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SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universiteti
studentTa samecniero centri
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis
S r o m e b i
I
gamomcemloba
`SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~
baTumi _ 2010
UDC (uak) 379.4(479.223)(063)+902(479.223)+94(479.223)+39(=351.1)
b-179
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studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebis.
“______” “_________________”
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebis I
krebulis.
“______” “_________________”
saredeqcio kolegia:
mTavari redaqtori: prof. amiran kaxiZe
saredaqcio kolegiis wevrebi:
Tamaz darCiZe, laSa baJunaiSvili,
tariel kviciani, Tengiz SalamberiZe
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Srome-
bis I krebuli ibeWdeba SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis finansuri mxardaWe-
riT.
ISSN 1987-9318
© `SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~ _ 2010
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s a r C e v i
winasityvaoba 4
arqeologia
Tengiz SalamberiZe _ quTaisi Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi 6
ana saxvaZe _ importuli minis WurWlis dinamika
adreantikuri xanis saqarTveloSi 14
sulxan oqropiriZe _ importuli keramikis erTi jgufi
fiWvnaris Zv.w V saukunis berZnuli nekropolidan 21
genadi cincaZe – gonio-afsarosSi 2009 wels warmoebuli
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi 26
giorgi kareliZe – dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
adreeuli da Sua saukuneebis samarxTa tipebi da maTi
SedarebiTi analizi 35
Tamaz darCiZe _ rkinis lazuri culebi samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelodan 43
istoria
andro samxaraZe – saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi zogierT
rusul wyaroSi 49
guram CxataraSvili – SavSeTis materialur-kulturuli Zeglebi
(saTlelis svetis cixe) 56
Tornike diasamiZe – banas saepiskoposo 65
kaxa qamadaZe – tbeTis saepiskoposo 71
lamara burkaZe _ mogzauroba istoriul tao-klarjeTSi 81
sofo kanTelaZe – qarTuli renesansis qristianuli
msoflmxedveloba 87
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winasityvaoba
moxaruli varT, rom mogveca SesaZlebloba, raTa davafuZnoT
kidev erTi tradicia - periodulad gamovceT studentTa da
axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebis krebuli. studentTa
da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumi gasul wels mesamed Catar-
da da SeiZleba iTqvas, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetSi is tradiciad iqca. aRniSnul proeqts mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seaqvs studetTa samecniero muSaobis gaaqtiurebasa da
samecniero muSaobis popularizebis saqmeSi.
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumi 2007 wels
dafuZnda. Semdgom wlebSi simpoziumis farglebSi warmatebiT
imuSava arqeologiis, eTnologiis, inJineriisa da mSeneblobis,
arqeologiisa da istoriis seqciebma. 2007 wlidan dRemde sim-
poziumSi monawileoben SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis, saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo
universitetisa da saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelmwifo
universitetis studentebi, romlebmac araerTi saintereso da
mniSvnelovani samecniero naSromi gaacnes sazogadoebas.
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa samecniero simpoziumis
organizeba Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda mudmivi da erTguli
partniorebis gareSe, romlebic ukve meoTxe welia mxars uWeren
da saTanado daxmarebas uweven proeqts. Cven madloba gvinda ga-
davuxadoT SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitets, baTumis
arqeologiis muzeums, niko berZeniSvilis instituts, gonio-
afsarosis muzeum-nakrZals, petra-cixisZiris muzeum-nakrZals.
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumi yovelwliu-
rad tardeba SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis stu-
denturi TviTmmarTvelobis mxardaWeriT, winamdebare gamocemac
swored am organizaciis mxardaWeris Sedegia. Cven aseve madlo-
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bas vuxdiT studentTa momsaxurebisa da mxardaWeris samsaxurs
TanadgomisaTvis.
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebis I krebulSi
Sesulia studentTa naSromebi, romlebic wakiTxul iqna stu-
dentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa III simpoziumze 2009 wlis 18-
19 noembers. vfiqrobT, krebuli saintereso iqneba studente-
bisaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.
Tamaz darCiZe
studentTa samecniero centris xelmZRvaneli.
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studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
Tengiz SalamberiZe
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis
II kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: omar lanCava
quTaisi Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi
quTaisi _ saqarTvelos burji, imereTis guli, mdinare
rionis orsave napirze ganlagebuli, erTmaneTs Senacvle-
buli gorak-borcvebi da vake dablobebi. es asimetriuloba
am qalaqs erT-erT ulamazes da Tvalwarmtac qalaqad xdis.
cnobili gamoTqma _ saqarTveloSi yvela sofeli naqala-
qaria da yvela qalaqi aTasjer naqalaqario, yvelaze metad
albaT quTaiss miesadageba, arqeologiur Zeglebs, rom-
lebic ukve aRmoCenilia da kvlavac Cndeba quTaisisa da
misi midamoebis teritoriaze, aTaswleulTa siRrmeebisaken
mivyavarT. es Zeglebi quTaisis uZvelesi da Zveli istoriis
Sesaswavlad erT-erT ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens, vinai-
dan werilobiTi wyaroebis araCveulebrivi simciris, xolo
istoriis garkveul monakveTze _ maTi saerTod ar arsebo-
bis gamo, bunebrivia, arqeologiuri masalis moSveliebis
gareSe quTaisis istoriis erT mTlianobaSi warmodgena
sruliad SeuZlebelia.
1974 wlidan qalaq quTaisSi muSaobs quTaisis Semswav-
leli mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedicia profesor
omar lanCavas xelmZRvanelobiT. wlebis manZilze gaTxrebi
mimdinareobs mdinare rionis marjvena napirze aRmarTul
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gorakze mdebare cixe-qalaqis, bagratis taZrisa da gabaSvi-
lis goris teritoriaze. aq aRmoCenili mravalricxovani
arqeologiuri masala gadmoeca quTaisis istoriuli muzeu-
mis arqeologiis fondsacavs da mimdinareobs am nivTebis
samuzeumo wesiT Seswavla da damuSaveba.
Zv.w. VIII-´VII saukuneebi kolxeTis socialur-ekono-
mikur da politikur cxovrebaSi umniSvnelovanesi xanaa. am
periodSi iwyeba kolxeTis teritoriaze rkinis farTod aT-
viseba, romelmac didi gadatrialeba moaxdina sazogadoeb-
riv da kulturul-sameurneo cxovrebaSi.
am periodis namosaxlarebi saqarTveloSi zRvispira
zolSi, Sida kolxeTSi Tu mTianeTSi mravladaa aRmoCeni-
li. ZiriTadad Zeglebi warmodgenili aris namosaxlarebis
da samarovnebis saxiT; aRmoCenilia rkinis warmoebis
uamravi naSTebi.
rogorc Cven viciT da arqeologiuri monacemebic gviC-
veneben, quTaisis mxareSi saukeTeso pirobebi arsebobda
sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis warmatebuli ganviTarebi-
saTvis, yovelive amas xeli Seuwyo rkinis farTod
aTvisebam. aq yvela piroba arsebobda imisaTvis, rom rkinis
damuSaveba umaRles safexurze asuliyo. aq moipoveboda
madneuli, xe-tye da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, arsebobda li-
Tonwarmoebis Zveli tradiciebi. ukve Zv.w. VIII-´VII sauku-
neebSi rkinas brinjaosTan erTad wamyvani adgili uWiravs.
am periodis nawarmi mravladaa arqeologiur masalebSi.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia warmoebis naSTebis uaxlesi
aRmoCenebi Zveli qalaqis sxvadasxva ubanSi. esenia: widebi,
Tixis saqSeni milis fragmentebi, culisa da satexis qvisagan
damzadebuli yalibebi. rkinis warmoebis naSTebi aRmoCnda
2005 wels quTaisis vake teritoriaze, kerZod, griSaSvilisa
da rusTavelis quCis gadakveTaze. warmoebis naSTebi Ziri-
Tadad warmodgenili iyo rkinis widebiT da Tixis saqSeni
milebis fragmentebis saxiT, rac mianiSnebs meliTone-
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xelosanTa ubnis arsebobaze. rkinis warmoebis farTo mas-
Stabebs upiratesad ganapirobebda miwaTmoqmedebis aRmav-
loba da saerTod soflis meurneobis intensiuri ganviTa-
reba. rkina aseve farTod gamoiyeneboda mravaldargovan
xelosnobaSi da samxedro saqmis interesebiTac iaraR-
saWurvlis damzadebisaTvis rkinasTan erTad brinjaos niv-
Tebis damzadebac xdeboda. amaze metyvelebs brinjaosagan
damzadebuli imdroindeli sameurneo Tu saomari daniS-
nulebis iaraRebi, culebi, Toxebi, isris pirebi da mcire
zomis qandakebebi. agreTve quTaisis eqspediciis mier iqna
aRmoCenili orfrTiani yunwiani isris piri, romelic Zv.w.
VIII saukuniT TariRdeba. aseTi isris pirebi im droisaTvis
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli.
quTaisSi Zv.w. VIII-´VII saukuneebis fenebSi aRmoCenili
mravalricxovani masalebi mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoad-
genen qalaqis xelosnuri warmoebis istoriisaTvis. rkinis
warmoebis gverdiT ayvavebas ganicdida meTuneobac. pirvel
rigSi aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda nedleuli, kerami-
kuli Tixebi, romliTac
mdidaria quTaisis miwa-
wyali.
keramikuli warmoebis
calke xelosnur dargad
gamoyofis erT-erTi utyua-
ri mowmobaa keramikuli
Carxis SemoReba. sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom kerami-
kul Carxze damzadebuli WurWeli Cndeba dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi sul cota Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan.
quTaisSi aRmoCenili Zv.w. ´adre rkinis xanis sameTuneo
nawarmic, rogorc wesi, keramikul Carxzea damzadebuli.
keramikuli masala gamoirCeva formebis mravalferov-
nebiT da sinatifiT. Tixis nawarmi mravalricxovani, mra-
valferovani da amasTan erTad kargadaa gamomwvari.
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wamyvani adgili uWiravs sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis sao-
jaxo WurWels: dergebs, qoTnebs, surebs, jamebs, sasmisebs
da sxva. yuradRebas iqcevs sameurneo damiSnulebis WurW-
lebis, dergebi simravle. maT aqvT vertikaluri yeli, rom-
lis gare zedapiri an sadaa, anda zogjer koncentrirebuli
RarebiT da savarcxliT gamoyvanili ornamentiTaa Sem-
kuli. zogierTi am tipis WurWeli ki farTo vertikaluri
kanelurebiTaa Semkuli da xSirad nawilobriv gapriale-
bulia.
garda sameurneo daniSnulebis WurWlebisa, did inte-
ress iwvevs saojaxo Tixis nawarmi, romlebic warmod-
genili aris surebis, qoTnebis da sasmisebis saxiT. maTi
umravlesoba ruxkeciania, magram aris yavisferkeciani da
mowiTalo-Calisfrad gamomwvari WurWlebic. gansakuTre-
bul yuradRebas ipyrobs kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenili
erTi mTliani koWobi, saojaxo keramikidan aRsaniSnavia
ramdenime fragmenti qoTnisa, romelTa zedapiri horizon-
taluri RarebiT an talRiseburi ornamentiTaa Semkuli.
sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia WurWlis yurebis simravle.
maTi umetesoba Semkulia
zoomorfuli saxeebiT. ase-
Tia saxeluris zeda mxares
daZerwili boloebwakveTi-
li cilindruli lilvi, ro-
melic SuaSi unagirisebura-
daa Cazneqili. aseTi masala cnobilia dasavleT saqarT-
velos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan. zogjer maTi gavrcelebis
areali scildeba dasavleT saqarTvelos da aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSic gadadis. saerTod ki am tipis WurWlebis
gavrcelebis areali kolxuri brinjaos kulturis gavr-
celebis sazRvrebSi Tavsdeba da kolxuri kulturis erT-
erT damaxasiaTebel elementad aris aRiarebuli. qrono-
- 10 -
logiurad ki winare antikur xanas, ufro zustad, gvian
brinjao-adre rkinis xanas ganekuTvneba.
quTaisis da saerTod Zveli namosaxlaris xuroT-
moZRvrebaze saubari sakmaod mwiri monacemebiT gvixdeba.
Tumca, samSeneblo wesebis Sesaxeb aq aRmoCenil masalebTan
erTad mniSvnelovan warmodgenas gviqmnis werilobiTi
wyaroebi da Zveli kolxuri namosaxlarebis, namWeduris,
nosiris da simagris arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, sadac saqme
gvaqvs mxolod xis arqiteqturasTan kolxeTSi.
analogiuri monacemebi dadasturebulia Zv.w. ´III
saukunis namosaxlarebze
quTaisSic. xis arqiteqtu-
ris ganviTarebas maRal
doneze ganapirobebda kli-
maturi pirobebi da tyeebis
simravle, romelic iZleo-
da SesaniSnav saamSeneblo
masalas. kolxeTSi aRmoCe-
nili uZvelesi xis nagebo-
bani Zv.w. III aTaswleuliT TariRdeba da Senobis ZiriTadi
tipi „jargvali“ Tavs inaxavs TiTqmis ukanasknel dromde.
kolxeTis rogorc bari, aseve mTiswina zoli da mTiani
olqebi Zalze mWidrod aris dasaxlebuli. yvelgan ZiriTad
saamSeneblo masalas xe warmoadgenda. kolxuri sacxovreb-
lebis aRweriloba Semonaxuli aqvs romael arqiteqtors
vitruviuss, romelic ax.w. II saukuneSi moRvaweobda. am
avtoris naSromia „aTi wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb“, misi
gadmocemiT: „kolxebi pontos mxareSi tyis siuxvis gamo
awyoben miwaze marjvniv da marcxniv mTlian xeebs erT-
maneTs Soris maTi sigrZis toli manZilis datovebiT, maT
zemodan ki Tavsa da bolos gardigardmo gasdeben sxva
Zelebs, romlebic amgvarad zRudaven binis Siga sivrces.
Semdeg oTxive mxares kuTxeebSi SeuRlebuli xeebis
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TandaTanobiT wyobiT amohyavT ra Zelebis Sveulad xis
kedlebi, ageben koSkebs da Sualedebs ki, romlebic xeebs
Soris rCeba mTeli sisqis gamo, amoavseben faTxebiTa da
TixiT. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba im azris aris, rom vit-
ruvius is aRwerilobaSi warmodgenilia kolxuri sacxov-
rebeli saxlis uZvelesi tipi: centralur erdoian-gvirgvi-
niani koSkura Zeluri nageboba.“
mSeneblobis aseTive wesi Cans quTaisis miwa-wyalzec.
nagebobaTa naSTebi aq ukve Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasaw-
yisidan Cndeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es nagebobebi ZiriTadad
gamarTulia xelovnur miwatkepnilze, maT TixiT Selesili
xis kedlebi hqondaT. nagebobaTa erT nawils qvis saZir-
kveli aRmoaCnda.
qvis saZirkvlis Seqmna ki faqtobrivad siaxlea adrerki-
nis xanis kolxur arqiteqturaSi. agreTve SenobaTa win
dafiqsirda riyis qvebiT mokirwyluli ezoTa naSTebi da
quCebic ki.
xuroTmoZRvruli TvalsazrisiT Zalze saintereso ma-
sala mogvca bagratis taZarma da misma midamoebma. taZris
interierSi dadasturda 2 m-de simZlavris mxolod baTqa-
Sebs fena Zelebis anabeWdebiT. aRniSnuli fena Zalzed
gavrcelebuli iyo taZris CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT
nawilSi. rogorc Cans, aq Cawolili nagebobaTa kompleqsi
da misi daleqva meti kompaqturobiT Crdilo-aRmosavleT
mxares moxda, magram, samwuxarod, am Zeglis bolomde
gaTxra ver xerxdeba da amitom nagebobis zusti gegmis
dadgena SeuZlebeli gaxda.
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi quTaisis ekonomikur ganviTa-
rebaze ZiriTadad mainc zogad aspeqtSi gviwevs saubari.
savaraudoa, rom qalaqis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Ziri-
Tad safuZvlad kvlav intensiuri miwaTmoqmedeba rCeboda,
romlis gverdiT warmatebiT viTardeboda mesaqonleoba da
mravaldargovani xelosnuri warmoeba. samiwaTmoqmedo
- 12 -
iaraRebSi brinjaos iaraRebis GgverdiT masiurad Semovida
rkinis iaraRebi: Toxebi, culebi, waldi, namgali da sxva.
warmoebis saSualebaTa gaumjobesebam ki Seqmna maRali
samiwaTmoqmedo meurneoba. gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvne-
loba hqonda guTnis gamoyenebas niadagis damuSavebisaTvis.
am droisaTvis meurneobaSi wamyvani adgili pureuli kul-
turebis moyvanas eWira, Tumca quTaisis mxaris nayofieri
niadagis mebaRCeoba-mebaReobis ganviTarebis SesaniSnav pi-
robebs iZleva. arqeologiuri masalebi miuTiTeben mevena-
xeoba-meRvineobis maRal donesac.
miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad warmatebiT viTardeboda
mesaqonleoba, wvrili da msxvili rqosani pirutyvis, Ro-
risa da frinvelis moSeneba, rasac SesaniSnavad mowmobs
kulturul fenebSi aRmoCenili cxovelTa Zvlebis simrav-
le. safiqrebelia aseve is, rom pirutyvis simravle simdid-
ris mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda da socialuri
diferenciaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementi iyo.
maSasadame, quTaisis teritoriaze aRmoCenili winarean-
tikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze
irkveva, rom aq mcxovreb mosaxleobas gvianbrinjao-
adrerkinis xanaSi metad mdidari brinjaos kultura
hqondaT Seqmnili. nivTieri kulturis Zeglebis analizi
gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi maRalganviTarebul miwaTmoq-
medebasa da mesaqonleobasTan erTad ganviTarebis aseve
maRal doneze dgas mravaldargovani xelosnoba: brinjaosa
da rkinis metalurgia, xuroTmoZRvreba, meTuneoba da sa-
feiqro saqme.
