SavingHighQuality
Acous3cHabitatIden%fyingareasofrela%venaturalquiet
JimCummings,Execu3veDirectorcummings@acous3cecology.orgAEInews.orgAcous3cEcology.org
SoundscapemonitoringandmodelingCon%nental-scalemodeling
Anthropogenicnoise—increaseabovenaturalambientMenniA,KFristrup,KSherrill,LNelson.(2013)Mappingsoundpressurelevelsonacon3nentalscaleusingageospa3alsoundmodel.Internoise2013.
SoundscapemonitoringandmodelingOcean-basinscalenoisemonitoring
Rice,etal.Varia3onofoceanacous3cenvironmentsalongthewesternNorthAtlan3ccoast:Acasestudyincontextoftherightwhalemigra3onroute.EcologicalInforma3cs21(2014)89-99
NorthAtlan%c:MainetoGeorgia
SoundscapemonitoringandmodelingListeninginremotewaters
Bowheadwhaleacous%cworldOneyear,sixresearchteams
2300kmtransect,20sites
VanOpzeeland,I.,Samaran,F.,Stafford,K.M.,Findlay,K.,Gedamke,J.,Harris,D.,&Miller,B.S.(2014).Towardscollec3vecircum-antarc3cpassiveacous3cmonitoring:thesouthernoceanhydrophonenetwork(SOHN).Polarforschung,83(2),47-61Clark,Berchok,Blackwell,Hannay,Jones,Ponirakis,Stafford.Ayearintheacous3cworldofbowheadwhalesintheBering,ChukchiandBeaufortSeas.ProgressinOceanography136(2015)223-240
SouthernOceanHydrophoneNetworkSOHN
EmergingnoisesourcesChangingArc%csoundscape
Icebreakingasdominantnewnoisesourceinexpanding“marginalicezone”
FGeyer,HSagen,GHope,MBabiker,PWorcester.Iden3fica3onandquan3fica3onofsoundscapecomponentsintheMarginalIceZone.J.Acous.Soc.Am.139(4),April2016,1873-1885
“Shipcavita3oncausedbyheavyicebreakingisthedominantsource,increasingtheNLbymorethan10dBbelow1000Hzand28dBat15Hz.Thecavita3onnoiseduringthe2013experimentdominatesatdistancesaslargeas100kmfromtheicebreaker.ThisimpliesthatthistypeofnoisemaychangetheArc%csoundscapesignificantly.”
2016paper,FramStrait,betweenGreenlandandSvalbard
EmergingnoisesourcesSubseaoilandgasprocessing
Consideredkeytodeep-waterandarc%cdevelopment“somerealscreamers”(exceedsambientto20-25kmat500Hz+)
Currentlyjuststar%ngtobedeployed;noregulatoryoversight
20-yearlifespan,opera%ngcon%nuously
EmergingnoisesourcesManymore,onlandandsea
Seafloormining
Newshippingports
BackcountryaccessVehiclesofallkinds
Cau3on,vigilanceneededinareasthatarerela%velypris%neORapproachingacous%csatura%on
Howcanecoacous%cshelp?Promisingresearchdirec%ons
We’vestartedwithbasicsoundscapecharacteriza%onPoten3alvalueforecosystem-healthassessment
Next:askingthe“sowhat”ques%onsSpecies-specificlisteningareaanalyses/func%onalconsequences
Considerkeylisteningfrequencies,callsourcelevels,real-worldcommunica3on/listeningranges,innateadapta3onstonoise
Especiallyusefulforlandmanagers,policyplanners:Combinenoisemapswithpopula%ondataandcri%calhabitats
Iden3fyrela3velyhealthyacous3chabitatsAimtohelpminimizenewanthropogenicimpacts
Promisingresearchdirec%onsOilandgasdevelopment
BLM20-yrreasonableforeseeabledevelopment
Orange:lowend5%ofregion
(basedonpastResourceManagementPlans)
Red:poten%al10%ofregion
(historicdensi3eswere3xearlierRMPes3mates;leasesinplaceon
81%offederallandswithdevelopmentpoten3al)Mapisoverlaidon
SageGrouseCoreAreasCopelandHE,DohertyKE,NaugleDE,PocewiczA,KieseckerJM(2009)MappingOilandGasDevelopmentPoten3alintheUSIntermountainWestandEs3ma3ngImpactstoSpecies.PLoSONE4(10):e7400.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007400
