Science of Sintering New Directions for Materials Processing
and Microstructural Control
Science of Sintering New Directions for Materials Processing and Microstructural Control
Edited by
Dragan P. U skokovic Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Hayne Palmour III North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
and
Richard M. Spriggs Alfred University Alfred, New York
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Catalog1ng-1n-Pub11cat1on Data
World Round Table Conference on Sintering <7th , 1989 Herceg-Novi, Montenegro>
Science of sintering , new direct1ons for materials processing and microstructural control I edited by Dragan P. Uskokovic, Hayne Palmour III, and Richard M. Spriggs.
p. em. "Proceedings of the Seventh Round Table Conference on Sintering,
held August 28-September 1, 1989, in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslav1a"--Verso t.p.
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4899-0935-0 ISBN 978-1-4899-0933-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0933-6
1. Sintering--Congresses. I. Uskokovic, Dragan P., 1944-II. Palmour, Hayne. III. Spriggs, Richard M. IV. Title. TN695.W67 1989 671.3'73--dc20 90-35888
Proceedings of the Seventh Round Table Conference on Sintering, held August 28-September 1, 1989, in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslavia
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
All rights reserved
CIP
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
TO GEORGE C. KUCZYNSKI
Sintering was a secret-not a science-before Dr. George C. Kuczynski developed the first laws and theory of sintering in 1949. We knew that sintering occurred, but we did not know how and why particles coalesced. Kuczynski's model provided the foundation for a scientific exploration of the sintering process.
While searching to process tungsten to build a better light bulb, Kuczynski's understanding of sintering shrinkage by volume diffusion and related grain growth processes occurred in the post-war laboratories of Sylvania Electric Co., Inc. As he was working with very pure copper crystals- a gift from his boss to encourage Kuczynski to pursue the secret of sintering- Kuczynski noticed something extraordinary in the commonplace occurrence when he heated the atomized copper in a copper crucible.
He examined the phenomenon more closely and heeded, he says, the advice of an oriental philosopher: "In science, you have to listen to the gentle murmurs of nature."
Kuczynski listened. He measured the neck that had formed with the particles as a function of time to give us the first laws of sintering on which so much subsequent work has depended. Kuczynski's broad classical education from his native Poland, his training in mathematics and physics, and his keen mind enabled him to cut through the complex to simple, clear, unambiguous truth. His publications, research and sintering conferences have encouraged new ideas and provided the scientific paradigm that has fostered pursuit of new theories and new understanding of sintering by other scientists and engineers. His work shed the first light on the path that has ultimately led us to grapple with the highest technology of sintered materials.
To Dr. George C. Kuczynski, we dedicate these published proceedings of the Seventh World Round Table Conference on Sintering with gratitude for his accomplishments that have made possible our own.
PREFACE
This volume, SCIENCE OF SINTERING: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR MATERIALS PROCESSING AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CONTROL, contains the edited Proceedings of the Seventh World Round Table Conference on Sintering, held in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslavia, Aug. 28 - Sept. 1, 1989. It was organized by the International Institute for the Science of Sintering (IISS), headquartered in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Every fourth year since 1969, the Institute has organized such a Round Table Conference on Sintering; each has taken place at some selected location within Yugoslavia. A separate series of IISS Topical Sintering Symposia (Summer Schools) have also been held at four year intervals, but they have been offset by about two years, so they occur between the main Conferences. As a rule, the Topical Sintering Symposia have been devoted to more specific topics and they also take place in different countries. The aim of these Conferences and their related "Summer Schools" has been to bring together scientists from all over the world who work in various fields of science and technology concerned with sintering and sintered materials. A total of seven IISS Conferences have been held over the period 1969-1989, and they have been supplemented by the four Topical Sintering Symposia held in Yugoslavia, Poland, India and Japan (in 1975, 1979, 1983 and 1987, respectively).
This most recent five day Conference addressed the fundamental scientific background as well as the technological state-of-the-art pertinent to science of sintering and high technology sintered materials. It encompassed many problems - and solutions - that are relevant to a wide variety of scientific concerns and industrial applications. In the editors' opinion, this Conference could best be characterized by (1) the high level and broad scope of the papers presented, and (2) the many nations (more than 20) that were represented by their respective authors.