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom SuarionispireTi ekonomiku-
rad erT-erTi yvelaze dawinaurebuli mxare iyo, amitomac
aq samiwaTmoqmedo dabebTan erTad gaCnda saxelosno
sawarmoo ubnebi, sadac saqoneli mzaddeboda da ara mxo-
lod piradi moxmarebisaTvis, aramed gasacvlel-gasayidad
bazrisaTvis, rac xels uwyobda savaWro ekonomikuri
- 13 -
kavSirebis gaZlierebas qveynis sxvadasxva mxares Soris da
qveynis gareTac. amitomac Zv.w. VIII-´VII saukuneebisaTvis
quTaisi Cven warmogvidgenia mZlavr savaWro-ekonomikur
centrad.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. lanCava omar, quTaisis arqeologia, 2007
2. quTaisis eTnografiuli muzeumis Sromebi, quT., 2009
- 14 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
ana saxvaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis mimarTulebis IV kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: vaxtang liCeli
importuli minis WurWlis dinamika
adreantikuri xanis saqarTveloSi
winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens vrceli gamokvlevis
pirvel nawils. misi mizania warmoaCinos adreantikuri
xanis minis poliqromuli WurWlis importis dinamika sa-
qarTveloSi.
feradi minis WurWlis damzadebas didi xnis istoria
aqvs, is jer kidev Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi Zveli aRmosav-
leTis qveynebSi _ egviptesa da mesopotamiaSi Caisaxa. minis
sawarmoo saxelosnoebi dafiqsirebulia _ egvipteSi, me-
sopotamiaSi, mcire aziaSi, siriaSi, evropis qveynebsa da
SavizRvispireTSi.
feradi minis warmoeba rTul teqnikur procesebs ukav-
Sirdeboda, ris gamoc isini mcire raodenobiT mzaddeboda.
bunebrivia, msgavsi fufunebis sagnebi farTo masebisTvis
ver iqneboda xelmisawvdomi.
Tavdapirvelad minisgan mzaddeboda mxolod samkau-
lebi, sakidebi, feradi Tvlebi da sabeWdavebi, xolo mogvia-
nebiT _ WurWeli, romelic garkveul xanaSi Tixisa da li-
Tonis nakeTobebs enacvleboda.
- 15 -
parfiumeriisaTvis gankuTvnili minis WurWlis damzade-
bisas rkinis Reroze axvevdnen Tixis Sezelil masas, romel-
sac sasurveli sanelsacxeblis formas aZlevdnen, Semdeg
gularze ixveoda cxeli minis Soltebi da iqmneboda foni,
romelic gaumWvirvale Tu naxevrad gamWvirvale iyo. zeda-
pirs faravdnen sxvadasxva xasxasa feris mravalrigiani
dekoriT, Reroze brunvis gziT axvevdnen minis ferad
Zafebs, sagangebo iaraRiT gamohyavdaT (“ivarcxneboda”)
zigzagiseburi zoli. amis Semdgom qvis an metalis filaze
mravalgzis gorebiT feradi Zafebi jdeboda korpusSi, ris
Sedegadac miiReboda erTiani swori zedapiri. gacivebis
Semdeg aclidnen Reros gularTan erTad da bolos kidev
erTxel axurebdnen minis WurWels masze calke damzadebuli
pir-yelis, yurebisa da quslis mierTebis mizniT, swored es
ukanasknelni arian xSir SemTxvevaSi gamWvirvaleni.
saqarTveloSi minis WurWeli aRmoCenilia fiWvnarSi,
vanSi, sairxeSi, brilSi, walkis raionis sofel kuCSi, qa-
relis raionis sofel taxtiZirsa da TeTriwyaros raionSi.
keramikuli WurWlis msgavsad, minis WurWelsac gaaCnia
formaTa Tavisebureba. CvenTvis saintereso periodis fera-
di minis gavrcelebuli formebia: aribalosi, oinoxoia,
amforiski da albastri.
importuli minis WurWeli saqarTveloSi. minis impor-
tis dinamikis dasadgenad saWiro gaxda adreantikuri pe-
riodisTvis a. kaxiZisa da T. SalikaZis mier SemuSavebuli
xuTi qronologiuri jgufis gaziareba: 1. Zv.w. V saukunis
pirveli meoTxedi; 2. Zv.w. V saukunis meore meoTxedi. 3.
Zv.w. V saukunis Sua xanebi; 4. Zv.w V saukunis bolo mesamedi;
5. Zv.w IV saukune da III saukunis dasawyisi (kaxiZe, SalikaZe,
2009: 20-54).
pirvel qronologiur jgufSi warmodgenili minis
WurWlis umetesi nawili cixisZirSia aRmoCenili. am jgufSi
saparfiumerio minis WurWlis ori tipi Sedis: aribalosebi
- 16 -
da amforiskebi. aribalosi _ sferos formis saparfiumere
WurWelia, saberZneTSi maTSi Zvirfas zeTebs inaxavdnen.
berZeni aTletebi palestraSi siarulisas majaze zeTiT
savse aribalosebs imagrebdnen varjiSis Semdeg WuWyisa da
oflis mosacileblad. zeTiTve izeldnen zurgs.
meore qronologiur jgufSi Semavali WurWlis Ziri-
Tadi nawili warmodgenilia fiWvnaris samarxebidan. am
jgufSi saparfiumerio minis WurWlis yvela tipi Sedis.
fiWvnaris berZnul nekropolze aRmoCnda agreTve berZnu-
li saRvine doqis erT-erTi saxeoba oinoxoia samtuCa
formis piriTa da vertikaluri yuriT.
fiWvnarSi aRmoCenil minis nawarmSi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas imsaxurebs viwro, wagrZelebultaniani, mili-
sebrRruiani sanelsacxeble, romelsac specialur litera-
turaSi moixsenieben saxelwodebiT ”Kohl-tube”. ”Kohl” arabu-
lad quTuToebis saRebavs niSnavs. aRniSnul sanelsacxeb-
leebs swored quTuToebis kosmetikuri saRebavis Sesanaxad
iyenebdnen. kohl-tube-ebis sakmaod didi jgufi Seiswavla d.
baragma, man Tavis naSromSi mogvca maTi klasifikacia, da-
TariReba da rac mTavaria, naTeli mohfina maTi damzadebis
teqnikas.
mesame qronologiur jgufSi fiWvnaris mravalferovan
minis nawarmTan erTad sayuradReboa vanSi aRmoCenili
minis ori Tasi, romlebic am xanaSi aRmoCenil sanelsacxeb-
leTagan mkveTrad gamoirCevian didi zomiTa da uCveulo
formiT (h-15sm). mecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom pirfar-
To, Tasis tipis Ria WurWeli cnobili ar aris Zv.w. V
saukuneSi, am dros ZiriTadad poliqromuli minis viwro-
yeliani da viwropiriani WurWlebia gavrcelebuli, am
Tasebis yvelaze ganieri nawili ki piria. Znelia ramis Tqma
maTi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, Tumca Tasebs im nawilSi, sadac
tani yels uerTdeba, irgvliv aqvT Rari, romelic mosa-
xerxebelia zonaris an raime CasaWidis Sesabmelad (vani VII.,
- 17 -
1983, 84). SesaZloa es WurWeli dasakidi yofiliyo
kosmetikuri sagnebis Sesanaxad.
meoTxe qronologiuri jgufi warmodgenilia fiWvnarSi
aRmoCenili amforiskiT da alabastrebiT, vanSi aRmoCenili
amforiskebiT, Kohl-tube-s tipis sanelsacxebliTa da oino-
xoiT, sairxeSi aRmoCenili feradi minis alabastriT (nadi-
raZe, 42-44) da mTian raWaSi, kerZod ki brilSi aRmoCenili
feradi minis amforiskiT (kaxiZe, vikersi, 2007: 179). amave
qronologiur jgufs unda mivakuTvnoT 2009 wels igoeTis
arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier graklianis samarovanze
aRmoCenili khol-Tube, romelic baragis klasifikaciis IA
jgufs Seesabameba.
mexuTe qronologiur jgufSi Sedis fiWvnaris elinistu-
ri xanis samarovanze aRmoCenili ori alabastriBda Kohl-
tube-s tipis sanelsacxebleebi, romlebic aRmoCenilia wal-
kis raionis sofel kuSCSi (gagoSiZe, 1982: 47-53), TeT-
riwyaros raionis sof. Savsaydaras II samarovanze, amave
raionis sof. enageTTan gaTxril #6 samarxSi da qarelis
raionis sof. taxtiZiris samarovanze, sadac 3 aseTi tipis
sanelsacxeblea dafiqsirebuli. taxtiZiris mdidrul sa-
marxSi aRmoCenil or sanelsacxebleSi SemorCenili iyo
Savi feris mkvrivi masa, rac amtkicebs azrs imis Taobaze,
rom es WurWeli namdvilad gamoiyeneboda quTuToebis kos-
metikuri saRebavis Sesanaxad. 2003 wels vanSi iqna aseve
aRmoCenili khol-tube-s tipis sanelsacxeble (Darejan kacharava,
Guram kvirkvelia -Recent Arcchaeological Finds on the Upper Terrace of
the Vani Site _ Ancient civilization from scythia to siberi Vol.14 No.3-4
BRILL , 254-256).
sainteresoa is faqti, rom kohl-tube-ebs berZnuli samya-
ro ar icnobs, razec maTi gavrcelebis areali metyvelebs,
savaraudod, am tipis WurWeli Crdilo-dasavleT iranSi
mzaddeboda.
- 18 -
d. baragi miiCnevs, rom vanSi aRmoCenili Kohl-tube-s
tipis sanelsacxeble, ase Sors iranidan, SemTxveviTi
kontaqtebis Sedegi unda iyos, Tumc, Cemi azriT, am WurWlis
saqarTveloSi gavrceleba logikuri gagrZelebaa im kon-
taqtebisa, romlebic saqarTvelosa da aqemenidur samyaros
Soris arsebobda, risi dasturic aris kolxeTis terito-
riaze mravlad aRmoCenili aqemeniduri tipis samkauli,
iseve rogorc aqemeniduri tipis moxatuli keramika aRmo-
savleT saqarTveloSi.
sayuradReboa is, rom saqarTveloSi ukve ori SemTxveva
dadasturda Kohl-tube-ebis aRmoCenisa berZnul samyaroSi
farTod gavrcelebul minis WurWelTan erTad, erT sa-
marxSi, es ki imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli orive tipis WurWeli Zv.w V-IV saukuneebSi
erTdroulad Semodioda CvenSi. am dros saqarTveloSi
moqmedebda saerTaSoriso savaWro magistrali, romelzec,
bunebrivia, saqoneli orive mimarTulebiT moZraobda, am
gziT – dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT moxvda
albaT amforiski enageTSi, xolo aRmosavleTidan importi-
rebuli Kohl-tube - vanSi (gobejiSvili, 2007: Ziebani #V.,
72-76).
amrigad, minis WurWlis importis dinamikis dasadgenad,
Catarda im kompleqsebis statistikuri analizi, romlebSic
es masala aris aRmoCenili. erTmaneTs Sedarda saxvadasxva
qronologiur jgufebSi Setanili masala, minis WurWlis
saerTo raodenobidan qrinologiur jgufebSi igi gada-
nawilda Semdegnairad:
1. Zv.w. V saukunis pirveli meoTxedi _ 3.5%
2. Zv.w. V saukunis meore meoTxedSi minis WurWlis wili
11.9% Seadgens;
3. Zv.w. V saukunis Sua xanebSi fiqsirdeba 14% minis WurW-
lisa;
- 19 -
4. Zv.w V saukunis bolo meoTxedSi minis WurWlis Pwili
12.6%-ia;
5. Zv.w. IV saukune Zv.w III saukunis dasawyisSi minis
WurWlis 7% fiqsirdeba;
SesamCnevia sxvaoba ukve warmodgenil qronologiuri
jgufebis procentul maCvenebelTa Soris, rac kidev erT-
xel adasturebs zogadad importuli masalis mozRvavebis
faqts Zv.w. V saukuneSi, rac Seexeba bolo, mexuTeE jgufs,
sadac minis WurWlis importi kvlav mkveTrad klebulobs,
es gamowveuli unda iyos erTi mxriv am WurWlis warmoebis
SemcirebiT da meore mxriv am periodSi arsebuli politi-
kuri viTarebiT, ris Sedegadac mkveTrad gaizarda berZen-
Ta interesi da savaWro SesaZleblobebi aRmosavleTis
qveynebis mimarTulebiT.
naSromis momdevno TavebSi ganxiluli iqneba elinistu-
ri da romauli xanis minis nakeTobani statistikuri ana-
lizis fonze.
amrigad, Cven SevecadeT warmogvedgina adreantikuri
xanis poliqromuli minis WurWlis importis dinamika sa-
qarTveloSi. dinamikis dasadgenad saWiro gaxda a. kaxiZisa
da T. SalikaZis mier adreantikuri xanisTvis miRebuli
xuTi qronologiuri jgufi gagveziarebina da amave dros
warmogvedgina im kompleqsebis statistikuri analizi, rom-
lebSic CvenTvis saintereso masala iyo aRmoCenili.
- 20 -
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. gobejiSvili g, fiWvnari t. II., miTiTebuli aqvs a. kaxiZes
(1959:198)
2. kaxiZe a., SalikaZe T., minis nawarmi samxreT-dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos zRvispireTidan, fiWvnari t. IV. baTumi-oqs-
fordi 2009
3. gagoSiZe i., TrialeTis samarovnebi. Tbilisi (1982)
4. kaxiZe a, vikersi m., fiWvnari t. I (2004)
5. kaxiZe a, vikersi m., fiWvnari t. II (2007)
6. nadiraZe j., sairxe saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, wigni I.
Tbilisi, (1990)
7. saginaSvili m., minis sanelsacxebleebi – kohl-tube-ebis
gavrceleba saqarTveloSi Ziebani V (2000).
8. fircxalava m., minis nawarmi. vani t. VII. Tbilisi, (1983).
9. Darejan kacharava, Guram kvirkvelia, _ ”Recent Arcchaeological Finds
on the Upper Terrace of the Vani Site” _ Ancient civilization from scythia
to siberia. Vol.14 No.3-4 2009 BRILL .
10. Darejan kacharava, Guram kvirkvelia, Grave 11, Grave 6. Wine,
Worship, and Sacrifice: The Golden Graves of Ancient Vani. New York
University 2008.
- 21 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
sulxan oqropiriZe
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis II kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: amiran kaxiZe
importuli keramikis erTi jgufi
fiWvnaris Zv.w V saukunis berZnuli
nekropolidan
fiWvnaris Zv.w. V saukunis berZnul samarovanze aRmo-
Cenil importul keramikis nawarms didi mniSvneloba aqvs
Zvel saberZneTsa da kolxeTs Soris arsebuli urTierTo-
bebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. esaa periodi, rodesac saerTa-
Soriso bazarze gabatonebuli aTeni keramikiT amaragebda
yvela im qveyanas, romelTanac savaWro urTierToba hqon-
da. am mxriv gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda fiWvnaris dasax-
leba. aTensa da, fiWvnaris saxiT, kolxeTs Soris arsebuli
politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobis
Sesaxeb saintereso masalebs gvawvdis fiWvnaris berZnuli
samarovani, romelic am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
unikaluri Zeglia mTels amierkavkasiaSi.
Zv.w. V saukunis meore meoTxedis masalaSi calke gamoi-
yofa ucnobi sawarmoo centris miniaturuli amforebisa da
mozrdili lekiTosebis jgufi. TiTqmis srulad dacul
nimuSebTan erTad umetesad warmodgenilia sakmaod mozr-
dili fragmentebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis formis
rekonstruqcias. rogorc lekiTosebis, ise amforebis keci
- 22 -
Ria moyviTaloa, mowiTalo-moyavisfro zedapiriT, wvril-
marcvlovani, qarsis mravalricxovani CanarTebiT. amfo-
riskebisa da lekiTosebis saerTo maxasiaTeblebi Semdegia:
aqvT wagrZelebuli, sqelkedliani konusisebri moyvanilo-
bis tanisagan mkveTrad gamoyofili daqanebuli mxrebi,
pirisken Zabriseburad Seviwroebuli yeli. lekiTosebs
maRali diskoseburi swori piri, ovalurganivkveTiani yuri
da eqiniseburi brtyelZiriani qusli aqvT, zog egzemplars
yelze dafiqsirebuli aqvs wibo. amforiskebs – lekiTosi-
saze ufro dabali piri, wyvili ovalurganivkveTiani yuri
da patara fosoiani gamokveTilqusliani Ziri (kaxiZe,
vikersi, 2004, 67-68).
saqarTveloSi am tipis lekiTosebi aRmoCenilia petra-
cixisZiris samarovanis saaRapo moedanze (vaSakiZe, inai-
Svili, 2002: 14), fazisis midamoebSi (WaladidSi), sairxeSi
(nadiraZe, 1990: 85 ), vanSi, raWaSi (lorTqifaniZe, 1966: 84-85),
xolo CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi - porfmiis naqalaqarze
(Кастанаян, 1971, 189). maTgan fiWvnari gamoirCeva masalis
mravalricxovnebiT. yvelgan dafiqsirebulia mxolod
lekiTosebis TiTo egzemplari, fiWvnarSi ki Tanabari
raodenobiTaa warmodgenili orive saxeoba.
oTar lorTqifaniZe am jgufis nawarms Tazosis produq-
ciad miiCnevda 1963 wels WaladidSi aRmoCenili mTliani,
wagrZelebuli proporciebisa (38sm. simaRlisa) da maRali
konusuri tanis lekiTosis mixedviT, romlis kecic Zalze
gavs Zv.w. V-IV ss. Tazosur amforaTa kecs (lorTqifaniZe,
1966: 84-85).
