spatial pattern of nematodes in a mixed coffee agroforestry system.
Lampung, 2004
Lampung, 2004 & Malang 2005
Malang, 2007
Lampung, 2007
Land Use Systems1. HA= Undisturbed Forest
2. HS = Disturbed (secondary)
3. AF = Coffee based agroforestry
4. KM= Monoculture coffee
5. TS = Annual food crop system
6. HT= Vegetables crop system
7. AL = Degraded land (Imperata grassland)
FOREST
Coffee garden
Annual Crop
(Coffee monokulture)
(Shaded coffee)1. Canopy cover
Coffee Monoculture
Coffee-based AF
What has changed?
11.5
9.210.0
6.1
3.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Fores
t
Mul
tistrat
a
Shaded
-Par
Shaded
-Glir
i
Coffe
e Mono
Lit
ter
inp
ut,
Mg
/ha/y
r
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Forest
Multis
trata
Sha
ded -P
ar
Sha
ded -G
liri
Cof
fee
Mon
o
Lit
ter
co
mp
os
itio
n
Branch Leaf Flower Fruit
What has changed?2. Litter Input
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
18 20 22 24 26 28 30Mean air temperature,
oC
Me
an
so
il t
em
pe
ratu
re,
oC
Sun
Shaded
Multistrata
Forest
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
18 20 22 24 26 28Mean soil temperature,
oC
Ra
ng
e o
f s
pa
tia
l v
ari
ati
on
, oC
3.Micro climateSource: Hairiah et al., 2006
What has changed?
Sun Coffee
Forest
ACTIVITY 1BGBD Inventory
Earthworm Diversity(Taxonomy, Biogeography, Function)
SpeciesBiogeo
graphy
Fungti
on
HA HT AF KM PL HR AL
Metaphire sp.1 N Ep
Metaphire sp.2 N Ep
Megascolex sp. N En
Metaphire javanica group N A
Pontoscolex corethrurus E En
Gordeodrilus elegans E A
Malabiria levis E En
N. panamaensis E A
Dichogaster saliens E En
Ocnerodrilus occidentalis E En
Jumlah jenis (10) 3 4 5 5 2 3 2
N = native, E = exotic, Ep = epigeic, En = endogeic, A = anesic
Disappeared
What has changed?
11 species
What has changed?
LOST DOMINANT
Metaphire javanica Pontoscolex corethrurus
CHANGES ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: Soil Porosity
1 2
34
Soil Macropore
Macropore in-vertical plane
Coffee monoculture
Imperatagrassland
Coffee-based Agroforestry
Forest
100 cm
30
cm
30
cm
30
cm
30
cm
20 %
8 %
6 %
12 %
LUS No Species Fungcional Group HA HT AFI KM TP HR AL
1 Coxocapritermes sp. A Soil 1) 3)
2 Coxocapritermes sp. B Soil 1) 3)
3 Microcapritermes connectens
Soil 3)
4 Procapritermes sp.C Soil 3)
5 Pericapritermes buitenzorgi Soil 1) 2) 3)
6 Termes comis Soil 3)
7 Labritermes sp. A Soil 2) 3)
8 Pericapritermes nitobei Soil 3)
9 Pericapritermes sp. D Soil 3)
10 Pericapritermes speciosus Soil 3)
11 Pericapritermes dolicephalus
Soil 1) 3)
12 Nasutitermes havilandi Wood 3)
13 Hospitalitermes hospitalis Epiphyte 3)
14 Schedorhinotermes brevialatus
Wood 3)
15 Longipeditermes longipes Wood 2) 3) 3)
16 Macrotermes ahmadi Wood 3) 3)
17 Bulbitermes constrictus Wood 3) 3)
18 Bulbitermes flavicans Wood 2)
19 Bulbitermessp. A Wood 3)
20 Nasutitermes sp.B Wood 3)
21 Nasutitermessp. C Wood 3)
22 Parrhinotermes sp. C Wood 3)
23 Parrhinotermes aequalis Wood 3)
24 Bulbitermessingaporiensis Wood 3)
Excl
usi
ve S
pec
ies
in t
he
Fore
st 14 species disappeared
3 Tolerant Species
7 New Species
Total species in Lampung:
39 species
Aini, 2006
TERMITES
Coffee
Companion crops
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
Zone A Zone B1 Zone B2 Zone c50 m 150 m100 m
Nematodes SamplingACTIVITY 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
UNF LOF AFC MNC SFI
Re
lati
ve
de
ns
ity F
un
cti
on
al
Gro
up
, in
div
/10
0 n
em
ato
de
s