Promisingresearchdirec%onsACCOBAMS“noisehotspots”mapping
AMaglio,GPavan,MCastellote,SFrey.OverviewoftheNoiseHotspotsintheACCOBAMSArea,PartI-MediterraneanSea.ACCOBAMSTechnicalreport,January2016.DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.2574.8560/1
Numberofnoisesources
Sourcesincludeseismic,shipping,harbortraffic,offshoreenergysites,Navalexercises(dataincompleteinsomeareas)
Notecetaceanhabitatareas(hatched)with1or2noisesourcesConserva3onpoten3al,especiallyifsourceistransient
Promisingresearchdirec%onsSpecies-specificcommunica%onspaceanalyses
Williams,Clark,Ponirakas,Ashe.Acous3cqualityofcri3calhabitatsforthreethreatenedwhalepopula3ons.AnimalConserva3on(2013)Erbe,MacGillivray,Williams.Mappingcumula3venoisefromshippingtoinformmarinespa3alplanning.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.132(5),November2012
“Acous%cquality”ofhabitats 5frequencybands
Varyingcalltypes&sourcelevels
Finwhales:leastimpactOrcas:mostimpactHumpbacks:mixed
Promisingresearchdirec%onsIden%fyingareaswithpredominantlynaturalsoundscapes
RobWilliams,Chris3neErbe,ErinAshe,ChristopherClark.Quiet(er)marineprotectedareas.MarinePollu3onBulle3n(2015),hAp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.012
“Opportunitysites”“Iftwoplacesareequallyimportanttowhales,withonebeingnoisyandtheotherbeingquiet,itwouldbehelpfultoiden3fythoseareas....Thenoisyareamayrequiremi3ga3on,whereasthequietareamaymakeamorea`rac%veorconvenientcandidateforcri%calhabitatprotec%on,eitherbecauseitrepresentshigherqualityhabitattotheanimalsorbecauseitimposeslowereconomiccoststosocietytomi3gateanthropogenicthreats.”
popula3ondensity
species-weightedshippingnoise
RISK OPPORTUNITY
Promisingresearchdirec%onsIden%fyingareaswithpredominantlynaturalsoundscapes
Williams,Clark,Ponirakas,Ashe.Acous3cqualityofcri3calhabitatsforthreethreatenedwhalepopula3ons.AnimalConserva3on(2013)
“Thequietestsitesinourstudy(primarilymainlandinlets)havesubstan%alperiodsofquietthatarequieterthananyrecordedofftheUSeastcoast(Hatchetal.,2012).AsresearchersconsiderexperimentalapproachestobeAerquan3fyecosystem-leveleffectsofnoise(Boydetal.,2011),unusuallyquietplaceslikeBC’smainlandinletsmaypresentopportuni%esforconduc%ngoceannoiseorquie%ngexperiments,ortoconsidernovelconserva%onmechanismstopreserveacous%cwildernesssites.ThequietestnoisemeasurementsinourstudymatchthosereportedbyUrick(1983).Thismeansthatthereareplacesand%mestodaywhereonce-normalwindowsofquiets%llexist.Formarinemammalsandfishes,thesearethelevelsinwhichnaturalandsexualselec%onoccurred,andthesearethecondi3onsunderwhichthe‘acous3carmsrace’betweenpredatorandpreyevolved(Tyack&Clark,2000).Today,throughouttheNorthernHemisphere,thoseonce-normallevelsarebecomingtheexcep%onratherthantherule.”
Towardacous%crefugesLotsoftalk,li`leac%on,inMPAandMarineSanctuaryrealm
2009policyjoiningNPSinmanagingnoise“TheNa3onalMarineSanctuarywillusethetoolsandauthori3esatitsdisposaltopreventand/ormi%gatehuman-inducedacous%cimpactsonsanctuaryresources.....Asfeasibleandasnecessary,considerregula%ontomi%gateoreliminateac%vi%esthatgeneratehuman-inducedacous3cimpactstosanctuaryresources.”