It is also interesting to reflect upon some of the effects that are attributable to the cumulative influences of this whole series of Round Table Conferences on Sintering. Progression in the number counts alone have been impressive: this, for example, was by far the largest in total numbers, and in the numbers of nations from which participants have been drawn. The overall scientific quality and the real world relevance of the materials being presented and the issues being discussed have also shown steady improvement from meeting to meeting. In our opinion, in this most recent Conference, the interplay existing between quality, relevance and effective communication has been especially fruitful.
vii
Nowhere has this kind of cumulative effect been more visible than in the markedly increased participation evidenced by Yugoslavia's own authors. In this most recent Conference, for example, there were more significant papers by such authors, representing more well established Yugoslav laboratories, than ever before. Nurtured in part through their own hard work and in part through the insights, experiences and exposures gained through their attendance at preceding Round Table Conferences, it is evident that, collectively, this contingent of Yugoslav sinterers was well prepared to present important scientific results spanning a broad spectrum of relevant sintering issues.
Fifty-seven papers presented at the Conference were selected by the editors for inclusion in this volume. Because of the significance of their scientific contributions, two invited papers have also been included even though, regrettably, it had not been possible to have them presented at the Conference by their respective authors (G. S. Upadhyaya and R. Pruemmer). Other papers presented at the Conference will be published by the International Institute for the Science of Sintering in its journal, "Science of Sintering".
Thematically, they are presented in the eleven sections which comprise this book: (1) fundamentals of sintering, (2) controlled preparation of ceramic powders, (3) preparation and sintering of metallic powders, (4) sintering of multiphase systems, (5) pressure sintering, (6) rate controlled sintering, (7) microstructure control, (8) metals and composite processing, (9) sintering of oxide ceramics, (10) high temperature superconductors, and (11) non-oxide ceramics.
The list of Contributors formally acknowledges the considerable cooperation and assistance rendered to the General Secretary of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering, Academician Momcilo M. Ristic, and the President of the Organizing Committee, Professor Dragan Uskokovic, by (1) a distinguished International Program Committee, (2) the several Session Chairmen, as well as (3) the creative efforts of 129 distinguished contributing authors representing many of the world's centers for sintering research. We extend our personal thanks to all of them for their cooperative attitudes, timely responses and many helpful suggestions which have characterized all our relationship with them.
On behalf of the participants and the whole sintering community we wish at this point to express our gratitude to the patron of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, as well as to the Yugoslav Committee for Electronics, Telecommunication, Automation and Nuclear Technology, the Serbian Society for Powder Metallurgy, the Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Center for Multidisciplinary Studies of Belgrade University for their support in the organization of the Conference. Special thanks are due to Dr. Branko Kostic, President of the Republic of Mentenegro and Academician Dusan Kanazir, President of the Serbian Academy of Sciencep and Arts, who welcomed attendees to the Conference. We also note with gratitude the considerable financial support for the Conference organization provided by the Principal Sponsor "PRVI PARTIZAN" (Titovo UZice), the Republic Council for Science,as well as other Yugoslav sponsors. We are grateful to the U.S. sponsor, the American Ceramic Society and we would like to emphasize the significance of the financial support for travel provided by the AFOSR which enabled the participation of U.S. scientists.
viii
We wish to acknowledge our very special personal thanks to a modest group of persons who worked with dedication but largely behind the scenes: to Milivoj Jelacic for coordinating our Conference; to Mirjana Kosanovic and the Department of International and Technical Relations for their secretarial assistance in preparing of materials before, during and after the Conference; to Aleksandar Kosanovic and Dragan Tasic for serving as projectionists andproviding other technical service; to Drs Stamenka M. Radic and Visnjica Vukcevic for translation services; to Taisa Agaljcev, Miroslava Jankovic, Cveta Jaksic and Kiril Svinjarski for simultaneous translations during the Conference. We pay special tribute to Mirjana Stojanovic for her special skills and experience in typing and/or revising the edited Proceedings.
It is also our pleasent duty to thank all our young collaborators: Rada Novakovic, Olivera Milosevic, Jelena Dumic, Petar Kostic, Cedomir Jovalekic and Ratomir Agatonovic, who helped in performing various tasks during the Conference and in the preparation of these proceedings.
Last but not least, it is appropriate to acknowledge with real affection the patience, tolerance and moral support we have been accorded by our colleagues and our families through those extended periods of time we have had to pay attention to the organizing of this Conference and the editing of these Proceedings.