fiWvnaris masalidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1980
wels aRmoCenili miniaturuli amfora, romelic propor-
ciebiTa da Tixis struqturiT hgavs Tazosisebur lekiTo-
sebs. aseTi WurWeli pirvelad aRmoCnda fiWvnarSi. restav-
raciis Semdeg dadginda, rom miniaturuli amforis muclis
areSi, basri iaraRiT gaekeTebinaT sagangebo xvreli 10-7 sm
- 23 -
diametriT, TviT amforis simaRle 39,5 sm-ia. muclis dia-
metri - 14,5 sm. amforis simaRlisa da muclis areSi gakeTe-
buli xvrelis diametric mixedviT Cans, rom masSi SeiZleba
4 Tvis nayofi yofiliyo Casvenebuli. haazes sqemis mixed-
viT cnobilia, rom 4 Tvis nayofi 16 sm-ia da daaxloebiT 120
grams iwonis. swored aseTi nayofi unda yofiliyo
Casvenebuli am miniaturul amforaSi (kaxiZe, vikersi, 2007:
27).
sul fiWvnaris berZnul samarovanze aRmoCenilia am
saxeobis amforis 11 da lekiTosis 17 erTeuli. amaTgan 5
amfora da 6 lekiTosi samarxeuli inventaria, 6 amfora da
11 lekiTosi – amoRebulia saaRapo moednebidan.
ramdenime amforasa da lekiTosze datanilia erTasoia-
ni mozrdili grafito: Γ, Ξ(orjer), Α. gansakuTrebiT sain-
teresoa zemoT aRniSnuli amfora-samarxis SemTxveva. masze
gamosaxulia wverebiT SeerTebuli ori berZnuli Δ an se-
kiriseburi niSani (labrisi). igi SeiZleba magiurad CavTva-
loT da sekiris gamosaxulebad miviCnioT. cnobilia, rom
sekira avi sulebisagan dacvis simbolod iTvleboda da
nayofierebis kultTan iyo dakavSirebuli. olbiaSi cnobi-
lia keramikul WurWelze amokawruli labrisi, simbolo
orfikuli dionise-zagrevsisa, romelsac opoziciuri
orbunebovneba axasiaTebs (labrisi wverebiT SeerTebuli
or Δ-a, romlebic erTmaneTisadmi sarkiseburadaa ganla-
gebuli). bavSvis samarxad gamoyenebul amforaze gamosaxu-
li erTmaneTisadmi sarkiseburad ganlagebuli, wverebiT
SeerTebuli ori Δ saaqao da saiqio cxovrebis simbolo
unda iyos (ZnelaZe, 2008: 70).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mocemuli masala nekropoli-
dan momdinareobs. saaRapo moednebze aRmoCenil nimuSebTan
erTad napovnia sxva keramikac, rogorc mozrdili amfore-
bi, ise sasmisebis sxvadasxva saxeobebi, aseve aRapis ritua-
lis Sesasruleblad aucilebeli inventari, maT Soris
- 24 -
atikuri lekiTosebic, romlebic surnelovani zeTisTvis
gamoiyeneboda. vfiqrobT, aseTi, saSualo zomis WurWeli
gamoiyeneboda amforebidan gadmosxmuli Rvinis mcire
zomis sasmisebSi dasasxmelad.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuls Tu SevajamebT, aseT suraTs
miviRebT. saxezea e.w. Tazosis wris produqcia, romelic
yvelaze didi raodenobiT swored fiWvnarSia warmodge-
nili. samwuxarod, ucxoeTSi daculi paralelebisa da
Sesabamisad, ucxouri literaturis moZieba am etapze ver
moxerxda. amave dros sainteresoa da mniSvnelovani am
saxis nawarmis sawarmoo centris dadgena. o. lorTqifa-
niZisa da a. kaxiZis mosazrebas, rom saqme gvaqvs Tazosis an
Tazosis wris produqciasTan, rac am nawarmis kecis struq-
turaze dayrdnobiTaa gamoTqmuli, sWirdeba Semdgomi gan-
mtkiceba, rac SesaZlebeli iqneba Tixis analizisa da misi
Tazosuri amforebis Tixis struqturasTan Sejerebis Sem-
deg.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. a. kaxiZe, m. vikersi, saqarTvelo-britaneTis erToblivi
arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (1998-2002), fiWvnari I,
baTumi-oqsfordi, 2004
2. a. kaxiZe, antikuri samyaro aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,
fiWvnaris Zv. w. V s berZnuli nekropoli, fiWvnari II,
baTumi-oqsfordi, 2007
3. n. vaSakiZe, n. inaiSvili, vaWroba Sav zRvaze arqaulsa da
klasikur xanaSi: abreSumis gzis istoriuli perspeqtivebi,
Tbilisi, 1999
4. j. nadiraZe, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi,
Tbilisi, 1990
- 25 -
5. o. lorTqifaniZe, antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi,
Tbilisi, 1966
6. n. ZnelaZe, miTologiuri saxeebi da siuJetebi antikuri xanis
koroplastikaSi, epigrafikasa da vazaTmxatvrobaSi
(sadisertacio naSromi), baTumi, 2008
7. Кастанаян Е. Г. Раскопки Порфмия, археологические исследования
на Украине в 1968, Киев, 1971
- 26 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
genadi cincaZe
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis II kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: SoTa mamulaZe
gonio-afsarosSi 2009 wels warmoebuli
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis ZiriTadi
Sedegebi
2009 wels gonio-afsarosis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiu-
ri eqspedicia savele arqeologiur kvleva-Ziebas awar-
moebda sam ubanze: cixis samxreT-dasavleT monakveTSi (SW -
IX-XII seqtorebi), centralur ubanze (SW-I da XI seqto-
rebi) da #3 koSkis teritoriaze.
mimdinare wels gaTxrebis erT-erT ZiriTad obieqts
warmoadgenda cixis Sida teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTi
monakveTi. igi pirvel da meore koSkebs Soris arsebuli
teritoriaa da eqceva SW-IX seqtoris 41-48, 51-58, 61-68, 71-
91 da SW –XII seqtoris 3-7, 13-17, 97-99-e kvadratebSi.
am ubanze arqeologiuri samuSaoebi gasuli saukunis 90-
ian wlebSic mimdinareobda. aq gaTxrebi gagrZelda 2004
wlidan. ZiriTadad Seswavlili iqna osmaluri (XVI-XIX ss),
bizantiuri (IV-VII ss) da nawilobriv romauli xanis kul-
turuli fenebi.
2009 wels ZiriTadad SW-IX seqtoris 51-58 kvadratebSi
warmoebda sapreparacio samuSaoebi. am doneze warmodge-
- 27 -
nilia adreSuasaukuneebis (VI-VII ss) xanis kulturuli fena.
dafiqsirda am epoqis kramitsaxuraviani nagebobis naSTebi,
sadac kramitebTan erTad gvxvdeba bizantiuri epoqis kera-
mikuli masala da sxvadasxva zomisa da formis lursmnebi.
mTel farTobze danaxSirebuli masis gavrcelebis mixedviT
Cans, rom VI-VII saukuneebSi aq gamarTuli nageboba xanZris
Sedegad ganadgurda. nayaris gawmendis Semdeg aq sxvadasxva
zomis riyis qvebiT mogebuli iataki dadasturda. amave do-
neze dafiqsirda gviani Sua saukuneebis (XVI-XIX ss) ramde-
nime ormo. maTi amoWrisas dazianda rogorc bizantiuri, ise
romauli epoqis kulturuli fenebi. amitomac iyo, rom am
doneze ormoebis irgvliv aRmoCnda sakmaod adreuli xanis
masalebi (italikuri amforis, wiTellakiani keramikis
fragmentebi, brinjaos sakmaod dazianebuli ori moneta da
a.S.).
paralelurad, aseve sapreparacio samuSaoebi gagrZel-
da uSualod romauli epoqis kulturul fenaze, SW-IX
seqtoris 71-72, 81-82 kvadratebSi. aq gamovlenil arqitqtu-
rul nagebobaTa naSTebTan erTad, erTsa da imave doneze,
aRmoCnda sxvadasxva daniSnulebis keramika, minis nawarmi,
rkinis nivTebi, qvis birTvebi da sxva.
2009 wels arqeologiuri samuSaoebi ganaxlda cixis
centralur nawilSic (NW –I da XI seqtorebi). aq samuSaoebi
jer kidev 1995 wlidan daiwyo, sadac aRmoCnda principiis
(sigrZe-28 m, sigane-24 m) naSTebi. nageboba gamagrebulia
pilonebiTa da damcavi kedlebiT (etyoba rekonstruqciis
kvali). gamoiyofa wiTeli feris hidravlikuri xsnariT
momzadebuli iatakis mqone saTavsebi, derefnebi, wyalmoma-
ragebis sistema da a.S.). aRmoCenili masalebis mixedviT
(keramika, monetebi, minis WurWeli da a.S.) nageboba ax.w. I s
meore naxevarsa da III s pirvel naxevarSi funqcionirebda
(xalvaSi B, 2002: 134-141). aqve iyo gamarTuli kvadrebiT
- 28 -
SemosazRvruli nageboba (sigrZeE- 15 m, sigane - 11 m),
romelic sakulto daniSnulebis unda iyos (mamulaZe: 2009).
am ubanze wels samuSaoebi ZiriTadad warmoebda
principiis CrdiloeTiT (NW –I seqtori, # 30, 40, 50, 60, 70
kvadratebi). aq mTels sigrZeze aRebuli iqna 40 sm sisqis VI
saukunis kulturuli fena, romelic warmodgenili iyo
usistemod Cayrili nagleji qvebiT, gverdakecili kramite-
biT, Tanadrouli periodis importuli da adgilobrivi
keramikis-amforebis, jamebis, qoTnebis, langrebis, minis
nawarmis da sxvaTa natexebi. aq bizantiuri xanis kulturul
fenas mosdevs 20-25 sm sisqis steriluri fena, romelic
afsarosSi IV-V saukuneebSi unda iyos Seqmnili. misi aRebis
Semdeg Seswavlili farTobis dasavleT monakveTze qvis
svetiani iatakis fragmentebi kvlav dadasturda, romlis
zedapirze II-III ss amforebisa da samSeneblo keramikis
usaxuri natexebi iqna napovni. welsve Crdilo-aRmosavleT
nawilSi aRebuli iqna miwis darCenili farTobi da gamoCn-
da uSualod administraciuli nagebobis mesame saTavsos
wiTeli kirxsnariT Sedgenili iatakis done. iataki aqac
grZeldeba da analogiuradaa damzadebuli. rac mTavaria,
mimdinare wels gamoikveTa principiis CrdiloeTi kedeli,
romelic aRmosavleTi kedlis msgavsad, pilonebiTaa gamag-
rebuli. aseve gamovlenil iqna wyalgayvanilobis milebi,
romelic SenobaSi Semodis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT arsebu-
li Riobis saSualebiT da eqceva svetiani iatakis qveda
doneze.
2009 wels am ubanze garkveuli samuSaoebi Catarda aseve
Txrilis Crdilo-dasavleT monakveTSi (NW-XI seqtori,
#8-10, 18-20 kvadratebi), sadac Seswavlili iqna VI saukunis
fena, romelic iatakiT, mravalferovani sameurneo da
samzareulo daniSnulebis WurWlebiTa da didi raodenobis
samSeneblo keramikiTaa warmodgenili. Cans, aq idga rkinis
- 29 -
lursmnebiT SeWedili xis nageboba, romelic solenisa da
kalipteris tipis kramitiT yofila gadaxuruli.
Seswavlili iqna aseve osmalur periodSi CaWrili sa-
nagve ormoebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad am epoqis masalebi
iqna napovni.
gasul wels Seswavlili iqna # 3 koSkis Sida terito-
riac. igi datanilia cixis dasavleT kedelSi da eqceva SW-
X seqtorSi (26-e kvadrati). koSki marTkuTxa formisaa.
sigrZe - 4,87 m, sigane - 2,90 m.
koSki samsarTuliania, romelsac aRmosavleTiT hqonda
kari. sami mxridan aqvs sxvadasxva zomis sarkmlebi. dasav-
leTis kedlis sarkmeli dagmanulia. koSkSi fenis moxsnis
Semdeg gairkva, rom Sig Cayrili iyo didi zomis kedlis
wyobaSi gamoyenebuli kvadrebi. maTi alagebis Semdeg samu-
Saoebi gagrZelda 2,5 metris siRrmemde. dadasturda, rom aq
kulturuli fenebi mTel farTobze darRveulia. amitomacaa,
rom erTdroulad sxvadasxva doneze gvxvdeba osmaluri,
bizantiuri da romauli epoqis keramikuli masalebi. maT
Soris aris moWiquli keramikis, faiansis, kramitis, aguris,
amforebis, doqebis, xelsafqvavebis, qvis birTvebi da sxva
masalebi.
paralelurad moisinja koSkis Sesasvlelis mimdebare
teritoriac. aq dafiqsirda erT-erTi kontrforsi (sigrZeE-
1,2 m, sigane - 1,3 m, simaRle - 1,2 m), romlis msgavsi nimuSebic
galavnis dasavleT kedels Signidan mTels sigrZeze miuy-
veba. aqve aRmoCnda kirxsnariani fena, romelic qmnis koSkis
SesasvlelTan moedans da safexurs.
axla ki Zalze mokled samive ubanze aRmoCenili masale-
bis Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, 2009 wlis gaTxrebma
osmaluri periodis sakmaod saintereso masala mogvca.
maTgan gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos sada da moWiquli
keramikis natexebi, faiansi, sxvadasxva zomis lursmnebi, am
epoqis agurisa Tu Rariani kramitis natexebi da a.S.
- 30 -
am epoqis sada keramikuli nawarmidan unda gamoiyos
xeladebis, doqebis da sxvaTa natexebi. isini sruliad
msgavsia cixis Sida teritoriaze da gansakuTrebiT samxreT
karibWesTan wina wlebSi aRmoCenili mTliani calebisa
(kaxiZe, mamulaZe, 2004: 4-73).
yuradRebas iqcevs amave
epoqis miWiquli keramikis na-
texebi. maT umravlesobas ja-
mebi, fialebi, doqebi Seadgens
(g. a. 2009, 10, 11, 88, 89…..,), eseni
adreuli periodis moWiquli
WurWlisagan ramdenadme gan-
sxvavdebian. amaTi keci SedarebiT uxeSia, ufro cudadaa
damuSavebuli da gamomwvaric ki. aseve saRebavebis ferebis
Sexameba da TviT moxatva, moWiqvis teqnika da sxva, ufro
dabal donezea Sesrulebuli. am tipis keramika gonio-
afsarosSi mravladaa aRmoCenili sxvadasxva dros da isini
ZiriTadad XVI-XIX saukuneebiT TariRdeba (kaxiZe,
mamulaZe, ebraliZe, 2002: 45).
2009 wlis gaTxrebis dros #3 koSkSi, aRmoCnda faiansis
WurWlis fragmentebi. maTi umetesoba finjniseburi WurWlis
natexebia. gonioSi isini wina wlebSi didi raodenobiTaa
mopovebuli. Tvlian, rom aq
aRmoCenili faiansi umTavre-
sad ori osmaluRi centris _
iznikis (Zveli nikua) da quTa
(h)ias nawarmi unda iyos.
aqedan pirvelSi xelosnobis
am dargis ayvaveba XVI-XVII
saukuneebSi iyo, meoreSi ki-XVIII da XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi (.Мюлер:1972; afxazava, mamulaZe, 1998: 269-276).
am epoqis masalebidan unda gamoiyos aseve agurisa da
Rariani kramitis natexebi, romlebic ZiriTadad me-3 koSkis
- 31 -
wina moedanze iqna fiqsirebuli. isinic ZiriTadad msgavsia
wina wlebSi aRmoCenili nimuSebisa da zogadad XVI-XIX
saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes.
2009 wlis gaTxrebis dros, warmodgenili iyo
adrebizantiuri xanis keramikuli masalac. maT Soris sim-
ravliT unda gamoiyos rogorc adgilobrivi, ise
importuli amforebis natexebi. gvxvdeba
e.w. tandaRaruli amforebis fragmentebi
(g. a. 2009, 34, 36..,), maT axasiaTebT lilvi-
seburi moyvanilobis piri, dabali, viw-
ro cilindruli formis yeli. am tipis
amforebi aRmoCenilia cixisZirSi, biWvin-
TaSi da a.S. gansakuTrebiT mravladaa
mopovebuli gonio-afsarosSi. erT-erTi
maTgani adre #2 koSkSi gaTxrebis dros
iustiniane I saxeliT moWril monetebTan erTad aRmoCnda.
fiqroben, rom es saxec amforebisa mcire aziaSi unda iyos
damzadebuli. isini V-VI saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli
(xalvaSi, 2002: 42-52). amave epoqas ganekuTvneba e.w. gofrire-
bulzedapiriani amforis natexebi, romlebic gonio-afsa-
rosSi aRmoCenili amforebis I tipSia gaerTianebuli da
maT sawarmoo centrad samxreT-dasavleT mcire azia da
CrdiloeT siriaa miCneuli (xalvaSi, 2002: 42-52; mamulaZe,
xalvaSi, kaxiZe, 2009: 408). gvxvdeba sxva tipis amforebis
fragmentebic.
am epoqis kulturul fenebSi mcire raodenobiT aRmoCn-
da qvab-qoTnebis, qoTnebis, wi-
Tellakiani keramikisa da minis
sasmisis fragmentebi, romlebic
wina wlebSi aRmoCenili msgavsi
nimuSebis mixedviT VI-VII sauku-
neebiT TariRdebian. rac Seexeba
cixis centralur da samxreT-
- 32 -
dasavleT monakveTebze amave epoqis fenebSi aRmoCenil
kramitebs, sakmaod bevria. bevria aguris natexebic. krami-
tebis umravlesobas zedapirze RarebiT, xolo agurebi zog-
jer diagonaluri xazebiTaa Semkuli. kramitebi propor-
ciebisa da gaformebis mixedviT ZiriTadad Seesabameba ad-
reSuasaukuneebSi gavrcelebul formebs (afaqiZe, 1977: 224-
228).
2009 wels gonio-afsarosSi samive ubanze warmoebuli
gaTxrebisas SedarebiT didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda romau-
li epoqis arqeologiuri masalebic. maT Soris simravliT
gamoirCeva amforebi. maTgan gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos
yavisferkeciani amforebis yelis, tanisa da Ziris
fragmentebi (g.a. 2009, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34..,) am tipis amforebi
gonio-afsarosSi mravladaa aRmoCenili da isini TariR-
debian ax. w. I - III saukuneebiT (xalvaSi, 2002: 11 - 12; 61 - 62).