PolicyGuidance,OfficeofNa3onalMarineSanctuaries.Human-inducedacous3cimpactsonmarinelife.March2009.DanielJ.Bastra,Director.LeilaTHatch,KurtMFristrup.Nobarrierattheboundaries:implemen3ngregionalframeworksfornoisemanagementinprotectednaturalareas.MarEcolProgSerVol.395:223-244,2009.
“Inthemarinerealm,emergingnoisemanagementprac3ces(and)thebroadmandateoftheNMSAprovidesauniqueopportunitytocreatenoisemanagementprac%cesandregula%onsthatrepresenttoday’sbestavailablescience.”LeilaHatch,NOAA,StellwagenBankNa=onalMarineSanctuaryKurtFristrup,Na=onalParkService,NaturalSoundsProgramCenter
Towardacous%crefugesLotsoftalk,li`leac%on,inMPAandMarineSanctuaryrealm
NorthAmericanIntergovernmentalCommi`eeonProtec%onforWildernessandProtectedAreaConserva%on
CONSERVINGMARINEWILDERNESS,MarineWildernessWorkingGroupConsensusVersion,2011,2013.JimCummings.Sound/NoiseandMarineLife:Whyassessing,monitoring,andperhapsregula3ngsoundinMPAscouldbehelpful.MarineWilderness10+10Workshop,February2015.
2011ConsensusStatementonMarineWilderness“EstablishingmarinewildernessprotectedareasshouldbeconsideredaNAWPAobjec%veachievableoverthelongterm....Thesecanserveasclearexamplesofmarineareaswithecologicallyintactecosystemsthathavemanagementgoalswhichpreservethewildcharacterandnatureofthesespecialplaces.”• Protec3ngspawninghabitat,reproduc3onareas,foraginggrounds,
migratorystopoverhabitat• Limi%nghumanac%vi%esinsomeareasincludingtransporta%on,
energyextrac%onandexplora%on,andmilitaryopera%ons
GlobaleffortunderwaytoexpandMPAsWeneedtoaddsoundconsidera%onstothediscussion
UN,Rome,201610x20Project
10%ofoceansby2020
GlobalOceanRefugeSystem(GLORES)
30%eachbiogeographicregionby2030
Some“fullyprotected”
MarineWilderness10+102015,ProjectWild,
NAWPAgov’tagenciesBuildlocalcons3tuencyforexperimentsinwilderness
within20MPAs
Terrestrialwildlands:goodnews?85%ofprotectedlandshaverela%velymodestnoiseimpacts
USprotectedlandsofallkinds(federal,state,local,private)3dB+humanimpact:15%ofprotectedarea(yellow,red)
But:56%ofunits!(3nyspeckles,preservesinred)RBuxton,MFMcKenna,EBrown,DMennit,KFristrup,KCrooks,LAngeloni,GWiAemyer.Noisepollu3oninUSprotectedareas.AAASPoster.
Terrestrialwildlands:badnews!Remnantsofnaturalquietshrinkingrapidly
12%ofcon%guousUS1.4dBhumanimpactorless
“anear-ubiquitoustransforma3onof
theacous3calenvironment”1
“Thequan3tyoflandwitharela3velylowlevelofimpactis
striking...theloca3onsoftheareasthatareletsuggestthatecologicalsystemsareheavilyfragmented.”2
1ClintonD.Francis.Vocaltraitsanddietexplainaviansensi3vi3estoanthropogenicnoise.GlobalChangeBiology,2015.Doi:10.1111/gcb.128622DMenniA,KFristrup,KSherrill,LNelson.(2013)Mappingsoundpressurelevelsonacon3nentalscaleusingageospa3alsoundmodel.Internoise2013.3TheLastRemainingQuietPlacesintheCon3nentalUnitedStates.MapbyNoisePollu3onClearinghouse,StoneEnvironmental,usingESRIdata.