Belgrade November 1989
Dragan P. Uskokovic Hayne Palmour III and Richard M. Spriggs
CONTENTS
Part I. FUNDAMENTALS OF SINTERING
SINTERING OF CERAMICS C.A. Handwerker, J.E. Blendell and R.L. Coble
THE MAIN TRENDS IN STUDY AND QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE SINTERING PROCESSES
V.V. Skorohod
STEREOLOGICAL THEORY OF SINTERING R.T. DeHoff
A STEREOLOGY-BASED EQUATION FOR ISOTROPIC SHRINKAGE DURING SINTERING BY VISCOUS FLOW
H.E. Exner and E.A. Giess
A NEW MODEL FOR INITIAL SINTERING OF OXIDE POWDERS UNDER CONTROLLED GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE
M. Pijolat and M. Soustelle
MECHANISM OF ANISOTROPIC DIMENSIONAL CHANGES DURING SINTERING OF METAL POWDER COMPACT
H. Kuroki and M. Hiraishi
Part II. CONTROLLED PREPARATION OF CERAMIC POWDERS
PREPARATION OF WELL DEFINED CERAMIC POWDERS E. Matijevic
PROGRESS IN PREPARATION OF ZnO BASED VARISTOR CERAMICS 0. Milosevic, D. Vasovic, D. Poleti, Lj. Karanovic, v. Petrovic and D. Uskokovic
CHEMICAL PREPARATION OF ALUMINA-ZIRCONIA POWDERS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE SINTERING AND PARTICULATE COMPOSITES
J.L. Rehspringer, S. Dick and M. Daire
EVOLUTION OF MULLITE FROM A SOLGEL PRECURSOR G. Klassen, J. Laughner and G. Fischman
THE ROLE OF POWDER CALCINATION CONDITIONS IN THE SINTERING BEHAVIOUR OF CALCINED Zr02 POWDERS
T. Kosmac, D. Kolar, V. Krasevec and R. Gopalakrishnan
3
39
55
73
83
91
101
117
127
135
141
xi
SURFACE EFFECT OF MgO ADDITION ON GAMMA Al203 SINTERING J. Katanic-Popovic and Lj. Kostic-Gvozdenovic
Part III. PREPARATION AND SINTERING OF METALLIC POWDERS
PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIZATION W.A. Kaysser and K. Rzesnitzek
DISPERSION HARDENING OF A RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED COPPER BASED MATRIX
D. Bozic and M. Mitkov
PROBLEM OF SINTERING METALLIC ULTRAFINE POWDERS L.I. Trusov, V.N. Lapovok and V.I. Novikov
SINTERING OF COPPER ULTRAFINE POWDERS Y. Sakka, T. Uchikoshi and E. Ozawa
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MIXED AND THE COMPOSITE Ni-TiN ULTRAFINE PARTICLES
Y. Sakka, S. Ohno, H. Okuyama and M. Ozawa
Part IV. SINTERING OF MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS
PHASE STABILITY AND SINTERING OF MULTIPHASE ALLOY SYSTEMS G.S. Upadhyaya
SOLID STATE SINTERING OF TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS WITH SOLUBILITY
W. Schatt and Ch. Sauer
PROGNOSIS OF SINTERING OF SYSTEM W-Ni IN THE PRESENCE OF LIQUID PHASE
z.s. Nikolic, R.M. Spriggs and M.M. Ristic
INFLUENCE OF SINTERING AND TERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF W-Ni-Fe ALLOYS
M. Mitkov and W.A. Kaysser
REMOVAL OF Ni-ACTIVATOR FROM THE ACTIVATED SINTERED W-COMPACT BY HIGH VACUUM TREATMENT
I.-H. Moon, Y.-H. Kim and M.-J. Suk
Part V. PRESSURE SINTERING
EXPLOSIVE COMPACTION OF POWDERS: PRINCIPLE AND PROSPECTS R. Prummer
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH PRESSURE SINTERING P.S. Kisly
DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF AMORPHOUS Ni78 P22 B. Mihelic, B. Serbedzija, v. Petrovic, M. v. susie and D. Uskokovic
149
157
177
185
193
203
215
227
235
243
255
267
279
285
THE PREDICTION OF HIP PARAMETERS FOR INTERMETALLIC PREALLOYED Ni-Al POWDER
R. Laag, W.A. Kaysser, R. Maurer and G. Petzow
DEFECT HEALING MECHANISMS DURING SINTER/HIP OF POLYPHASE MATERIALS
A. Frisch, W.A. Kaysser and G. Petzow
RESIDUAL STRESS CHARACTERISTICS OF CERAMIC COATINGS AND THEIR CRACKING BEHAVIOUR
Y. Ishiwata, Y. Itoh and H. Kashiwaya
Part VI. RATE CONTROLLED SINTERING
RATE CONTROLLED SINTERING FOR CERAMICS AND SELECTED POWDER METALS
H. Palmour III
APPLICATION OF RATE CONTROLLED SINTERING IN THE PRODUCTION OF Zr02-BASED CERAMIC MATERIALS .