2009 wlis monapovarSi gvxvdeba e.w. qimisebrSveriliani
amforis piris, yelisa da yuris fragmenti (g.a. 2009, 5). am
tipis amforebic mravladaa aRmoCenili gonioSi. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia piris moxris adgilas daZerwili qimise-
buri Sverili da maRali cilind-
ruli qusli sayrden areSi mkveT-
ri burcobiT. Zv.w. I da ax.w. I sai-
kuneebSi farTod gavrcelebuli
amforebis es tipi arsebobas ga-
nagrZobs ax.w. II saukuneSic
(xalvaSi, 2002: 24-25).
gvxvdeba romauli epoqis amfo-
rebis sxva fragmentebic, romlebzedac aq vrclad aRar
SevCerdebiT.
amforebis garda, am wlis monapovarSi gvxvdeba roma-
nizebuli qvab-qoTnebis, qoTnebis, luTeriebis da sxva saxis
WurWelTa natexebic.
- 33 -
importuli keramikis calke
saxeobas qmnis wiTellakiani ke-
ramika. maTSi ZiriTadad warmod-
genilia TefSisebur Tu koWobis
msgavs WurWelTa piris, tanis
fragmentebi (g.a. 2009, 22, 107, 109..,)
aseve gvxvdeba sinopuri xufi, luTeriis da sxvaTa natexebi
(g.a. 2009, 40-45, 47..,) es masalebi zogadad ax.w. I-III
saukuneebiT TariRdebian (ebraliZe, 2005: 31-48; 2009: 147-167).
amave periodiT TariRdeba mcirericxovani minis sasmisebis
Zirebic (SalikaZe: 2004). gvxvdeba qvis birTvebic, romelic
damzadebuli unda iyos adgilobrivi qvisagan. es advilad
misawvdomi qvis iaraRi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mTel
antikur samyaroSi (aslaniSvili, 2004: 152-155).
aseTia mokled cixis Sida teritoriaze 2009 wels war-
moebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi. save-
le samuSaoebi gonio-afsarosSi momavalSic gagrZeldeba.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. aslaniSvili l., qvis birTvebi.-gonio-afsarosi IV. baTumi,
2004 gv 152-155.
2. afaqiZe g., biWvinTis samSeneblo keramika_didi pitiunti II.
Tb., 1977
3. afxazava n., mamulaZe S., gvianSuasaukuneebis arqeologiuri
masala goniodan. baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis
Sromebi II. baTumi, 1998, gv. 269-276.
4. ebraliZe t., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi
gvianelinistursa da romaul xanaSi (savaWro-ekonomikuri
urTierTobani importuli keramikis mixedviT). gonio-
afsarosi VI. baTumi, 2005
- 34 -
5. ebraliZe t., afsarosi ax.w. I saukuneSi. gonio-afsarosi VIII.
baTumi, 2009, gv. 147-167.
6. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S., samxreT karibWisa da abanoTubnis
teritoriaze 1995-1999 wlebSi warmoebuli kvleva-Ziebis
umTavresi Sedegebi. gonio-afsarosi IV. baTumi, 2004, gv. 4-67
7. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S., ebraliZe t., 2000 wels gonio-
afsarosis cixis samxreTi karibWis gareT warmoebuli
arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis angariSi. gonio-afsarosi III.
Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 40-70.
8. mamulaZe S., serapisis qandakeba. - gonio-afsarosi VIII.
baTumi, 2009 gv. 131-145.
9. mamulaZe S., xalvaSi m., kaxiZe e., afsarosi bizantiur epoqaSi.
bizantiologia saqarTveloSi-2, t I, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 405-418.
10. SalikaZe T., gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis minis
nawarmi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTi-
dan. - gonio-afsarosiV. baTumi, 2004
11. xalvaSi m.(a), keramikuli tara gonio-afsarosidan. - gonio-
afsarosi II. baTumi, 2002
12. xalvaSi m.(b), gonio-afsarosis Sida cixis centraluri
nawilis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi. - gonio-
afsarosi. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 134-141.
13. .Мюлер Ю., Художественная керамика Турции. Л.1972
- 35 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
giorgi kareliZe
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologia-eTnologiis magistraturis II kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: zviad kviciani
dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarxTa tipebi
da maTi SedarebiTi analizi
saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis mecnieruli
Seswavla da kvleva, maT Soris arqeologiuri kuTxiT, uaR-
resad mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa, radgan axalma pe-
riodma moitana gardamtexi Zvrebi sazogadoebis cxov-
rebaSi: mkvidrdeba axali socialuri formacia, yalibdeba
axali politikuri erTeulebi, icvleba religiuri Sexedu-
leba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodSi momxdarma cvli-
lebebma mTavari gavlena moaxdina SemdgomSi saqarTvelos
istoriis yvela movlenasa da etapze.
gansakuTrebuli cvlileba Seexo adgilobrivi mosax-
leobis sulier yofas. mZlavrad mkvidrdeba qristianuli
religia, romlis gavlena igrZnoba adamianTa cxovrebis
yvela aspeqtSi da, ra Tqma unda, micvalebulis kultTan
mimarTebaSic. kerZod, axali saxe miiRo dakrZalvis ri-
tualma, Seicvala samarxeuli inventari da Tavad samarxTa
formebi. nel-nela Camoyalibda garkveuli tipebi, romleb-
mac gandevnes wina periodSi arsebuli mravalricxovani
formebi. SedarebiT Semcirda Zvirfasi liTonebisa da
- 36 -
keramikuli WurWlis raodenoba samarxeul inventarSi,
radgan qristianoba krZalavda mravalricxovani nivTebis
Catanebas micvalebulis samarxSi, rac imqveyniuri cxovre-
bisadmi Sexedulebebis cvlilebebma ganapiroba. samkauls am
SemTxvevaSi mxolod individis sakuTrebis funqcia gaaCnda
da naklebi kavSiri hqonda religiur ritualTan. am dros
saerTod aRar gvxvdeba liTonis WurWeli, Semcirda Tixis
WurWlis raodenobac. ZiriTadad warmodgenilia sxvadasxva
zomis doqebi da fialebi, Tumca micvalebulis samoselis
liTonis atributebsa da pirad nivTebs xSirad vxvdebiT da
zogierT SemTxvevaSi arcTu ise mcire raodenobiT. IV
saukunis samarxebSi jer kidev gvxvdeba Zvirfasi da
naxevrad Zvirfasi liTonis samkauli: oqros, vercxlisa da
brinjaos sayureebi, beWdebi, sasafeTqleebi, yelsabamebi da
sxva. gansakuTrebuli simdidriT gamoirCeva mcxeTisa da
armazisxevis samarovnebi, romelTa nawili jer kidev
warCinebuli fenebis sasaflaos warmoadgens. am periodSi
xSirad fiqsirdeba samarxSi monetebis Cayolebis faqtebi,
rac winare religiis Zlier gadmonaSTad SeiZleba
miviCnioT.
IV-VI saukuneebis samarxebSi, rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve
dasavleT saqarTveloSi nel-nela did adgils ikavebs minis
nawarmi, romelic ZiriTadad nelsacxeblebisTvis iyo
gankuTvnili. amasTanave, mina SedarebiT axali masalaa
TixasTan da liTonTan SedarebiT da ritualuri datvirT-
va SesaZloa amitomac mieniWa. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic,
rom am periodidan qreba importuli da misi minabaZi
formis minisa an sxva masalis WurWeli da meti yuradReba
eniWeba adgilobriv warmoebas. es TavisTavad metyvelebs
qveyanaSi individualuri cnobierebis dawinaurebasa da
damoukidebeli TviTSegnebis Zlier ganviTarebas.
- 37 -
IV-VI saukuneebSi micvalebulis neStma miiRo axali re-
liigisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonikuri poza - gaSotili
mdgomareoba, Tumca gamonaklis SemTxvevebs aqac vxvdebiT.
adre Sua saukuneebis periodSi AaRmosavleT saqarTve-
los teritoriaze samarxebi religiuri centridan moSo-
rebiTaa. Semdgom periodSi ukve mdgomareoba icvleba da
samarovani eklesiis mimdebare teritoriaze inacvlebs.
am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia samarxTa sxvada-
sxvagvari tipi: ormosamarxebi, qvasamarxebi, qvis, xis, Tixis
sarkofagebi, katakombebi, akldamebi.
ormosamarxebi - aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mraval adgi-
las gvxvdeba. ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia araswori ovalis
formis ormoebi, romlebic ori, sami, oTxi qvis an xis
brtyeli filebiTaa gadaxuruli. Uumravles nawilSi dakr-
Zalva individualuria. ormosamarxebSi micvalebuli gaSo-
til mdgomareobaSia TaviT dasavleTiT, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi
mokrunCxul pozaSia, rac samarxebis arqaulobaze metyve-
lebs. aRmoCenili mcire nivTebis mixedviT, ormosamarxTa
umravlesoba IV-VI saukuniT TariRdeba.
qvasamarxebi _ yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia da qarTul
realobaSi TiTqmis XIX saukunemde SemorCa. qvis samarxebi
ZiriTadad fila-qvebisganaa Sekruli da ori-sami brtyeli
filiTaa gadaxuruli. masSi dakrZalva ZiriTadad koleq-
tiuria, mxolod iSviaTad SemTxvevebSi gvxvdeba individua-
luri dakrZalvis rituali. zogierT aseT qvasamarxSi 15-
mde individi fiqsirdeba. Zalzed sainteresoa mcxeTasa da
armazisxevSi aRmoCenili qvasamarxebi (afaqiZe, gobejiSvi-
li, lomTaTiZe, 1955), romlebic Tavisi mravalgvarobiT
gamoirCevian. Mmsgavsi samarxebi am teritoriaze pirvelad
axali welTaRricxvis damdegs gvxvdeba, magram vrceldeba
mogviano periodSi. armazisxevSi aRmoCenili qvasamarxebi
or nawilad iyofa: filaqvebiT nagebi da natexi qvebiT na-
gebi. maTi nawili banursaxuraviania, xolo iSviaT SemTx-
- 38 -
vevaSi gvxvdeba orferdasaxraviani samarxebi. isini Ziri-
Tadad mdidar individebs ekuTvnodaT, metwilad qalebs.
Kcalke SeiZleba gamoiyos mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili IV_VI
saukuneebis mdidruli samarxebi, sadac zogierT qvasamarxSi
Casvenebuli ConCxis irgvliv aRmoCda rkinis lursmnebi da
xis naSTebi, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom micvalebuli xis
kuboTi CausvenebiaT samarxSi. Zalzed sainteresoa, rom Se-
darebiT arqauli formis ormosamarxebSi aSkarad Warbobs
individualuri dakrZalva, xolo mogviano periodis qvasa-
marxebSi koleqtiuri dakrZalvaa gabatonebuli. es Seusaba-
mo realoba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sagvareulo wyobi-
lebis elementebis SenarCunebis mcdelobiT.
qvis sarkofagebi - arcTu ise mravladaa warmodgenili
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. mcxeTaSi sul sami
erTeulia napovni: ori armazisxevidan da erTic bagineTi-
dan (afaqiZe, gobejiSvili, lomTaTiZe, 1955), magram isini
winafeodalur xanas ganekuTvnebian. qvis sarkofagebi aR-
nusxulia kavTisxevSi, urbnisSi, borjomSi (saqarTvelos
arqeologiis sakiTxebi II, 1978). SedarebiT mniSvnelovania
rusTavSi aRmoCenili qvis sarkofagi, romelic ramdenime
qvis filisganaa Sedgenili.
xis sarkofagebi - aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva
adgilas gvxvdeba. urbnisSi aRmoCenili erTeulebi xis
ZelebiTaa Sekruli da koleqtiur samarxebs warmoadgenen
(WilaSvili, 1964). aseTive samarxTa tipi gvxvdeba sof. qvemo
alevSi (afxazava, 1988), sadac xis kubo qvayuTis qveSaa moq-
ceuli, rac mis arqulobaze miuTiTebs.
Tixis sarkofagebi - gavrceleba xdeba adre Sua sauku-
neebis periodidan. sof. urbnisSi (WilaSvili, 1964) sarkofa-
gebi koleqtiuri dakrZalvisTvis gamoiyeneboda. am sarko-
fagebs garedan kedlebze Wdeuli ornamenti Semouyveba da
kedlebic SedarebiT natifadaa damuSavebuli. aseTive sar-
kofagebia aRmoCenili rusTavSic (Пачикашвили Н, 2003).
- 39 -
sarkofagebi TariRdeba IV-V saukuneebiT. Tixis sarkofa-
gebi zogadad gavrcelebuli iyo wina aziis uZveles saxel-
mwifoebSi: urSi, babilonSi. mesopotamiaSi mis gamoyenebas
didi tradicia hqonda, magram isini Tavisi zomebiT
SedarebiT pataraa. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba saqarTveloSi
sarkofagTa gaCenas qristianobis Semosvlas ukavSirebs.
katakombebi - miwaSi amoWrili ormoebs warmoadgens,
romlis erT-erTi kedlis ZirSi, iataki doneze gamoTxri-
lia damatebiTi dasakrZalavi kamera, sadac micvalebulia
Casvenebuli. mis Ria gverdze mifarebulia brtyeli kramiti,
qva an xe. ZiriTadad aseT samarxebSi micvalebuli zurgze
gaSotili wevs. aseTi tipis samarxebi gaTxrilia aRaiansa
da JinvalSi, TariRdeba IV_VI saukuneebiT (lomTaTiZe,
1979)
akldamebi - am perodSi eklesiis siaxlovesaa ganTavse-
buli, mogvianebiT igi inacvlebs eklesiis SigTavsSi iatakis
qveS. rogorc wesi, aseTi tipis samarxi gankuTvnilia saek-
lesio moRvaweTaTvis an maRali socialuri fenis warmo-
madgenlisaTvis. umravles SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleT saqarT-
veloSi isini mravaljeradi gamoyenebisaa. mecnierTa nawi-
li akldamebs qristianobis Semosvlas ukavSirebs, zogi ki
maT wina qristianul periodSic moiazrebs, ris damamt-
kicebladac mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili akldama mohyavT. aRmosav-
leT saqarTveloSi akldamebi sxvadasxva adgilas gvxvdeba.
erT-erTi gamorCeulia sof. sionSi aRmoCenili akldama
(ramiSvili, 1970), romelic miwisqveSa sagvareulo samarxs
warmoadgenda. Mmas aqvs aRmosavleTi mxridan Sesasvleli
kari da dasakrZalavi sakani, sadac ori sacxedre ganyofi-
leba fiqsirdeba. gadaxurva TaRovania, xolo kedlebi Tli-
li qviTaa naSeni. es akldama TariRdeba V_VI saukuneebiT.
msgavsi nagebobani am periodSi somxeTSic gavrcelebulia.
sof. axciSi mikvleulia mavzoleumis tipis akldama (арутю-
нян, Сафарян, 1951), romelic arSakidebis dinastiis somexi
- 40 -
mefeebis sagvareulo saZvales warmoadgenda da TariRdeba
V saukunis meore naxevriT. sionis akldamis msgavsad igi
kargad gaTlili kvadrebiTaa naSeni, xolo Sida sivrce
SedarebiT mdidruladaa gaformebuli. akldamaTa msgavsi
tipi aRmoCenilia xornabujis midamoebsa da yoRoTSi
(sinauriZe, 1967). Zalzed saintereso da unikaluri akldama
aRmoCda agreTve wilknis midamoebSi. yoRoTSi akldamas
uCndeba saZvle ganyofileba, romelic misi mravaljeradi
gamoyenebis Sedegia.
IV-VI saukuneebSi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba samarxTa
tipebi dasavleT saqarTveloSic. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom
gvianantikur xanaSi aq fiqsirdeba aTamde samarxTa forma.
IV-VI saukuneebSi ki maTi umravlesoba sruliad qreba.
Tumca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samarxebis formebisgan
gansxvavebuli tipebi mainc gvxvdeba. garkveulwilad es
SesaZloa religiuri gansxvavebiTa da geografiuli faqto-
riT iyos gamowveuli. am periodSi dasavleTSi fiqsirdeba
ori saxis dakrZalva: inhumaciuri da kremaciuli. amas-
Tanave, kremaciis faqtebi Zalzed mcirea da nel-nela qreba
dakrZalvis ritualidan. es ki qristianuli religiis
momZlavrebis niSania.
kremaciuli dakrZalva gvxvdeba guriaSi - zRvis sanapi-
roze aRmoCenil samarxSi, romelic sakmaod mdidruli
inventariT gamoirCeoda (lomTaTiZe, 1977).
dasavleT saqarTveloSi adre Sua saukuneebSi gvxvdeba
samarxTa tipi, romelsac antikur da romaul epoqaSi gaba-
tonebuli pozicia uWiravs. esaa amforasamarxebi. cixisZirSi
armoCenili amforasamarxebis nawili V-VI saukuneebiT
TariRdeba (inaiSvili, 1993)
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa biWvinTis teritoriaze
aRmoCenili adreqristianuli xanis samarxTa erTi tipi e.w.