MakingadifferenceFederallandmanagement—difficulttogettrac%on
DratEnvironmentalImpactStatementSpecialFlightRulesAreaintheVicinityofGrandCanyonNa3onalParkMcCain,ReidsucceedinquesttostopGrandCanyonoverflightrules,AEInews,7/2/12hAp://aeinews.org/archives/1998.
NPSdoinggreatsciencePushingforwardintotougherques=onsDifficulttoimplementpolicychangestoreducenoiseGCNPairtours,20-yrprocessNPSproposedflight-free%mesaroundsunriseandsunset(fantas;cidea!)RareSenatebipar%sanship:Reid/McCainscu`ledtheplan
24%:audible>2/3ofday(RED)49%:audible>1/4ofday37%:audible<5%ofday(DKBLUE)
2015:FAArebuffedNPSinputonnewBayAreaairportsflightpa`erns
Newcorridoroverarela=velyquietpartofPointReyes;con=nuedheavyimpactonYosemite
MakingadifferenceFederallandmanagement—difficulttogettrac%on
FAAspurnsopportunityforquietareaprotec3onintrafficpaAernupdates.AEInews,6/30/15.hAp://aeinews.org/archives/2809DenverFAArevisionjustbeginning!hAp://www.metroplexenvironmental.com/denver_metroplex/denver_introduc3on.html
“Wehavealonghistoryof[theFAA]notagreeingwithus.
Wefeelwe’reobligatedtogetthisnoiseoffofthewildernessareas;
we’rejusttryingtodoourjob,andthey’rejustignoringus.”
JudyRocchio,NPSPacificWestRegion“Alotofhigh-al%tudejets…getfunneledoverYosemite.It’sjustconstant.”VickiWard,NPSoverflightsprogrammanager
MakingadifferenceLocalandregionalconserva%on—morepoten%alforsuccess?
MenniA,KFristrup,KSherrill,LNelson.(2013)Mappingsoundpressurelevelsonacon3nentalscaleusingageospa3alsoundmodel.Internoise2013.
Tucson
Iden%fyareaswithconserva%onvaluefor
acous%chabitatandquietrecrea%on(findpocketsnearci=es!)
MakingadifferenceLocalandregionalconserva%on—morepoten%alforsuccess?
TheLastRemainingQuietPlacesintheCon3nentalUnitedStates.MapbyNoisePollu3onClearinghouse,StoneEnvironmental,usingESRIdata.MenniA,KFristrup,KSherrill,LNelson.(2013)Mappingsoundpressurelevelsonacon3nentalscaleusingageospa3alsoundmodel.Internoise2013.FTurina,ELynch,KFristrup.RecommendedIndicatorsandThresholdsofAcous3cResourceQuality.NPSStateoftheParkReports.InterimGuidance,2013.
Alllevelsofrela%venaturalquiethaveconserva%onvalue
“Goodenough”forlocalrecrea%onNoextremenoise(airports,highways)Chroniclocaltrafficnoiseisfaint
Highvaluerecrea%on/conserva%onOpportuni3esforextendednoise-freeperiods
Na3onalParkServicemodel(above)Predominantlyfreeofnoise
NoisePollu3onClearinghousemodel(below)
MakingadifferenceLocalandregionalconserva%on—morepoten%alforsuccess?
EricBrunsdon,DonaldKillorn.TheCoastalSoundscapeStudyoftheOuterBayofFundy.EasternCharloAeWaterways,2016.
BayofFundy:Soundscapestudybyregionalconserva%ongroupIden3fiedpossible“acous3crefuge”Lowernoise/higherbiodiversity
closertoshippingthansomeothers—buttuckedbehindshorelines
Terrestrial,marinecollabora%onUnifyingmarineandterrestrialmanagementobjec%ves
Interna%onalQuietOceanExperimentIni%alscien%ficcommi`eemee%ng,March2016
7-yearresearchprojectOneyearofintensiveacous%csstudiesworldwide
VERYinterestedincollabora%onwithterrestrialecoacous%cs
IQOE.org
FinalthoughtsProtec%ngrela%venaturalquiet
KurtFristrup,NPS:We’relosingtheabilityto“appreciateexpansivelisteningopportuni%es”“Thisgiythatwearebornwith–toreachoutandhearthingshundredsofmetersaway,alltheseincrediblesounds–isindangerofbeinglostthroughagenera%onalamnesia.”