R. Oberacker, K. Dorfschmidt, T. Liu and F. Thlimmler
RATE-CONTROLLED SINTERING OF SiC WITH ADDITIONS OF (a) Al203 + Y203; (b) B + C; (c) B4C + C
J.M. Lihrmann, P. Halary, E. Kostic, and H. Schubert
Part VII. MICROSTRUCTURE CONTROL
GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN SINTERING J.A. Pask
COMPUTER SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ABNORMAL
295
311
325
337
357
367
381
GRAIN GROWTH IN BaTi03 CERAMICS 395 U. Kunaver and D. Kolar
PORE REMOVAL DURING FINAL STAGE SINTERING OF MODIFIED YTTRIA 405 W. Rossner
THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF LEAD TIN TELLURIDE COMPACTS D.M. Rowe and M. Clee
MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN DENSE Si3N4 CERAMICS M. Herrmann, S. Hess, H. Kessler, J. Pabst and W. Hermel
EFFECT OF SINTERING PARAMETERS ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SIALON MATERIALS
P. Arat6, E. Besenyei, A. Kele and F. Weber
Part VIII. METALS AND COMPOSITE PROCESSING
POWDER PROCESSING OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ALUMINIDE-MATRIX COMPOSITES
R.M. German
411
421
429
439
xm
DIFFERENTIAL SINTERING C.P. Ostertag
BORON/MAGNESIUM-ALUMINIUM MACHINABLE COMPOSITE T. Sato, E. Horikoshi, T. Iikawa and K. Hashimoto
EFFECT OF "INHERITANCE" IN POWDER METALLURGY V.A. Ivensen and T.A. Rakotch
HYDROSTATIC COMPACTION OF FINE COBALT POWDER D. Duzevic and M. Buchberger
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu-P SINTERED ALLOYED STEELS: STUDY OF THE COPPER INFLUENCE ON DIMENSIONAL CHANGES
L.E.G. Cambronero, J.M. Torralba and J.M. Ruiz Prieto
Part IX. SINTERING OF OXIDE CERAMICS
ULTRA-RAPID SINTERING OF CERAMICS D.L. Johnson
HYDROTHERMAL Zr02 POWDER AND ITS SINTERING BEHAVIOUR S. Somiya, M. Yoshimura, Y. Suwa, T. Akiba, Z. Nakai, K. Hishinuma and T. Kumaki
EFFECT OF GREEN COMPACT PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ON THE SINTERING OF a-FezOJ
C.V. Santilli, S.H. Pulcinelli, J.A. Varela and J.P. Bonnet
453
461
469
479
487
497
507
519
EFFECT OF NIOBIA ON THE SINTERING OF SnOz 529 D. Gouvea, J.A. Varela, C.V. Santilli and E. Longo
KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF SOLID STATE SINTERING OF ALKALINE EARTH TITANATES 537
V.I. Lapshin and V.K. Yarmarkin
THE INFLUENCE OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON POLARIZATION BEHAVIOUR OF Bi4Ti3o12 CERAMICS 545
c. Jovalekic, Lj. Atanasoska, V. Petrovic and M.M. Ristic
CHANGES OF ELECTRICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD SINTERED POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN ARSENATE WITH TEMPERATURE 555
D. Minic, R. Dimitrijevic and M. susie
A STUDY OF ISOTHERMAL SINTERING AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE FROM SEA WATER 565
N. Petrie, B. Petrie, v. Martinac and M. Mirosevic-Anzulovic
Part X. HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
PROPERTIES OF HIGH Tc SUPERCONDUCTING OXIDES B.W. Veal and S.-K. Chan
xiv
575
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN STOICHIOMETRY ON HIGH-Tc YBazCu30y SUPERCONDUCTOR PROPERTIES
P. Kostic and J.-H. Park
A MODIFIED NONCONTACT METHOD FOR CRITICAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS
P.M. Nikolic. M. Miletic. M.B. Pavlovic. Z.B. Maricic and D. Rakovic
Part XI. NON-OXIDE CERAMICS
ON THE KINETICS OF DENSIFICATION DURING LIQUID PHASE SINTERING OF Si3N4
J. Pabst and M. Herrmann
STABILITY OF PURE AND AlN-ALLOYED AlzOC AND INFLUENCE ON ABRASIVE PROPERTIES OF Alz03-Al4c3-AlN MATERIALS
T. Zambetakis. J.M. Lihrmann, Y. Larrere and M. Daire
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF a/B SiAlON COMPOSITES s. Boskovic and K.G. Nickel
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE
CONTRIBUTORS
INDEX
591
599
607
613
621
631
633
641
XV