“kirxsnariani” samarxebi, romelTa nawili IV saukunes mie-
kuTvneba (kviciani, 1997). Ees samarxebi saqarTvelos sxva
- 41 -
teritoriaze ar gvxvdeba. mecnierTa varaudiT, micvalebuls
kirxsnars gruntis wylebisgan dasacavad asxamdnen (lorT-
qifaniZe, 1991), magram SesaZloa raime lokalur religiur
an tradiciul gansxvavebebsac hqondes adgili. Aam formis
samarxebSi micvalebuli gaSotil pozaSia, TaviT dasavle-
Tisken. Mmarjvena xeli mkerdze udevs, xolo marcxena sxeu-
lis _ gaswvriv.
gansxvavebebTan erTad, calkeul SemTxvevebSi samarxTa
tipebi msgavsebas iCens aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan. Ees
kargad ikveTeba webeldis samarovanze afxazeTSi (Трапш,
1963), romlis samarxeuli inventari da dakrZalvis wesi
Zalian hgavs mcxeTis samarovnis monacemebs.
aRniSnuli periodis samarxebi dafiqsirebulia dasav-
leT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva teritoriaze: raWaSi _ Rebsa
da SoSeTSi (lomTaTiZe, 1977),Aaseve sainteresoa imereTSi
sagvarjiles mRvimis win - “daCixul” xeobaSi gaTxrili
samarxebi, romlebic III-IV saukuneebs miekuTvneba (cqiti-
Svili, 1953)
amrigad, IV-VI saukuneebSi samarxTa tipebi mniSvnelovan
saxecvlilebas ganicdis rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosav-
leT saqarTveloSi. wina periodTan SedarebiT, formebis
mravalgvaroba sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, aseve mcirdeba
samarxeuli inventaris raodenobac. miuxedavad amisa, IV-VI
saukuneebSi mainc SenarCunebulia ramdenime tipi samarxisa,
amasTanave, zogierTi tipi mxolod erT lokalur arealSi
fiqsirdeba. dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samarx-
Ta formebis aseTi gansxvaveba garkveulwilad kavSirSia
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kulturebTan met-
naklebi siaxloviT. axalma religiam _ qristianobam zemoT
aRniSnul procesebSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula,
radgan religiuri Sexedulebis Secvla pirdapir aisaxeba
dakrZalvis ritualsa da samarxis tipze.
- 42 -
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. afxazava, n. adreuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos nivTieri
kultura. mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1982
2. afxazava, n. qvemo alevi adreul Sua saukuneebSi. mecniereba.
Tbilisi. 1988
3. inaiSvili, n. cixisZiris ax. w. I-IV saukuneebis arqeologiuri
Zeglebi. mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1993
4. kviciani, z. dasavleT saqarTvelosa da romis imperiis
kulturul urTierTobaTa istoriisaTvis (ax.w. I-IV ss).
Tbilisi 1997 w.
5. lomTaTiZe, g. arqeologiuri kvleva–Zieba algeTisa da
ivris xeobebSi. mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1979
6. lomTaTiZe, g. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturuli yofa
I-XIII saukuneebSi. mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1977
7. lorTqifaniZe, g. biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tbilisi 1991
8. mcxeTa I , red: afaqiZe, a; gobejiSvili, g; lomTaTiZe, g. da
sxv. Tbilisi. 1955
9. ramiSvili, r: ivris xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. sioni.
mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1970
10. saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi II, mecniereba. 1978
11. sinauriZe, m: gvianantikuri da adrefeodaluri xanis
samarxebi yoRoTidan. ssmm, mecniereba. Tbilisi. 1967
12. cqitiSvili, m: sagvarjiles ormosamarxebi. iv javaxiSvilis
saxelobis institutis savele-aqeologiuri krebuli.
Tbilisi. 1953
13. WilaSvili, l: naqalaqari urbnisi. Tbilisi. 1964
14. Арутюнян, В. Сафарян, С. – Памятники армянсково зодчества.
Москва. 1951
15. Пачикашвили, Н. – Погребальные сооружения и обряд захо-
ронения в Рустави в I тыс. н. э. – Археология, Этнология и
Фольклористика Кавказа. Ереван 2003.
16. Трапш, М – Некоторые итоги раскопок Цебельдиских некрополей
в 1960-1962 г. 1963
- 43 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
Tamaz darCiZe
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis II kursi.
mecnier xelmZRvaneli: amiran kaxiZe
rkinis lazuri culebi
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo kolxuri kulturis
mniSvnelovan centrs warmoadgenda, rasac mowmobs am
mxareSi am epoqis ara erTi Zeglis aRmoCena da Seswavla.
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolosa da axali aTaswleulis
dasawyisSi saqarTvelo ganviTarebis sruliad axal etapze
gadadis da erT kavkasiur sivrceSi eqceva. am azrs amyarebs
is faqti, rom ukve Zv.w. XII saukunisaTvis rkinis iaraRebs
iyeneben, rogorc samarxeul inventars.
Aaxali aTaswleulis I meoTxedi rkinis farTo aTvi-
sebiT xasiaTdeba, rkina ukve SeiWra cxovrebiseul sferoeb-
Si. rkinis iaraRebis gamoCenam win waswia Sromis nayofie-
reba, asvee gadamwyvetad imoqmeda gvarovnuli sazogadoe-
bis daSlis procesze. qarTveli tomebi saxelmwifoebrivi
ganviTarebis axal etapze gadavidnen.
roca vsaubrobT rkinis iaraRebze, calke unda gamovyoT
rkinis culebi, romlebic dRemde naklebadaa Seswavlili.
rkinis culebi mas Semdeg ganviTarda, rac brinjaos culma
moWama Tavisi dro da adamianebma rkinisagan daiwyes
iaraRebis damzadeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rkinis culebi
- 44 -
unda gaCeniliyo brinjaos kolxuri culebis arsebobis
xanaSive, droTa ganmavlobaSi rkinis culebi sayovelTaod
gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi Cans. Cven calke gamovyofT
rkinis culebis erT jgufs, romlebic aRmoCenilia samxreT-
dasavleT saqarTveloSi da mas „lazuri culis“ saxeliT
vicnobT.
gvianantikur xanaSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
sameurneo yofaSi mkvidrdeba axali sameurneo iaraRi
rkinis culis saxiT. xis masalis damuSavebis procesSi is
metad praqtikuli iyo. aRniSnuli epoqis rkinis culis
ZiriTadi sawarmoo kera da gavrcelebis areali samxreT-
dasavleT saqarTvelo, WaneT-lazeTis mxare iyo. Tumca, is
saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTel sanapiro zolze vrceldeboda.
am mxriv mniSvnelovania aWaris teritoriaze aRmoCenili
rkinis lazuri culebis nimuSebi.
„lazur culi“ gamorCeulia qarTuli rkinis culebis
sxva saxeobebidan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is xelosanTa
iaraRia. mas ZiriTadad xis ostatebi gamoiyenebdnen. ro-
gorc profesori n.kaxiZe aRniSnavs, Tavdapirvelad aseT
culebi mxolod lazi mWedelebis mier mzaddeboda (kaxiZe,
2005:13).
Kkolxuri rkinis culebis msgavsi culebi „lazuri cu-
lebis“ saxelwodebiT dRemdea SemorCenili eTnografiul
yofaSi im gansxvavebiT, rom mas aqvs farTo, brtyeli da
maRali piri; oTxkuTxa ganivkveTiani satare
xvreli (kaxiZe, vikersi, 2004: 128).
„lazur culs“ sxvagvarad „trapizonul
culadac“ moixsenieben, mas aigiveben XVII
saukunis Turqi mogzauris evlia Celebis
mier tarapizonis aRwerisas moxseniebul
culTan (kaxiZe, 2005:13).
aWaris teritoriaze rkinis culebis aR-
moCena cixisZiris samarovnis saxelTanaa
- 45 -
dakavSirebuli. cixisZiris rkinis culi ax.w IV saukuniT
TariRdeba, is Zalian axlosaa webeldis samarxeul
kompleqsSi aRmoCenil culebTan.
cixisZiris samarovanze Seswavlili iqna gvianantikuri,
adreSuasaukuneebis fenaSi amforasamarxi (#1), sadac
sxvadasxva nivTebs Soris (wiTellakiani TefSi, minis
sanelsacxeble, minis fiala, rkinis Subispiri, rkinis dana,
kaJis anamtvrevi, rkinis fibula, brinjaos fibula,
brinjaos abzinda, mZivebi) aRmoCnda CvenTvis saintereso
rkinis culi (cZ 83/7), romelic Tavis mxriv oTxkuTxa
ganivkveTiania, yuis zeda nawili dabrtyelebulia, aqvs
viwro yeli da moklefrTiani samuSao piri (inaiSvili.
1993:83). misi zomebia: sigrZe 15 sm, satare xvrelis diametri
5X2.5 sm.
rkinis culebis Semdgomi aRmoCena fiWvnaris saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli, 1998 wels saqarTvelo-britaneTis fiWvna-
ris erToblivma eqspediciam Zv.w V saukunis berZnuli
nekropolis teritiriaze Seiswavla ax. w IV-V ss. samarxebi.
am epoqis samarxebis gamoCena axali sakvlevi mimarTulebaa
fiWvnaris udides samarovanze. swored am
samarxebSi aRmoCnda rkinis culebi.
fiWvnaris ax.w IV-V saukunis rkinis
culebi aRmoCnda sam samarxSi (177, 178,
179) sxva nivTebTan erTad. 2 culi welis
areSi dafiqsirda, xolo erTi _ marc-
xena xelis areSi, rogorc Cans, micvale-
buls is xelSi eWira (kaxiZe, vikersi,
2004:124).
prof. amiran kaxiZe gvaZlevs fiWv-
narSi aRmoCenili culebis aRwerasac. culTagan erT-erTi
yuakveriania, aqvs mrgvali satare xvreli da masiuri oTx-
waxnaga pirisaken odnav moxrili, Seviwrovebuli tani.
meore culs mrgvali yua da satare xvreli aqvs, misi
- 46 -
maRali, brtyeli tani odnav moxrilia, aqvs samkuTxa moyva-
nilobis oTxkuTxa piri. Mmesame culsac msgavsi, oTxkuTxa
moyvanilobis piri aqvs.
fiWvnarSi culebTan dakavSirebuli aRmoCenebiT das-
turdeba, rom kolxuri rkinis culi mravali saukunis winaa
Seqmnili da mas saukuneebis manZilze gamoiyenebdnen sacxov-
rebeli da sameurneo nagebobebis mSeneblobis procesSi. is
gamorCeulia Tavisi xarisxiTa da gamZleobiT.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom am saxis rkinis culebi
cnobilia urekis samarovnidanac. rkinis culis ukanaskneli
aRmoCena 2009 wlis gazafxulze moxda: urekSi, kerZod,
grigoleTSi, adgil „yvavilnarSi“ moqalaqe SoTa managaZem
sakuTar sakarmidamo nakveTSi miwis samuSaoebis dros,
SemTxveviT aRmoaCina mdidari samarxeuli kompleqsi,
romelic Sedgeboda sxvadasxva nivTisagan. monapovarTa
Sorisaa vercxlis mSvildsakinZi, brinjaos samedicino kov-
zebi, 11 cali importuli moneta, minis fiala, minis sanel-
sacxeble, sferos formis kidev erTi minis sanelsacxeble
WurWeli, romelic mniSvnelovania im mxrivac, rom is
erTaderTia am regionSi; amave samarxeul kompleqsSi aR-
moCenilia welSezneqili amfora, mozrdili fexiani jami, 2
cali rkinis Subispiri da CvenTvis saintereso rkinis culi.
aRmoCenili nivTTa simravle da maTi samecniero
mniSvneloba xazs usvams, rom urekis samarovani jer kidev
elis aRmoCenas. Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis analizi
gvaZlevs urekis samarovanis daTariRebis saSualebas.
urekis samarxeul kompleqsSi aRmoCenili nivTebi ax.w III –
IV saukunes miekuTvneba.
urekis rkinis lazur culs aqvs brtyeli mogrZo farTo,
oTxwaxnaga piri, ovalurganivkveTiani da aseve grZeli
satare xvreli, viwro, oTxwaxnaga moxrili tani. misi
zomebia: simaRle 15 sm, piris sigrZe 11 sm, satare xvrelis
diametri 4X3 sm.
- 47 -
urekis rkinis culi Tavisi aRnagobiT
Zalian axlosaa Crdilo-dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi sxvadasxva dros aRmoCenil
rkinis culebTan.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, rkinis
lazuri culebi vrceldebodnen Crdilo-
dasavleT saqarTveloSic. zemoT aRniSnul
culebTan tipologiurad Zalian axlosaa
afxazeTSi, webeldasa da apuStas arqeo-
logiur ZeglTa komleqsebSi Seswavlil rkinis culebTan
(Воронов, Вознюк, Юшин, 1970:188). afxazeTSi gvianantikuri
epoqis samarxebSi aRmoCenili rkinis lazuri culebi
SedarebiT masiuria, aqvT brtyeli da farTo piri, momaR-
lo tani. rogorc Cans, is samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
rkinis lazuri culebis erT-erT saxesxvaobas warmoadgens,
aRsaniSnavia is, rom samarxebi, romlebSic culebi aRmoCn-
da, III-IV saukuneebs miekuTvneba (Воронов, Вознюк, Юшин,
1970:175).
amrigad, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (petra-cixis-
Ziri, fiWvnari, ureki) aRmoCenili gvianantikuri _ adre Sua
saukuneebis rkinis culebis erTi saxeoba SeiZleba lazur
culad miviCniod. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rkinis lazuri
culi gavrcelebuli Cans ara mxolod sakuTriv lazeTSi,
aramed TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi da
gansakuTrebiT samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos terito-
riaze. is aqtiur xmarebaSi Cans gvianantikuri xanidan,
gansakuTrebiT _ adre Sua saukuneebidan. samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTveloSi Semdgomi xanis rkinis lazuri culebis
aRmoCena ar dafiqsirebula, maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb XVII-
dan mxolod werilobiTi wyaroebi saubrobs, rogorc
iTqva, bolo wlebamde rkinis lazuri culi farTod gamoi-
yeneboda aqaurTa eTnografiul yofaSi.
- 48 -
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi t. I Tbilisi 1970 w. gv
286, 290.
2. kaxiZe a., vikersi m., fiWvnari I, Tbilisi 2004 w.
3. inaiSvili n, cixisZiris ax. w I_VI ss. arqeologiuri
Zeglebi. sdsZ XXI, Tbilisi, 1993. gv. 83.
4. kaxiZe n., lazi ostatebis wvlili qarTuli meliToneobis
istoriaSi. nbiS IV, baTumi, 2005 w. gv.13
5. Воронов Ю. Н, Вознюк А. С, Юшин В. А, Апуштинский могильник
IV_VI ВВ. Н.Э. В Абхазии. СА I. 1970, 175-190.
- 49 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
andro samxaraZe
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis II kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: sulxan kupraSvili
saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi
zogierT rusul wyaroSi
aRniSnul sakiTxs Cven ganvixilavT ramdenime rusuli
wyaros mixedviT. pirveli gaxlavT `kavkasiki kalendris”
ramdenime nomeri, romlebSic mocemulia me-19 saukunis rusi
istorikosebis mier damuSavebuli saqarTvelos istoriis
zogierTi periodi. agreTve, Cvens mier ganxilul iqna 1900
wels TbilisSi dabeWdili mixeil gluSkovis saqarTvelos
istoria.
sanam sakiTxis uSualo ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, mizanSe-
wonilad migvaCnia ganvixiloT ras warmoadgenda `kavkazski
kalendari~ da rogori obieqturobiT aSuqebda is Cveni
qveynis istorias.
`kavkazski kalendari~ warmoadgenda periodul gamoce-
mas, romelic ibeWdeboda TbilisSi 1846 wlidan 1916 wlis
CaTvliT. yovelwliurad gamodioda erTi nomeri, romlis
moculoba daaxloebiT 500 nabeWd gverds Seadgenda. aRniS-
nuli gamocemis Seqmnas safuZvlad daedo is garemoeba, rom
kavkasiaSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebisa da ganmtki-
cebis Semdeg centraluri saimperatoro xelisufleba dain-
teresebuli iyo detalurad Seeswavla kavkasiis regionis
- 50 -
sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli cxovreba, gansakuTrebiT ki
axlad dakavebuli qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri
prioritetebi. swored amitom `kavkazski kalendari ~ war-
moadgenda carizmis erT-erT umTavres oficialur beWdviT
organos kavkasiaSi.
gamocemis yoveli nomris Sesaval nawilSi aRniSnulia,
rom `kalendris~ Seqmnis idea modioda saimperatoro
karidan da mis gamocemas piradad kurirebda kavkasiis
mefisnacvali, romlis sakancelario mmarTvelobis stambaSi
xdeboda calkeuli nomrebis gamocema. `kavkazski kalend-
ris~ yoveli nomeri Sedgenilia Cveulebrivi kalendris
principiT, magram es imdenad maRal donezea gakeTebuli,
rom SeiZleba CaiTvalos erT-erT saukeTesod msoflioSi
Seqmnil analogiur gamocemebs Soris.
rogorc aRvniSneT, `kavkazski kalendris~ TiToeuli
nomeri sakmaod sqeltanian gamocemas warmoadgens, rogorc
ramdenime ganyofilebisagan Sedgeba. Cveulebriv, am ganyo-
filebebis raodenoba me-19 saukuneSi gamomaval nomrebSi
ZiriTadad xuTi aris xolme: 1. saeklesio ganyofileba; 2.
sazogadoebrivi da sacnobaro ganyofileba; 3. kavkasiis
mxaris istoriuli, geografiuli da statistikur aRwerilo-
baTa masalebis erToblioba; 4. literaturuli damatebani;
5. “kavkazski adres-kalendari”
aRsaniSnavia, rom meoTxe ganyofilebaSi, romelsac
zogadad literaturuli damatebani ewodeboda, ZiriTadad,
istoriuli, eTnografiuli da arqeologiuri xasiaTis
statiebi ibeWdeboda.
`kavkazski kalendris~ me-19 saukunis gamocemebis yoveli
nomris mesame ganyofileba iwyeba istoriuli xasiaTis ga-
mokvleviT, romlis sruli saxelwodeba aris: RirsSesaniS-
navi movlenebi kavkasiasa da amierkavkasiaSi da ruseTis
imperiis mTavrobis umniSvnelovanesi dadgenilebani am
mxareSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, “kavkazski kalendris”
- 51 -
me-2 ganyofilebaSi gvaqvs `qronologiuri CamonaTvali~ da
igi sayofacxovrebo xasiaTisaa. Cvens mier dasaxelebul
naSromsac sxvagvarad misi Semdgenlebi `qronologiur
Cvenebebs~ ubralod `qronologias~ uwodebdnen. rodesac
saubaria `kavkazski kalendris~ qronologiaze, igulisxmeba
`qronologiuri Cvenebebi~ da ara gamocemis me-2 ganyofi-
lebaSi dabeWdili `qronologiuri CamonaTvali~. `qrono-
logia~ mraval saintereso cnobas gvawvdis saqarTvelosa
da saerTod kavkasiis istoriis Sesaxeb. is erTgvar gza-
mkvlevs, SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmZRvanelos Sekvecil va-
riants warmoadgenda aRniSnuli regionis istoriiT dain-
teresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis. `qronologias~ Tavisi aqtua-
luroba Tanamedrove periodSic ar daukargavs da war-
moadgens TariRebis erTobliobas Sesabamisi komentarebiT.