LesBlomberg,NPC:Sofar,protec%onofquiet“isn’tapolicydecision.Itisanaccidentofgeographyandeconomics.”
PublicOutreachWorkshop:NoiseinCommuni3esandNaturalAreas,Denver,August27,2013.NAE,NPS,AQuieterFuture.orghAps://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/17/noise-pollu3on-is-making-us-oblivious-to-the-sound-of-nature-says-researcher
Resources/informa3ononallmannerofsound-relatedenvironmentalissuesandscience
sciencesummariesspecialreportsnewsupdates
JimCummings,[email protected]
Acous%cEcology.orgAEInews.org
ThankstoStuartandcohortsformakingthiseventhappen!
SoundscapemonitoringandmodelingRecentexplosionofinterestinsound
SeehAp://cetsound.noaa.gov
PTyack,GFrisk,IBoyd,EUrban,SSeeyave,Editors.Interna3onalQuietOceanExperimentSciencePlan.2015.Interna3onalCouncilforScience,Scien3ficCommiAeeonOceanicResearch;PartnershipforObserva3onoftheGlobalOceans.
SoundscapemonitoringandmodelingSourcesofsound
TCMullet,SHGage,JMMorton,FHueAmann.Temporalandspa3alvaria3onofawintersoundscapeinsouth-centralAlaska.LandscapeEcol,2015.DOI10.1007/210980-015-0323-0
Biophony,geophony,technophonyKanaiNa3onalWildlifeRefuge
SoundscapemonitoringandmodelingSoundbudgets—seasonal
Parks,Miklos-Olds,Denes.Assessingmarineacous3cdiversityacrossoceanbasins.EcologicalInforma3cs21(2014)81–88SEEALSO:Sirovic,Wiggins,Oleson.OceannoiseinthetropicalandsubtropicalPacificOcean.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.134(4),October2013
SoundscapemonitoringandmodelingListeninginbusywaters
ONC/IOOSNEPAN
LIDO
SomesurprisesSeismicsurveysoundsinremotepolarAtlan%c
Increasestoambient:Airguns5-10dB,upto20dBSome3mesgreaterthanothermajornoisesources(winterstorms&whales,both10dB)
Klinketal,SeasonalpresenceofcetaceansandambientnoiselevelsinpolarwatersoftheNorthAtlan3c.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.132(3),September2012
SomesurprisesShippingnoisenotrisinginallareas
NorthPacific1960s-1990s3dB/decade
trendshavechanged
JLMiklos-Olds,SMNichols.Islowfrequencyoceansoundincreasingglobally?J.Acoust.Soc.Am.139(1),January2016,501-511Andrew,R.K.,Howe,B.M.,andMercer,J.A.(2011).“Long-3metrendsinshiptrafficnoiseforfoursitesofftheNorthAmericanWestCoast,”J.Acoust.Soc.Am.129,642–651.Miksis-Olds,J.L.,Bradley,D.L.,andNiu,X.M.(2013).“DecadaltrendsinIndianOceanambientsound,”J.Acoust.Soc.Am.134,3464–3475.Miksis-Olds,J.L.,Bradley,D.L.,andNiu,X.M.(2014).“Erratum:DecadaltrendsinIndianOceanambientsound[J.Acoust.Soc.Am.134(5),3464–3475(2013)],”J.Acoust.Soc.Am.135,1642.
IndianOceanS3llincreasingSouthAtlan%cEquatorialPacificSignsofrecentleveling,butlikelyhigherthan80s
MakingadifferenceChicago-region“resourceprotec%onareas”
LiamHeneghanetal.LessonsLearnedfromChicagoWilderness—Implemen3ngandSustainingConserva3onManagementinanUrbanSe}ng.Diversity2012,4(1),74-93;doi:10.3390/d4010074
Notdesignedassound-related
Seekinglinkages(lightgreen)betweenexis3ngpublicopenspaces(darkgreen)
CouldreadilybecombinedwithregionaldetailfromtheNPScon3nental-scalenoisemap
featuredearliertofocusonareasofrela3velylowerhumannoise.
