TheoreticalPerspectives
The importance of paradigms
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
1. It is necessary to have a paradigm in order to guide the questions that are asked--otherwise, research & conceptualization of problems would be aimless.
2) It is important to be aware of the assumptions or beliefs
that are implicit to the paradigm. 3) It is important to be aware of other available
paradigms--other possible explanations.
Major paradigms in psychopathologyBiological models
Psychological modelsPsychoanalytic models Behavioral models
Cognitive-behavioral models Humanistic models
Social environmental models
Vulnerability models/ biopsychosocial models
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Major paradigms in psychopathologyBiological models:
Genetic Structural Biochemical (especially neurotransmitter models)
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
An example of Behavioral Genetic Results
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
The Nervous System
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Brain structures and functions
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Neurotransmission
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Major paradigms in psychopathologyPsychoanalytic models
Sigmund Freud The Vienna Circle (Carl Jung; Alfred Adler)The Ego Analysts (Karen Horney; Eric Fromm)The Interpersonal School (Harry S. Sullivan)Object Relations
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Key Freudian Concepts:
Psychic determinism; the role of unconscious conflicts
Personality is a closed energy system Sexuality, aggression and other instinctual drives
shape the nature of personality Personality has 3 major components (id, ego and
superego) Defense mechanisms
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Dimensions of the Mind: Freud
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Key Freudian Concepts: Psychosexual stages of development model
oral stage (birth to 1 year) anal stage (1 to 3 years) phallic stage (3 to 6 years)--Oedipal & Electra complexes latency stage (6 to 12 years) genital (adolescence to adulthood)
Fixation; the importance of early development Psychoanalysis - the talking cure (free association,
dream analysis, interpretation, analysis of defenses, interpretation of transference).
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Major paradigms in psychopathologyPsychoanalytic models:
Sigmund Freud The Vienna Circle (Carl Jung; Alfred Adler)The Ego Analysts (Karen Horney; Eric Fromm)The Interpersonal School (Harry S. Sullivan)Object Relations School (Heinz Kohut)
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Behavioral modelsClassical Conditioning (I. Pavlov) Operant Conditioning
The Law of Effect (Thorndike)
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Classical ConditioningStep 1: Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) > Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) No response
Step 2: Pairing UCS and CS > Conditioned Response (CR)
+
Step 3: Conditioned Stimulus (CS) > Conditioned Response (CR)
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Operant Conditioning
Positive reinforcement- increasing a behavior by providing a positive reinforcer when the behavior occurs
Negative reinforcement- increasing a behavior by removing a negative reinforcer when the behavior occurs
Punishment- decreasing a behavior by providing a negative reinforcer when the behavior occurs
Extinction (omission training)- decreasing a behavior by removing a positive reinforcer when the behavior occurs
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Operant Conditioning
Other concepts:- Shaping- Schedules of reinforcement- Primary and secondary reinforcers
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Recent variations of behavioral theory
Social learning theory Delay of reinforcement Social modeling
Cognitive- behavioral theory Information processing models of abnormal behavior Cognitive restructuring of mis-perceptions Irrational and Core beliefs
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
The Humanistic/ Existential or “3rd force” in psychotherapy
Reacted against the determinism of psychoanalysis and behavior therapy (Carl Rogers)
Focus is on conscious experiences, trying to understand the person from his/her frame of reference.
Positive opinion about human nature--basically good, & if conditions are right, will grow & develop.
Emphasis is on health, self-concept, self-actualization--humans have an inborn need for growth.
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
Esteem Needs
Belongingness Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
Client-centered therapy (C. Rogers)
Major techniques:1. Empathic listening/ unconditional positive regard2. Reflection of content3. Reflection of intent/ feeling
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
The Community-Cultural Perspective
Abnormal Psychology, 11/e by Sarason & Sarason © 2005
1. Recognizes the importance of the context of problems--poverty, homelessness, lack of education or personal resources, stigma & labeling, etc.
2. Maladaptive behavior is seen as a result of the inability to cope with external demands or stresses.
3. Recognizes role of families and social support in either increasing or reducing risk of mental disorder.
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