`qronologiis~ umTavresi Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom mis Semdgenlebs ar gamorCeniaT saqarTvelosa da
somxeTis istoriis TiTqmis arc erTi mniSvnelovani mov-
lena, rom ar daeTariRebinaT da Sesabamisi komentari ar
gaekeTebinaT misTvis. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom
qronologia ufro metad saqarTvelos istoriis warsulis
amsaxvel movlenebs ukeTebs komentars. `qronologiis~
pirveli TariRi aucileblad Zv.w. 2500 welia, romliTac
misi avtorebi msoflio warRvnas aTariReben, xolo bolo
TariRi kalendris konkretuli nomris gamocemis welia. es
komentarebi, nawilobriv, istoriuli movlenis garkveul
analizsac warmoadgens. ismis kiTxva, ramdenad axlosaa
`qronologiis~ TariRebi da misi komentarebi istoriul
sinamdvilesTan? es TariRebi moZiebuli da gaanalizebulia
me-19 saukunis me-2 naxevarSi. samwuxarod, cnobili ar aris,
ra wyaroebsa da imxanad arsebul mwir samecniero
literaturas eyrdnobodnen avtorebi da isic, vinc adgenda
Tu adgendnen am `qronologias~. masze dakvirveba cxadyofs,
rom yvela TariRi da misi komentari moyvanilia ara
- 52 -
mxolod qarTul (an somxur) istoriul masalaze dayrd-
nobiT, aramed ucxouri cnobebis gaTvaliswinebiTac. isto-
riuli TariRebis qronologiuri nusxa _ es ar aris
mxolod kavkasiis qveynebis umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa
CamonaTvali, aramed igi Sejerebulia kavkasiis mezobel
xalxTa da qveynebis im movlenebis komentarebiT, romlebic
istoriis garkveul periodebSi gavlenas axdendnen kavka-
siis xalxebis cxovrebaze. `qronologiaSi~ Cven vxvdebiT Zv.
saberZneTis, egviptis, romis, iranis, TurqeTis, bizantiis,
ruseTis da dasavleT evropis qveynebis istoriul Tari-
Rebs, rogorc aRvniSneT, TariRebis aRnusxva Zv. w. 2500
wlidan iwyeba me-19 saukunis CaTvliT, magram am CamonaT-
valSi erTgvar gammijnav zRvars warmoadgens jer 1801
(aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyroba ruseTis mier) da
Semdeg 1810 weli (imereTis samefos gauqmeba). Tu manamdeli
TariRebis daaxloebiT 90 procenti politikuri xasiaTisaa,
1810 wlis Semdeg `qronologiis~ dadgenilebis aRweriT
Semoifarglebian. es albaT imiTac iyo gamowveuli, rom
sakuTari xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg carizmi kavka-
sias sakuTari teritoriis nawilad aRiqvamda da ar surda
yuradReba gaemaxvilebina politikuri xasiaTis im movle-
nebze, romlebic ZiriTadad imperiuli xelisuflebis wina-
aRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. `kavkazski kalendris~ `qronolo-
giur CvenebebSi~ mocemuli gvaqvs saqarTvelos istoriis
100-ze meti TariRi da maTi komentari.Aam mxriv Cvens
gakvirvebas iwvevs is, rom samxreT saqarTvelo am Tari-
Robriv maCveneblebSi mxolod oTxi, xuTi an maqsimum eqvsi
movlenis komentariT aris warmodgenili.Mmainc, rogor
aris ganxiluli samxreT saqarTvelos istoria?
xSir SemTxvevaSi ignorirebulia zogierTi istoriuli
movlena, magaliTad aRniSnulia, rom Zv.w 400 wels 1000-ma
berZenma moqiravnem qsenofontesTan erTad ilaSqra som-
xeTSi. arada sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom berZenma moqi-
- 53 -
ravneebma samxreT saqarTveloze gaiares 401 wels da amas
TviT qsenofontec aRiarebs Tavis `anabasisSi.~ berZnebs am
dros sakmao samxedro kontaqtebi mouwia qarTvelebTan.
`qronologiaSi~ aris erTi aseTi TariRi _ 700 weli da
mis gaswvriv aRniSnulia, rom am dros samcxe-javaxeTSi
pirvelad mmarTvelebad mogvevlinen bagrationebi. bagra-
tionebi speridan arian da es Zveli qarTuli mxare sa-
qarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi xSirad gvevlineba, magram ara
700 wels, Zlieri arabuli eqspansiis dros.Bbagrationebi ki
oficialurad qveynis meTaurebad me-6 saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi gvevlinebian qarTlis antiiranuli ajanyebis dros.
samwuxarod, rus avtorebs daSvebuli aqvT erTi Zalian
didi uzustoba _ samcxeSi jayelebis mmarTvelobis perio-
dad maT 1285-1306 wlebi aqvT mocemuli, rac veraviTar
kritikas ver uZlebs.
kidev erTi TariRis Sesaxeb qronologiaSi miTiTebu-
lia, rom 1578 wels iranma da TurqeTma gaiyves samcxe-
saaTabago. samcxe iranma da osmaleTma 1555 wels gaiyves,
xolo 1578 wels iwyeba mustafa lala faSas laSqroba,
romlis Semdeg samxreT saqarTvelo mTlianad gadavida
TurqeTis xelSi, 1579 wlidan ki Turqebma daipyres gur-
jistanis, anu Cildiris vilaieTi, romelic axalcixis safa-
Sos saxeliT ufro aris cnobili.
1869 wlis `kavkazski kalendris~ nomerSi daibeWda qu-
Taisis gimnaziis maswavleblis aleqsei golovinis saqarT-
velos istoria (Об истории Грузии). am 200-gverdian naS-
romSi mocemuli gvaqvs saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi
droidan 1807 wlamde. iseve, rogorc sxva istorikosebTan,
a.golovinTanac Zalian cota aris moTxrobili samxreT
saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb.
1. a.golovini aRniSnavs, rom 627 wels herakle keisris
jarSi didi adgili ekava `mesxur kavalerias~. Cveni azriT,
am terminSi rusi avtori unda gulisxmobdes bizantielebis
- 54 -
mxares meomar aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobas.
2. a.golovini amis Semdeg samxreT saqarTvelos Temas
mxolod orjer wamowevs. pirvelad is saubrobs daviT
ulus 1260 wlis ajanyebaze monRolTa winaaRmdeg da arsad
axsenebs am movlenis mTavar moqmed pirs _ sargis jayels
da mas mxolod im pirovnebad miiCnevs, romelmac samcxe Ca-
moaSora saqarTvelos. ratomRac rusi avtori ar saubrobs
sargis jayelis im pozitiur rolze, romelic man iTamaSa
daviT ulus gadarCenaSi ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg.
3. amis Semdeg aleqsei golovini samcxis Temas axsenebs
giorgi brwyinvalesTan dakavSirebiT. sainteresoa, a.golo-
vins giorgi brwyinvale daviT aRmaSeneblis masStabis
moRvawed miaCnia, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom didi winapris
msgavsad, kavkasiis gaerTianeba `nikofsiidan darubandamde~
giorgi mexuTemac saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT daiwyo.
avtori saubrobs ra mefis mier saqarTvelos gaerTianebaze
zustad miuTiTebs, rom 1330 wels SemoerTebuli iqna dasav-
leT saqarTvelo, xolo 1334 wels samcxe-saaTabago. a. go-
lovinis azriT, 1334 wels gardaicvala beqa jayeli, romlis
SviliSvili yvaryvare mefem TviTon dasva aTabagad. sinamd-
vileSi beqa 1327 wels gardaicvala da giorgim aTabagad
biZamisi beqa daadgina, romelic gardaicvala swored 1334
wels. beqa jayels avtori giorgis aRmzrdelad miiCnevs,
Tumca arsad ar asaxelebs, Tu ra naTesaoba hqonda saqarT-
velos mefes samcxis samTavro karTan. aqve samcxis samTav-
rosTan dakavSirebiT a.golovini erT mignebul daskvnas
akeTebs. kerZod imas, rom `am movlenebis Semdeg samcxis
Zlieri erisTavebi saqarTvelos mxolod im mefeebs emor-
Cilebodnen, romlebic umklavdebodnen da amarcxebdnen
gareSe mtrebs, xolo samefo xelisuflebis Sesustebis Sem-
deg, rac gamoiwvia qveynis SigniT areulobam, dro ixelTes
da damoukidebloba moipoves~.
- 55 -
bunebrivia, a.golovinis yuradRebis areSi moqceuli
aris giorgi V RonisZiebani saqarTvelos mTianeTSi.Mmefis
orgul mTiulebis mokavSireebad avtors ratomRac osebi
miaCnia, romlebic mTiulebTan erTad kvlav aoxrebdnen
qarTls. osTa kavSiri mTiulebTan avtorma SeiZleba ins-
tinqturad ivarauda, xolo rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mTis
mosaxleobas, mefem maT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia
imis gamo, rom mTaSi monRolTa batonobis Sedegad saxel-
mwifoebrioba Zalze Seirya da ganukiTxaoba sufevda. am
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT a.golovins saWirod ar miuCne-
via komentari gaekeTebina giorgi mexuTis samarTlebrivi
RonisZiebebisaTvis saqarTvelos mTianeTSi.
Cvenda samwuxarod, ar xerxdeba davadginoT, kidev ra
damokidebuleba hqonda imperiul istoriografias samxreT
saqarTvelos mimarT. Tumca gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom arc
sakuTar qarTul istoriografias vyavarT ganebivrebuli
samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis problemuri sakiTxebis
SeswavliT.
Ggamoyenebuli literatura
1. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi `кавказский календарь~-is
furclebze.
- 56 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
guram CxataraSvili
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis I kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: SoTa mamulaZe
SavSeTis materialur-kulturuli
Zeglebi
(saTlelis svetis cixe)
yvela qveyanas aqvs iseTi adgili, romelic warsuli
didebis siamayea, winaparTa cocxali matianea. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos istoriuli tao-klarjeTis
teritoria, sadac uamravi arqeologiuri da xuroTmoZRv-
ruli Zegli mdebareobs, romelTa umetesi nawili, samwuxa-
rod, Seuswavlelia. swored am ukanasknelTa ricxvs mie-
kuTvneba SavSeTSi saTleliis (svetis) cixe.
cixis mSenebloba dakavSirebulia saqarTvelo-bizantiis
urTierTobebTan X-XI saukuneebSi. swored im mZime poli-
tikurma viTarebam, romelSic im dros imyofeboda saqarT-
velo, ganapiroba cixeebisa Tu sxva sasimagro mniSvnelobis
nagebobaTa ageba. sumbat daviTis-Zis mixedviT, cixe 1028
wels saba mtbevars augia, maSin, roca saqarTvelos bizan-
tielTa sardali parkimanosi utevda.
cixes sakmaod strategiuli mdebareoba ekava. igi akont-
rolebda rogorc imierxevsa Tu SavSeTze aWariswylis
xeobis sxvadasxva punqtebze gamaval gzebs, ise klarjeTTan
damakavSirebel uZveles gzebs.
- 57 -
cixis teritoriaze mravali sxvadasxva daniSnulebis
nagebobaTa naSTebi Cans, romelTa mniSvnelobis gansazRvra
aq mimdinare arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gaxdeba
SesaZlebeli.
rogorc iTqva, X-XI ss-is mijnaze saqarTvelo politi-
kurad didi gansacdelis winaSe aRmoCnda. mzardi feoda-
luri qveyana bizantias Seejaxa. saqarTvelosa da bizantias
Soris urTierToba gansakuTrebiT XI s-is 20–iani wlebis
bolos da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiZaba. sadavo da
brZolis obieqti gaxda daviT kurapalatis yofili samflo-
belos garkveuli raionebi da cixesimagreebi. am niadagze
1021-1022 wlebSi giorgi I mefobis xanaSi, orjer gaimarTa
mkacri brZola qarTvelebsa da bizantielebs Soris. bevri
sisxli daiRvara da dasaxlebuli punqtic ganadgurda
[kopaliani, 1972: 176].
XI s. dasawyisSi bizantiis imperiam saqarTvelos Camoa-
Sora imier tao (samxreT tao) _ daviT kurapalatis samem-
kvidreo. unda iTqvas, rom am samflobeloze iuridiulad
bagrat III ufleba aRar hqonda, radgan daviT kurapalatma
ara marto TviTon misca piroba basilis, rom sikvdilis
Semdeg Tavis samflobelos mas uanderZebda, aramed basil-
Tan gagzavna Tavisi aznaurebi, romelTac mas ficiT piroba
misces, rom daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg Tavis cixeebs
gadascemdnen [lorTqifaniZe, 1979: 175].
marTlac, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
“gamovida basili berZenTa mefe, da miscnes mas cixeni
aznaurTa ama daviTisTa, da daipyra basili mefeman mamuli
daviT kurapalatisa”... [sumbat daviTis-Ze, 382].
sruliad aSkaraa, rom daviTis aznaurebma micemuli pi-
robis safuZvelze gadasces cixeebi basils, romelmac taosa-
gan Seqmna iberiis Temi _ sakatabano da iq mmarTvelad
berZeni katabani daniSna.
samxreT taos bizantiis xelSi gadasvliT saqarTvelos
samxreT-dasavleTi zRude moerRva. am teritorias didi
- 58 -
mniSvneloba hqonda rogorc bizantiisaTvis, romelic aqe-
dan avrcelebda Tavis eqspansias saqarTvelosa da somxeT-
ze, ise saqarTvelosa da somxeTisaTvisac [berZeniSvili, 9].
amdenad, imier taos dakargva mZime marcxi iyo saqarT-
velos saxelmwifosaTvis da amitom gasagebia, rom gaerTia-
neba-gaZlierebis gzaze mdgari qveyana yovel xelsayrel
SemTxvevaSi ecdeboda am marcxis gamosworebas [lorTqifa-
niZe, 1969: 39]. amisTvis xelsayrel momentad giorgi I
CaTvala basili II omi bulgarelebTan (1014-1016 ww), SeiWra
samxreT taoSi “da daikava is simagreebi da mxareebi,
romelnic misma biZam, daviT kurapalatma dauTmo mefe
basils” _ bulgarelebTan omidan ZlevamosilebiT dabrune-
bulma basilma giorgis dakavebuli teritoriis dacla
mosTxova. giorgim imperatoris moTxovnaze uari ganacxada,
rasac swored mohyva zemoT aRniSnuli bizantia-saqarTve-
los 1021-1022 ww. omi, sadac qarTvelebi sastikad damarcxd-
nen. [lorTqifaniZe, 1979: 178].
1023 w. bizantiasTan dadebuli zavi sakmaod mZime piro-
bebs iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelosTvis. giorgisadmi undob-
lad ganwyobilma imperatorma mas mZevlad ufliswuli
mosTxova, amasTanave, bizantiam daikava yvela is cixe, rac
manamde pirobiT Tu ZaliT hqonda daWerili.
XI s. dasawyisidan bizantia_saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi
axali xana iwyeba. amieridan bizantiis imperias ZiriTadad
gaerTianebul saqarTvelosTan aqvs saqme da mas aRar
SeuZlia saqarTvelos calkeul samefo-samTavroebis urTi-
erTSorisi mtroba Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos, Tumca
Cndeba meore momentic. kerZod, imave saukunis 20-iani wle-
bis meore naxevridan bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi
bizantiis agresiuli politikis xelSemwyobi sxva movlena
iCens Tavs, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom amieridan saim-
perio xelisufleba axal mokavSireebs gaiCens saqarTve-
loSi msxvili feodalebis saxiT da maTi daxmarebiT XI s.
- 59 -
60-ian wlebamde Zlier brZolas awarmoebs saqarTvelos
dasasusteblad, mis dasamorCileblad [kopaliani, 1967: 130].
sumbat daviTis-Zis gadmocemiT, bagratis gamefebisTanave
(1027 w) “aznaurni taoelni warvides saberZneTs: vaCe kari-
Wis Ze da baneli episkoposi ioane, da amaTTan umravlesni
aznaurni taosa, romelnime cixovanni da romelnime ucixoni
ganudges bagrats da mierTnes konstantines, Zmasa basili
berZenTa mefisasa”... [sumbat daviTis-Ze, 385].
aqve saWiroa ganimartos, “umravlesni aznaurni taosa”,
sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom taos aznaurTagan umravlesoba
maT gahyva. gayolilTagan, rogorc fiqroben, bevrs ZaliT
moaxvies TavianTi survili banelma da kariWis Zem.
SavSeTidanac pirvelad am mxaris administraciuli
meTauri da umsxvilesi feodali CanCuxa erisTavi miemxro
bizantias, romlis orientacias SavSeTis aznaurTa umravle-
soba da ZiriTadi masa mxars ar uWerda, radgan ukanasknel-
TaTvis bizantiis xelisuflebisa da misi kanonebis qveS
yofna xelsayreli ar unda yofiliyo.
tao-klarjeTis aznaurTa umravlesobisa da ZiriTadi
masis bizantiisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobis Sedegi unda iyos
is, rom bizantiam tao-klarjeTis damorCileba ver SeZlo
[javaxiSvili, 325].