(butgoodluck;thisain’tnoTucson!)
Increasingacous%cconcernsAnimaleffectsmorewidespreadthanearlierbelieved
Eels:hAp://aeinews.org/archives/2662;Crabs:hAp://aeinews.org/archives/2438Fishandroadnoise:hAp://aeinews.org/archives/2757Shellfishlarvae:hAp://aeinews.org/archives/2514
Eels:morevulnerabletopredatorsShellfish:lesssuccessfullarvaldevelopment
Crabs:reducedforaging,slowerresponsestopredatorsFish:reducednestdiggingandvigilance
Fishnearbridgepilings?
Birdsaroundoilandgasinstalla;ons?
24Rightwhales:84%Finwhales:33%
EmergingnoisesourcesIncreasedArc%cshipping
CanadianNorthwestPassage2016:firstlargecruiseshipCargomostlyonends,sofar
300-350voyages/yearRussianNorthernSeaRoute
30-70fulltransits/year
hAp://pame.is/images/03_Projects/AMSA/AMSA_Documents/Progress_Reports/AMSArecommenda3ons2015_Web.pdf
Arc3cCouncilveryfocusedonthis8Arc3ccountries6regionalindigenouscouncils
EmergingnoisesourcesIncreasedArc%cshipping
2016Pewreport:TheIntegratedArc%cCorridorsFramework
CanadianCoastGuardproposedvoluntaryplanallowstransitsof45%ofbiologicallyandsociallysignificantareas
Pewframeworklimitsthisto25%
hAp://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2016/04/the-integrated-arc3c-corridors-framework
Pressingneedfordesignatedshippingcorridors
EmergingnoisesourcesAntarc%ctourism
48companies,55vessels40,000people/year
Sofar,safetylimita3onsareconcentra3ngtheimpact:77%ofvisitorsonunder500acres
“Thegovernancesystemdoesn’treallyhaveanideahow[tourism]trendsshouldlookin10,20,30years.Antarc%caisaspecialplace,itissetaside,andwedon’twantittolooklikeanywhereelse.”ClaireChris=an,Antarc=candSouthernOceanCoali=on
Improvingpopula%ondistribu%ondataTheotherhalfoftheequa%on
Duke:OBIS-SEAMAPCombines100’sof
datasets
Seasonaldistribu%ons
(Monthlyforsome)Marinemammals
SeabirdsSharks
Rays,turtlesEvensomeamphibians
Habitat-basedCetaceanDensityModelsForTheU.S.Atlan3cAndGulfOfMexico(2015Version).DevelopedByMarineGeospa3alEcologyLaboratory,DukeUniversity
Improvingpopula%ondistribu%ondataTheotherhalfoftheequa%on
KDudzinski,SMvanParijs,Eds.BiologicallyImportantAreasforCetaceansWithinUSWaters.Aqua3cMammals2015,41(1),1,DOI10.1578/AM.41.1.2015.1
NOAA’sCetaceanDensity&Distribu%onMapping(CetMap)WorkingGroup
SpecialissueofAqua=cMammals,2015:
BiologicallyImportantAreasforCetaceansWithin
USWaters
7regionalreviewsofbestcurrentdata
Next:Overlaysounddataand/ormodels
Terrestrial,marinecollabora%onUnifyingmarineandterrestrialcri%cal-areadesigna%ons
IUCNBeginningtointegrateImportantMarineMammalAreaswiththeirterrestrialKeyBiodiversityAreas
“thecompletealignmentofthetwoprocessesisdesirable.”
JointStatementbytheTheIUCNWCPA-SSCJointTaskForceonBiodiversityandProtectedAreasandtheIUCNWCPA-SSCJointTaskForceonMarineMammalProtectedAreas.4November2015