1
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Safety-critical psychology
Part 1
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Safety Critical Psychology
What information goes where when and in what form?
Measurement Trajectories/pathways Timing Representation
A key question for Human-Tech system design
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The three mile island nuclear plant
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Nuclear Power Plant Basics
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TMI Control Room
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TMI core damage
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Nuclear Power plant survey (pre-TMI)
Desk placement Gauge placement (12’ high) Alarms always on Controls difficult to distinguish Related controls not near
Inadvertent movement of controls Labels hide readouts
Access Access
Management of attention Invite slips
Physical tasks and memory Diagnosis difficulties
Access
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Customized nuclear control panel (from Norman, 1988)
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Human Factors problems at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant 1. Accident occurred after maintenance operations 2. When reactor went out of control, more than 100
alarms activated – visual and auditory overload 3. Operator installed paper labels blocked the view
of important displays 4. An important display was located behind a panel 5. Some displays showed what should happen rather
than what was actually happening. 6. It was difficult to infer the steam state from the
available information. What information goes where when in what form?
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Comparison of human factors situations TMI and Commercial Aviation
Short history of flight deck instrumentation
Human factors problems and solutions
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McDonnell Douglas DC-8 Flight Deck (1958)
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Norman’s Action Cycle = “the loop”
3
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Boeing 727 (1964)
Three-crew
Simple Autopilot Heading Hold Altitude Hold
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McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (1971)
Performance Calculations
3 Member Crew Autopilot Heading Select Altitude Capture Speed
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Concorde (1500 gauges and indicators!)
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Boeing 757/767 (1982)
2 Member Crew Heavy Partial EFIS CRT Displays Moving Map Category III - Autoland Autothrottles FMCS - Performance & Navigation Crew Alerting
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Airbus A320 (1988)
Full EFIS FMCS ECAM FBW - Autotrim Autopilot: primary means of flying the airplane “Hard” Envelope Protections
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Boeing 747-400 (1989)
2 Member Crew Jumbo Full EFIS
4
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Boeing 777 (1995)
FBW LCD Displays Enhanced EICAS
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Some problems and state-of-the-art solutions
Hard technology
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Engine Instruments and Crew Alerting System EICAS
“Need to know concept” – AIRBUS (electronic centralized aircraft monitor)
ECAM Artificial Intelligence program determines priority of alerts. Central display Alert inhibitions during critical phases of flight Coordination with electronic checklists
What information goes where when in what form?
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EICAS
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Crew installed paper labels
What information goes where when in what form?
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DC-8 Flight Deck (wet compass seen in a mirror)
5
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EICAS message content: what should be or what is?
AILERON LOCKOUT What does it mean? If flaps are extended, it means that the outboard ailerons should not be locked out, but they are. If flaps are retracted, it means that the outboard ailerons should be locked out, but they are not.
What information goes where when in what form?
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Some problems and state-of-the-art solutions
Soft technology
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A small change in procedure changes the cognitive properties of the flight deck system
What information goes where when in what form?
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Captain attempts to monitor FO actions
What information goes where when in what form?
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Information flow in evaluating a descent clearance
What information goes where when in what form?
6
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Using perceptual processes to do conceptual work: Boeing’s Green Arc
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Descending to the Green Arc
What information goes where when in what form?