1028 wels, rogorc daviT sumbatis Ze gadmogvcems _
“welsa meoresa bagratis gamefebisasa”, saqarTvelos bizan-
tiis sardali parkimanosi Semoesia didi jariTurT da
qveynis aoxreba daiwyo. aseTi gansacdelis drosac aznau-
rebma TavianTi orWofuli moqmedebebiT bizantielebs saqme
gauadviles: bizantiis sardalma Tavisi mdgomareobis
gaumjobeseba imdenad samxedro moqmedebiT ara, ramdenadac
aznaurTa gadabirebiT moaxerxa. maTi moqmedebiT qveyana da
bagrat IV did gansacdelSi iyo Cavardnili _ “gandges kua-
lad aznaurni da micnes cixeni bizantiis keisars” [qarTlis
cxovreba, 385]. da mxolod saba mtbevaris Tavgamodebulma
moRvaweobam da SavSeTis energiulma dacvam gadaarCina
- 60 -
mTeli es kuTxe berZenTa mZlavrobisagan. man Tavisi saepis-
koposos mcxovreblebisagan jari Seqmna da bizantielTa da
moRalate aznaurTa samxedro Zalas Tavisi samSoblos erT-
guli, qarTveli xalxis Zala daupirispira [javaxiSvili,
325].
da swored im dros, rodesac qveyana aseTi saSiSroebis
winaSe aRmoCnda, samSoblos dacva qarTuli qristianuli
eklesiis warmomadgenlebma ikisres. ,,ra Jams ixila saba
mtbevarman episkoposman, romel SavSeTs arRara ityo sxua
Rone, aago cixe Tavsa zeda tbeTisasa, daiWira qveyana
SavSeTisa, qmna didi erTguleba bagrat afxazTa mefisaTvis”
[matiane qarTlisai, 292]. sumbat daviTis Ze gadmogvcems:
“xolo aRaSena simagre saba mtbevar episkoposman, maxlo-
belad tbeTis eklesiisa da saxel-sdva mas sueti, da Sekriba
maSin man eri Tvisi da Sevides mas Sina TviT saba mtbevar
episkoposi, da ezra anCel episkoposi, da SavSeTis
aznaurni, da ganZlierda mas Sina” [sumbat daviTis-Ze, 386].
ase rom, SavSeTis (suetis) cixe saba mtbevars 1028
wlisaTvis auSenebia.
cixe agebulia meris wylisa da SavSeTis wylis xerT-
visSi, SemaRlebul, xeobisaken win wamoweul samkuTxa
kldovan borcvze (sur. 1; 2). igi akontrolebda imier xevze
Tu SavSeTze aWariswylis xeobis sxvadasxva punqtebisaken
gamaval gzebs, ise SavSeTis xeobaze artaanisa da meores
mxriv, klarjeTTan damakavSirebel uZveles gzebs. Aam gzeb-
zea ganlagebuli swored IX-X ss. aSenebuli klarjeTis qvis
TaRiani xidebis didi nawilic.
cixis Sida farTobi daaxl. 4 aTas kv.m-s Seadgens. mis
gegmas ZiriTadad kldovani reliefi gansazRravs. cixis
gabatonebul elements warmoadgens dasavleTis koSki (sur.
3), romelic 19 m simaRlisaa da rogorc iq amJamad
mimdinare gaTxrebma daadastura, 6 sarTuls moicavs. aqedan
kontroldeboda rogorc mTlianad xeobebi (SavSeTi,
meris), ise sakuTriv cixis teritoria. koSkis Siga, anu cixis
- 61 -
nawili naxevarwriuli moyvanilobisaa, xolo gare mxare
dakuTxulia. koSkis pirvel sarTulze mimdinare amJaminde-
li gaTxrebiT dadasturda 2 Tonis arseboba. koSkSi droTa
ganmavlobaSi 6 m simaRlis miwis nayari iyo dagrovili.
misi gawmendisas aq aRmoCnda metad saintereso Sinsaxmari
keramika (jamebi, doqebi, kecebi da a.S) (sur. 4, 5, 6). aqve
mravlad iyo warmodgenili ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis
(umetesad XI-XIII ss) moWiquli keramikac (sur. 7, 8, 9, 10).
jerjerobiT mxolod cixis erTi karibWe dasturdeba.
igi ganTavsebulia galavnis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi,
romelsac Cvens mier zemoT naxsenebi koSki akontrolebda.
rogorc Cans, cixe samxreT-dasavleTiT damatebiT
zRudesac Seicavda. cixeSi moxvedra mxolod am damatebiTi
zRudis gadalaxvis Semdgom SeiZleboda. saintereso suraTi
SeiniSneba cixis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSic. odnav win
gaziduli kedeli naxevarwriulia da mas samxreTidan edg-
mis daxloebiT aseTive 18-19 m simaRlis sworkuTxa koSki
(sur. 11). igi cixis kedlis simaRles 5 m-iTaa acilebuli.
jerjerobiT daudgenelia, Tu ramdeni sarTulisagan Sed-
geboda igi. araa gamoricxuli, wina koSkis msgavsad, esec 6
sarTuliani yofiliyo. igi, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad cixis
Sida teritoriis gakontrolebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.
arc is aris gamoricxuli am koSkis qveda sarTuli yazar-
mad yofiliyo gamoyenebuli (sur. 12).
cixis Sida samxreTi kedeli sakmaod mZlavr kontrfor-
sebsac Seicavda. Sida teritoriis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
nawilSi eklesiac yofila gamarTuli. igi bolomde ar aris
gamovlenili da amJamad iq mimdinare gaTxrebis dasrule-
bamde SeuZlebelia mis arqiteqturul tipze saubari.
cixis dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis, aseve aRmosav-
leTis kedlebi 2 metris sisqisaa, xolo aRmosavleTisa zog
adgilas 5 metrs aWarbebs. cixes mTlianad aqvs morRveuli
CrdiloeTi kedeli. misi moyvanilobis aRdgena mxolod
pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli. kedlebis wyoba reguraluria. igi
- 62 -
granitisa da bazaltis (saSualo zoma 40X40 sm da 30X30sm)
kvadrebiTaa nagebi. maT SemakavSireblad kirxsnaria gamo-
yenebuli.
cixis Sida teritoriaze Cans sxvadasxva daniSnulebis na-
gebobaTa naSTebi, romelTa daniSnulebac aq mimdinare ar-
qeologiri gaTxrebis Sedegad gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
ilustraciebi
sur. 1 sur. 2
sur. 3 sur. 4
- 63 -
sur. 5 sur. 6
sur. 7 sur. 8
sur. 9 sur. 10
- 64 -
sur. 11 sur. 12
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. II, Tb.,
1965
2. kopaliani v., saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTi-
erToba 970-1070 ww, Tb., 1967
3. kopaliani v., “Sirimnis” – “SirimTis” brZolisa da adgil-
mdebareobis Sesaxeb, Jurn. “mnaTobi”, 1972, # VII
4. lorTqifaniZe m., saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri da sagareo
viTareba X s-is 80-iani wlebidan XI s-is 80-ian wlebamde,
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, 1979
5. lorTqifaniZe m., feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri
gaerTianeba, Tb., 1969
6. ,,matiane qarTlisaÁ”, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb., 1955
7. sumbat daviTis-Ze, qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955
8. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II, Tb., 1955
- 65 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
Tornike diasamiZe
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis I kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: biWiko diasamiZe
banas saepiskoposo
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis simdidresa da mravalfe-
rovnebas mowmobs samxreT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, erT-erTi
maTgania SesaniSnavi saepiskoposo taZari bana, romelic
dRes, samwuxarod, nangrevebis saxiTaa SemorCenili. bana
iyo saqarTvelos erT-erTi saeklesio da saxelmwifoeb-
rivi centri istoriuli taos teritoriaze, Woroxis
xeobaSi, mdinare banas marjvena mxares, amJamad TurqeTis
sazRvrebSia ,,fanakis”
saxelwodebiT [beri-
Ze, 1973: 629-630].
banas taZari uTu-
od erTi ucnobiles-
Tagania Sua saukunee-
bis qarTuli xuroT-
moZRvrebis ZeglTa
Soris. ver naxavT
qarTuli arqiteqtu-
ris istoriis verc
erT narkvevs, rom banas TvalsaCino adgili ar hqondes
daTmobili. mas naxuloben xolme, rogorc wesi, saqarTve-
los istoriuli samxreT dasavleTi mxareebis ZeglebiT
- 66 -
dainteresebuli mkvlevarni [mefisaSvili, TumaniSvili, 1989:
5]. magram Cveni moxsenebis ZiriTadi mizania banas saepis-
koposo taZris rolis warmoCena Sua saukuneebis erTiani
qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis istoriaSi da misi gavlena
qarTul renesansze.
banas eparqia Sedioda qarTuli samociqulo marTlma-
didebluri eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi. misi mRvdelmTavrebi
atarebdnen banelis an banaelis wodebas. Tanamedrove
gamokvlevebiT iTvleba, rom banas Tavdapirveli taZari
aSenebulia VII s-is Sua wlebSi, xolo adarnase qarTvelTa
mefis dros (881-923) igi ganaxlebula gadakeTebula da
saepiskoposo kaTedrad gadauqceviaT, romelic arsebobda
XVIII s-is bolomde [Sengelia, silogava, 2006: 94].
banas eklesiis aSenebis dro garkveulad aqvs aRniSnuli
bagrationTa istorikoss sumbat daviTis-Zes, igi wers:
,,adarnase, Ze daviT kurapalatisa, dasues qarTvelTa me-
fed... da aman adarnase, Zeman daviT kurapalatisaman aRaSena
bana xeliTa banelisaTa, romeli igi iqmna pirvel epis-
kopos banel~ [qarTlis cxovreba, 1955: 347-348]. es aRniSvna
swored banas xelmeored agebas unda ukavSirdebodes.
vaxuSti batoniSvili ase aRwers banas: ,,am wyalzed (bana
fanaskertis wyalze), mTaSi ars bana, aw uwodeben fanaks, aq
ars eklesia gumbaTiani, didi, Svenierad nagebi, keTil-
Svenier adgils, aRaSena mefe adarnasem, da daflul arian
mefeni, ijda episkopozi mwyemsi fanaskertisa da sruliad
taosi, olTisisa da narumakisa da aw ars carieli” [vaxuSti
batoniSvili, 1941: 138].
XVI s-is dasawyisis istoriul sabuTSi ,,kaTalikozis
xelqveiTi mRvdelmTavarni da samwysoni samcxe-saaTaba-
goSi”, banas eparqiis sazRvrebi asea gansazRvruli: ,,banelis
samwyso, sul bani, taos kari, fanaskerti, harixis xeoba,
sruliad olTisi, namurakani” [doliZe, (a) 1965: 49].
mtris xSiri Tavdasxmebis gamo metad mwiri cnobebi
SemogvrCa banas eparqiasa da banis episkoposebze. mag., XIII
- 67 -
s_Si ,,gangeba darbazobisas” mixedviT mxolod isaa cnobili,
rom samefo darbazobis dros baneli episkopozi 32-e
adgilze ijda aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi saqarTvelos 37
ierarqs Soris walkelis Semdeg da Werem qalaqelis win,
aseve sul ramdenime baneli episkopozia cnobili sais-
torio wyaroebSi [doliZe, (b) 1965: 245].
XI s_Si cnobilia ori baneli episkopozi _ zaqaria da
ioane, orive am saukunis metad boboqari politikuri
movlenebis monawile iyo, _ gansakuTrebiT zaqaria baneli,
romelic banis mezobeli aseve marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
_ valaSkertis meTauric gaxda da xSirad wyaroebSi
zaqaria valaSkertelis an zaqaria banel_valaSkertelis
saxeliTaa cnobili. masve miniWebuli hqonia umaRlesi
bizantiuri saeklesio tituli svingelozisa.
sad da rodis Seudga zaqaria baneli sasuliero
moRvaweobas _ ar Cans, magram ukve 1022 wels igi gamoCnda
politikur asparezze. am wels basianSi laSqriT movida
bizantiis imperatori basili II da saqarTvelos mefis gior-
gi pirvelisagan moiTxova daebrunebina daviT kurpala-
tisagan anderZiT gadacemuli miwebi, romelic giorgi I_s
hqonda dakavebuli [lorTqifaniZe, 2008: 358]. molaparake-
baSi bizantiis mxridan monawileobda imperatoris ndobiT
aRWurvili piri zaqaria baneli, romelsac im droisaTvis
miRebuli hqonda valaSkertelis wodeba da svingelosis
tituli.
rogorc Cans, zaqaria baneli qarTuli mxaris sasargeb-
lod SeTanxmebas xelovnurad aWianurebda, rac imperators
da mis garemocvas SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT da zaqariac
imperatorma Serisxa. igi molaparakebas CamoaSores,
konstantinepolSi gadaasaxles da gamyolebs gzaSi misTvis
enis amoglejac daavales. es moTxovna Sesrulda Tu ara,
wyaroebidan ar Cans, igi sakuTar patara monasterSi
damkvidrda da farTo literaturul-kulturul moRvaweo-
bas Seudga [Sengelia, silogava, 2006: 98-99]
- 68 -
rogorc Cans, saepiskoposo kaTedrebs banaSi XI s-is
Semdeg didxans aRar uarsebia, SeiZleba igi Turq-selCukTa
Semosevebs Seewira, magram sasuliero centri iq Semdgom-
Siac didxans iyo _ aq monasteri arsebobda, rogorc XVI s-
Si gadawerili xelnawerebidan Cans.
garda imisa, rom bana erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saekle-
sio kaTedra iyo, is qarTvel mefeTa sakuTreba da rezi-
dencia_samyofelic yofila. sumbat daviTis-Zis TxzulebaSi
bagrat IV-is (1027-1072) Sesaxeb erTgan aRniSnulia, ,,moiwia
bagrat taos da Semovida Tvissa mamulsa banas” [qarTlis
cxovreba, 1955: 318]. savaraudod, es is periodia, rodesac
bagrati bizantiaSi imyofeboda da ukan daabrunes, bagrats
bizantiis imperatoris mdevrebi daadevnes giorgi I-is
urCobis gamo, magram bagratma saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi
Semosvla moaswro, rogorc Cans, bana im droisaTvis
giorgi I-is gamgeblobaSi Sedioda.
,,matiane qarTlisas” mixedviT, banaSi daiweres jvari
1030 wlis axlo xanebSi bagrat IV-m da bizantiis impera-
toris Zmis, roman argonis asulma elenem, es jvriswera
axali urTierTobis dasawyisi unda yofiliyo bizantiasa da
saqarTvelos Soris, magram dedoflis gardacvalebis gamo
viTareba Seicvala. banas eklesiaSi imarxebodnen erT dros
bagrationebi, ukanasknelad aq daasvenes vaxtang IV (1442-
1445) da misi meuRle siTi xaTuni [giviaSvili, koplataZe,
2004: 123].
osmaleTis imperiis dros banas taZari cixe-simagred
gadauqceviaT da 1877_1878 wlebSi, ruseT-osmaleTis omis
dros, eklesiis garSemo rusTa jari idga. aseve Tavisi
banaki hqoniaT iq osmalebsac, am omebis periodSi bana
Zlier dazianda.
yvela, vinc banas taZari moinaxula an Seiswavla, aRfr-
Tovanebulia misi ornamentebiT, silamaziT da mSveniere-
biT. ,,garda iSxanisa, mrgvali nageboba Cven gvaqvs agreTve
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegl banaSi, im gansxvavebiT
- 69 -
mxolod, rom genios xuroTmoZRvars Tavidan aucilebia is
konstruqciuli defeqtebi, romelic Zvel iSxans hqonda,
banis xuroTmoZRvarma Seqmna mxatvrulad kidev ufro
srulyofili, xolo konstruqciulad bevrad ufro mkvidri
nageboba, romelmac saukuneebs gauZlo” _ aRniSnavs pavle
ingoroyva [ingoroyva, 1955: 365].
pirveli cnobebi banas taZris sakuTriv arqiteqturuli
saxis Sesaxeb dagvitova germanelma mogzaurma da botani-
kosma karl koxma, man igi 1843 wels daaTvaliera, rodesac
Zegli jer kidev mTlianad iyo Semonaxuli [mefisaSvili,
TumaniSvili, 1989: 6]. “banasnairi taZari mTels aRmosav-
leTSi ar naxavs, aia-sofiis Semdeg aziaSi msgavsi araferi
Semxvedriao“, - uTqvams mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi
germanel botanikoss karl koxs.
banas xuroTmoZRvrebis kvleva realurad eq. TayaiSvil-
ma daiwyo. 1902 wels, roca man bana pirvelad inaxula
arqiteqtor s. kldiaSvilTan erTad, taZari ukve Zalzed
dangreuli iyo; 1907 wels eq. TayaiSvilma kvleva ganagrZo:
,,1907 wels, rodesac meored vinaxule bana, suraTi kidev
ufro samwuxaro iyo”, _ wers eq. TayaiSvili [TayaiSvili,
1991: 222-223].
eq. TayaiSvilma siZveleTa Seswavlis mizniT samxreT-
saqarTveloSi sami eqspedicia moawyo, banas grandiozuli
kaTedraluri taZridan mas mohyavs sami warwera, erTi
maTgani Sesrulebulia didi zomis asoebiT, taZris sakurT-
xevelSi. eq. TayaiSvili Tvlida, rom warwera Zalzed
Zvelia da SeiZleba taZris agebis droindeli iyos.
banas taZari aSenebulia gangeb zemoT davakebul mrgval
borcvze da Zvelad SemozRuduli iyo qviTkiris galavniT.
gegmiT tetrakonqis Temis Taviseburi variantia _ tetra-
konqi mrgvali SemosasvleliT. konstruqciuli Tvalsaz-
risiT, es friad originaluri da rTuli Senobaa [beriZe,
1974: 32-33].