Land use systems
Pt Fv Bv Pr Om
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
UNF LOF AFC MNC SFI
Nem
ato
des d
en
sit
y, i
nd
iv./
300 c
c s
oil
Land use systems
(A) (B)
(Pt = herbivore (plant parasitic), Fv = fungivore, Bv = bacterivore, Pr = predator, and Om = omnivore; UNF=Undisturbed natural forest, LOF=Logged over forest, AFC= Agroforestry coffee based, MNC=Monoculture coffee system, LAN=Low intensified annual cropping , HAN= High intensified annual cropping, SFI= Shrub – Imperata grassland)
Plant parasitic
KK1
Fungivora
2%
Bakterivora
21%
Predator
1%
Omnivora
1%
Algaivora
0%
Parasit tbh
75%
KK3
Parasit tbh
87%
Fungivora
4%
Predator
1% Algaivora
0%
Bakterivora
7%
Omnivora
1%
KG3
Fungivora
9%
Bakterivora
28%
Predator
7%
Omnivora
5%
Algaivora
1%
Parasit tbh
50%
KP5
Fungivora
3%
Bakterivora
23%
Predator
5%
Omnivora
3%
Algaivora
0%
Parasit tbh
66%
KA5
Fungivora
5%
Bakterivora
14%
Predator
3%
Omnivora
3%
Algaivora
0%
Parasit tbh
75%
Kelimpahan klp. makan nematoda pada lahan kopi
Monoculture coffee, 1 yr Monoculture coffee, 3 yr
Gliricidia -shaded coffee AF coffee+ banana
Plant-parasitic nematodes
AF coffee+ avocado
Effect of cropping pattern in coffee agroforestry system on abundance of parasitic nematode (Radopholus)
Cropping pattern
Population
(individu per
300 cc soil)
Monoculture 97.47 b
Coffee + banana 328.39 a
Coffee+ Gliricidia 95.02 b
Coffee + Gliricidia +
Avocado 88.47 b
Coffee + Gliricidia +
Avocado +
Mahogany 136.92 b
Probability 0.0005
(Swibawa et al, 2008)
Earthworm is important for maintaining enough ‘humus’ in agricultural soil & good bite for fishing !
Activity 2. Farmer perceptions ~ BGBD
Field Day:
LIFE BENEATH OUR FEET
Plannar cage
ACTIVITY 3. What “food quality” earthworms like?
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100
Eart
hw
orm
Mo
rtal
ity,
%
Time, days
Control
Coffee (C)
Gliricidia (G)
Avocado (A)
C+G
C+G+A
Not all litters are the same……
Gliricidia litter poisonous to Pontoscolex
Gliricidia
control
coffee
Gliricidia application > 4 Mg ha-1 is harmful for earthworm started at 7 days after application
Under field condition:Litter production of Gliricidia 5- 6 Mg ha-1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 7 14 21 28
Mort
ali
ty, %
/pot
Time, day
0
2
4
6
Mg ha-1
y = 57.13ln(x) - 13.98R² = 0.748
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 7 8
Mo
rta
lity
, %
/pot
Dosage Gliricidia, Mg ha-1
Forest Agroforestry: Tree diversity
Surface Litter composition: snag, branch, twig,leaf, fruit, flower
Micro Climate: Air & Soil Temperature, Soil moisture
Mineralisation
Litter quality
SOM
Macropore
formation
Low erosion risk
Tree density & diversity: Canopy cover
Nutrients
DecompositionSoil Organisms
Control soil borne diseaseGrowth & Yield
of desirable crops
ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
Dri
vers
Pro
cess
Serv
ice
sFa
cto
rs
Maintain C stock
Termites Earthworms
Nematodes
Improving ABGD in complex AF systems is a key factor in maintaining BGBD and optimizing its ecosystem function.
BUT, specific relations may be more complex as shown by Gliricidia, it provides specific benefits by suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes….
BUT, it can be harmfull for earthworms
mixing Gliricidia with coffee prunings + others reduced the negative effect of Gliricidia
• BGBD Project• Indonesian Ministry of
Education & Culture• Indonesian Ministry of
Research Technology• TULSEA Project - ICRAF