- 70 -
banas kaTedrali warmoadgens gumbaTian rotondas
masSi Cawerili tetrakonqiT, romelic uwyveti garSemosav-
leliTaa garsSemortymuli. misi centraluri nawili
gegmaSi jvris formisaa, Tanatoli mklavebi daboloebulia
svetebze gadayvanili TaRebiT, romlebic afsidebis kedlebs
ikaveben.
banas msgavsi Zeglebi saqarTvelos garda cnobilia
mxolod somxeTSi (zvarTnocisa da gagik mefis taZrebi).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, XVIII s-is Sua xanebSi banas
eparqia daclili yofila, amis Semdeg igi arasodes
ganaxlebula, misi grandiozuli taZaric (fuZis diametri 38
m, Sida sivrcis simaRle 32 m) dRes nangrevebis saxiT dgas,
Tumca XIX s-is Sua xanebamde SedarebiT kargad iyo Semona-
xuli da mxolod am droidan dazianda.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, T.
lomourisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1941
2. beriZe v., Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974
3. beriZe v., adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli xelovneba,
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II, Tb., 1973
4. giviaSvili i., koplataZe i., tao-klarjeTi, Tb., 2004
5. TayaiSvili e., arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTissa da
sof. CanglSi, dabruneba, I, Tb., 1991
6. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule, Tb., 1955
7. mefisaSvili r., TumaniSvili d., banas taZari, Tb., 1989
8. qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb., 1955
9. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, II, Tb., 1977
10. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, saero saka-
nonmdeblo Zeglebi, Tb., 1965
11. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, saero saka-
nonmdeblo Zeglebi, Tb., 1965
- 71 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
kaxa qamadaZe
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
arqeologiis specialobis magistraturis I kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: biWiko diasamiZe
tbeTis saepiskoposo
saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze ar moiZebneba arc erTi kuTxe,
arc erTi xeoba da sofeli, rom warsulis raime naSTi ar
iyos darCenili. gamonaklisi arc tao-klarjeTis mxarea. am
saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba is Zveli qarTuli regionebi,
romlebic amJamad TurqeTis farglebSia moqceuli da Sead-
genen arTvinis, artaanis, yarsisa da erzrumis vilaieTebs
(Sengelia, 2008: 5).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTels am mxares dRes erTiani
saxelwodebiT tao-klarjeTad movixseniebT, misi ori
regioni – sakuTriv tao da klarjeTi marTlac gamorCeu-
lia rogorc warsuli politikuri istoriiT, ise adgiliT
saqarTvelos eklesiaSi. TiToeuli maTganis teritoriaze
arsebobda or-ori saepiskoposo kaTedra: klarjeTSi _
anCi da tbeTi, xolo taoSi, iSxani da bana. isini iseve, ro-
gorc samcxe-saaTabagos sxva saepiskoposoebi, gauqmda XVIII
saukuneSi, iq osmalTa gabatonebis gamo (Sengelia, siloga-
va, 2006: 6).
tao-klarjeTis arqiteqturis erT-erTi mSveneba tbeTis
kaTedralia. igi mdebareobs istoriul SavSeTSi, q. SavSeTi-
dan daaxloebiT 15 km-ze. taZari agebulia IX s bolos an X s
- 72 -
dasawyisSi erisTavT-erisTavis _ aSot kuxis mier (918),
romelic am mxares ganagebda mamamisis gurgen kurapalatis
gardacvalebis Semdeg (giviaSvili, koptalaZe, 2004: 117).
SavSeTis garda, aSot kuxis samflobeloSi Sedioda artaa-
ni, samcxe da aWara, rezidencia ki iyo sof. tbeTSi (ingo-
royva, 1954: 99).
XI s qarTveli istorikosis _ sumbat daviTis-Zis gadmo-
cemiT: ,,aSot erisTavT-erisTavman, Zeman gurgen kurapala-
tisaman, romelsa ewoda kuxi, aRaSena tbeTi SavSeTs da
ganasrula igi yovelTa gangebiTa da dasua pirvelad
epikoposad sanatreli stefane uwyebiTa sulisa wmidisaTa”
(sumbat daviTis-Ze, 1955 : 380). tbeTi aSot kuxis dros ga-
daiqca qarTuli mwerlobisa da mwignobrobis mniSvnelovan
centrad. aq Seiqmna stefane mtbevaris himnografiuli
Txzuleba ,,wameba wmidisa mowamisa gobronisi” (914-918),
romelic aSot kuxis piradi iniciativiT yofila dawerili.
aq moRvaweobdnen mwignobrebi daviT tbeli, akvila mtbeva-
ri da sxvebi. tbeTis xelnawerebidan umniSvnelovanesia
tbeTis saxareba (995), romelic amJamad santk-peterburgis
sajaro biblioTekaSi inaxeba. SemorCenilia `tbeTis sulTa
matiane~ (XII-XVII ss), romelic mdidar masalas Seicavs
SavSeTisa da aWaris istoriuli geografiisa da sagvareu-
loTa Sesaxeb (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, 1985: 680).
adgilis saxelwodeba tbeTi, romelic eparqiazecaa
gadasuli, tbas ukavSirdeba da tbian Tu tbebian adgils
niSnavs. vaxuSti batoniSvili tbeTis aRwerisas aRniSnavs,
rom: ,,moigo saxeli mun myofTa mciredTa da mravalTa
tbaTagan” (batoniSvili, 1973: 679)
tbeTis taZari Tavisi xuroTmoZRvruli formebiT, mor-
TulobiT, ornamentuli dekoriT da maRalmxatvruli fres-
kuli mxatvrobiT didebul sanaxaobas warmoadgenda (sur.
1). Tavdapirveli eklesiis arqiteqturis Sesaxeb metad mwi-
ri cnobebi mogvepoveba. is maleve dangreula, 960-970 ww-Si
- 73 -
aSenda meore taZari, romelic, rogorc Cans, iyo gumba-
Tiani rvamklava eklesia. igi male Secvala axalma jvar-
gumbaTovanma nagebobam, romelic X-XI ss mijnaze augiaT.
tbeTis mesame taZari kidev mravaljer gadakeTda, Tumca,
jvargumbaTovani kompozicia SeinarCuna. XI s dasawyisSi
nawilobriv aRadgines taZris aRmosavleTi, samxreTi da
CrdiloeTi mklavebi, XII s II naxevarSi aRadgines samxreTi
mklavi, XIV s ki _ gumbaTi (giviaSvili, koptalaZe, 2004 :
117-119). ase idga taZari XX s II naxevramde. 1961 wels
mTlianad Caiqca gumbaTi, daingra taZris Crdilo-dasavleT
mklavi da TaRi (tab. I; sur 1, 2, 3, 4). ngreva gamouwvevia
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier taZris qvebis samSeneblo
miznebiT gadazidvas, amis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian frangi
xelovnebaTmcodneebi n. da m. tierebi, romlebmac tbeTis
taZari 1967 wels moinaxules da Seiswavles. (silogava,
Sengelia, 2006: 68).
yvela, vinc moaswro tbeTis pirvandeli saxiT naxva,
aRniSnavs mis didebulebas, dekoratiuli samkaulis mraval-
ferovnebasa da garemomcveli bunebis mSvenierebas. vaxuSti
batoniSvili aRniSnavs rom: ,,tbeTs ars eklesia gumbaTiani,
mdidrad nagebi da did-mSvenieri” (batoniSvili, 1973: 679)
(sur. 6)
g. yazbegi, romelmac tbeTis eklesia XIX s inaxula da
dawvrilebiT aRwera misi imJamindeli mdgomareoba, aRta-
cebiT wers, rom: ,,tbeTis monasters SeuZlia romic ki
daamSvenos - ise kargia misi saerTo xedi da saucxooa misi
detalebi. taZars grandiozuli Sesaxedaoba aqvs da ufro
did STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre mcxeTis, zarzmisa da
safaras taZrebi” (yazbegi, 1995: 79-80). xolo cnobili Turqi
mwerali faqir baiyurTi 1974 wels gamoqveynebul moTxro-
baSi _ ,,jevizlis eklesia” wers: ,,aravin icis, Tu ramdeni
wlisaa es uzarmazari nageboba, iqneb aTasis, an iqneb metis.
zogi ras ambobs, zogi ras... mis sidiades mxolod maSin
- 74 -
aRiqvam, rodesac miuaxlovdebi, SigniT Sexval da maRla
aixedav. Zveli epoqis, aq mcxovrebi xalxis dakarguli
sarwmunoebis, maTi civilizaciis naSTia igi” (giviaSvili,
koptalaZe, 2004: 121).
tbeTis eparqiis istoriuli bedi mWidrod iyo dakavSi-
rebuli SavSeT-klarjeTis da aWaris istoriasTan. tbeTis
samwysoSi misi warmoqmnidan XIIIs-mde, rogorc Cans, Sedio-
da mTeli SavSeTi da aWara. erT-erTi istoriuli sabuTi
,,gangeba darbazobisa” gvawvdis epikoposTa sias. masSi
istoriul zemo qarTlSi dasaxelebulia Semdegi eparqiebi:
awyuris (samcxe), kumudos (javaxeTi), iSxnis (tao), anCis
(klarjeTi), tbeTis (SavSeTi), wurwyabis, wyarosTavis, eru-
SeTis, banis (tao). SavSeTsa da aWaris mxareSi Cans mxolod
erTi eparqia – tbeTisa. SemdegSi, rogorc Cans, mxolod
tbeTis eparqiis teritoriuli farglebi ramdenadme Seik-
veca. XVI s Sedgenili erT-erTi istoriuli sabuTis mixed-
viT, sadac samcxe saaTabagos eparqiebia CamoTvlili, mtbe-
varis samwysoSi Sedioda mTeli SavSeTi miWixaniT da aWa-
ris erTi nawili, xolo aWaris meore nawili ki am pe-
riodSi Sedioda quTaTelis samwysoSi.
amrigad, XVI s tbeTis eparqiaSi aRar Cans aWaris nawi-
li – dandalos qvemoTi, rogorc Cans, es gamoiwvia im ga-
remoebam, rom aWaris es nawili aRar iyo politikur-ad-
ministraciulad dakavSirebuli SavSeTTan da aRar Sedioda
samcxe-saaTabagoSi (enuqiZe 1977: 30). xsenebuli Zegli ase
gansazRvravs mtbevaris samwysos teritoriul farglebs:
,,daxatulas zedaTi, anakerts aqeTi sula SavSeTi miWixianT
batonis kaTalikosis, im qveynis episkoposic, iasaulic is
yofila, aWara dandalos zeiTi mas qonia, dandalos qve-
moTi aWara quTaTlis samwyso yofila” (baqraZe, 1987: 77).
tbeTis eparqiaSi mdebareobda wm. grigol xanZTelisa
da misi mowafeebis mier daarsebuli monastrebidan ori –
xanZTa, mamaTa monasteri da genaTle, dedaTa monasteri.
- 75 -
TiToeulma maTganma, gansakuTrebiT xanZTam, didi roli
Seasrula qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi.
tbeTis episkoposis pativi maRali iyo sxva mRvdelmTav-
rebSi – igi me-12 adgilzea dasaxelebuli aRmosavleT da
samxreT saqarTvelos 36 mRvdelmTavars Soris. ,,gangeba
darbazobisas” (XVIII s) mixedviT, mefis kurTxevis dros, mas
uWiravs adgili anCelsa da wurwyabels Soris. aseve maRa-
lia misi pativi sakuTriv samcxe-saaTabagos mRvdelmTavreb-
Si, aq mas me-5 adgili uWiravs am mxaris 13 mRvdelmTavars
Soris (doliZe, 1965: 48).
saistorio wyaroebSi sul 14 mtbevari episkoposia
cnobili, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura
iyo saba mtbevari. man gadamwyveti roli Seasrula 1028
wlis axlo xanebSi im drois erTob daZabul politikur
cxovrebaSi.
,,matiane qarTlisais” da sumbat daviTis-Zis cnobiT, ori
wlis gamefebul 11 wlis bagrat IV mamamisis giorgi I
gardacvalebis Semdeg ganudgnen taoeli aznaurebi vaCe
kariWis-Ze, CanCaxi faleli da arjevan hololas Ze, am orma
bizantias gadasca pirvelma cixe garylobisa, xolo meorem
werefTisa da wefTisa. gandgomil taoel aznaurebs SeuerT-
da baneli episkoposi ioanec. aseT viTarebaSi bizantiis
imperatorma konstantine VIII (1025-1028) jari gamogzavna
qveynis dasapyrobad (silogava, Sengelia, 2004: 76-84). aseT
dros ,,ra Jams ixila saba mtbevarman episkoposman, romel
SavSeTs arRara iyo sxua Rone, aago cixe Tavsa zeda tbeTi-
sasa, daiWira qveyana SavSeTisa, qmna didi erTguleba bag-
rat afxazTa mefisaTvis” (matiane qarTlisai, 1955: 292).
sumbat daviTis-Zis cnobiT: ,,saba mtbevarman simagre aago
maxloblad tbeTis eklesiasa da saxeli sdua mas sueti”
(sumbat daviTis-Ze, 1955: 386). saba mtbevars mxarSi amoudga
ezra anCeli, amasobaSi konstantine keisarma sikvdilis
moaxloeba igrZno da jari ukan gamoiwvia. igi gardaicvala
- 76 -
kidec 1028 wels. bizantias saqarTvelosaTvis aRar ecala,
sasaxlis karze gadatrialebebi daiwyo da qveyanas gansac-
delma gadauara. amieridan samefo xelisuflebam mtbevar-
episkoposs saero xelisuflebac _ SavSeTis erisTavobac
uboZa. mtbevarebs es Tanamdeboba gahyva eparqiis arsebobis
bolomde.
ukanaskneli mtbevari episkoposi, romelic saistorio
wyaroebSi ixsenieba, aris gedeon safaris-Ze (XVII s 30-iani
wlebi). 1650 wels osmaleTis sulTanma mehmed IV (1648-1687)
gedeon safaris Zes iSxneloba da mawyverloba uboZa. amis
Semdeg saistorio wyaroebSi wydeba cnobebi mtbevar
mRvdelmTavrebze. rogorc Cans, mas didxans aRar uarsebia
da gauuqmebiaT, iseve rogorc samcxe-saaTabagos sxva
saepiskoposoebi.
amrigad, tbeTis eklesia, romelic IX s bolosa da X s
dasawyisSi erisTavT-erisTavma aSot kuxma aago, qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi mSvenebaa.
tbeTis eparqiis istoriuli bedi mWidrod iyo dakavSi-
rebuli SavSeT-klarjeTis da aWaris istoriasTan. tbeTis
samwysoSi misi warmoqmnidan XIII s manZilze Sedioda mTeli
SavSeTi da aWara. SemdegSi tbeTis eparqiis teritoriuli
farglebi ramdenadme Seikveca da XIII s mis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda SavSeTi da aWaris erTi nawili – zemo aWara.
tbeTis saepikoposo kaTedra gauqmda XVIII saukuneSi am
mxareSi osmaleTis gabatonebis gamo.
- 77 -
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi,
sabWoTa aWara, 1987
2. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,
qarTlis cxovreba , t. IV, Tb., 1973
3. giviaSvili i., koptalaZe i., tao-klarjeTi, Tb., 2004
4. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1965
5. enuqiZe T., tbeTis sulTa matiane, Tb., 1977
6. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954
7. ,,matiane qarTlisai”, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb., 1955
8. sumbat daviTis-Ze, cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa,
qarTlis cxovreba, I. Tb., 1955
9. Sengelia k., tao-klarjeTis Zeglebi, Tb., 2008
10. Sengelia k., silogava v., tao-klarjeTi, Tb., 2006
11. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, IX, Tb., 1985
12. yazbegi g., sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baT., 1995
- 78 -
ilustraciebi:
sur. 1
sur. 2
- 79 -
sur. 3
sur. 4
- 80 -
sur. 5
- 81 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
lamara burkaZe
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
istoriis specialobis II kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: Tamaz futkaraZe
mogzauroba istoriul tao-klarjeTSi
2009 wlis 5-10 ivniss, prof. T. futkaraZesa da Cems
TanakurselebTan erTad vimyofebodi samecniero eqspedi-
ciaSi, istoriul tao-klarjeTSi.
tao-klarjeTis Sesaxeb mravali istoriuli naSromi
daiwera, amitomac Tavs Sevikaveb vrclad saqarTvelos am
kuTxis istoriul-geografiuli aRwerilobisagan da mo-
giTxrobT am mogzaurobis Sedegad danaxul da emociurad
gancdili dReebis Sesaxeb.
Cven ZiriTadad movinaxuleT Semdegi Zeglebi: dolisya-
na, xaxuli, parxali, oSki, xanZTa, tbeTi, artanuji da bo-
los gavecaniT bazgireTis yofiT kulturas.
Cveni didi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia im geografiulma
garemom, rac iq dagvxvda. es teritoria mTlianad kldovan
mTaTa sistemas warmoadgens. mcenareTa safari mxolod
mdinaris pirasaa, xolo wylidan gaSorebuli teritoriebi
udabnos saxes qmnis.
pirveli Zegli, romelic movinaxuleT, es iyo dolis-
yana. samwuxarod, taZari yvelasagan da yvelafrisagan
mitovebulia, iq mcxovrebT is Semosavlis wyarodac ki
gadauqceviaT. dRes es Zegli Zalzed savavalo mdgomareo-
- 82 -
baSia, im kedlebs, romlebic SemorCenilia, Camongrevis
safrTxe emuqrebaT. es saSiSroeba TiTqmis yvela im taZars
elis, romlebic am teritoriazea ganlagebuli. SedarebiT
karg mdgomareobaSia is taZrebi, romlebic meCeTad gada-
keTda da romelSic axlac mimdinareobs islamis swavleba,
amaze miuTiTebs iqve arsebuli saswavlo merxebi. aseTia
parxalisa da xaxulis taZrebi, am taZrebidan Cven mxolod
xaxulis taZarSi movaxerxeT Sesvla.
xaxuli mdebareobs TorTumis wylis marjvena Senakadis,
xaxulis wylis napiras. Tavdapirvelad am teritoriaze
mcire eklesia daviT I augia, xolo Semdgom daviT kura-
palats did taZrad da samonastro centrad uqcevia. is
warmoadgenda centralur-gumbaTovan da samnaviani bazili-
kis sinTezs. Semdeg ki es taZari gadakeTda meCeTad (Tayai-
Svili, 1960: 59, 60). xaxulis literaturuli keris Tvalsa-
Cino warmomadgenlebia: iovane xaxuleli, vasil bagratis-
Ze. am kulturul bazaze aRizarda giorgi mTawmindelic
(menabde, 1992: 74) taZarSi sakmaod kargadaa SemorCenili
freskebi, restavraciis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTi
sruli aRdgena. wm. nikolozisa da sxva mowameTa gamosaxu-
lebebi qarTvelebisagan Svelas iTxoven.
rac Seexeba parxals, samwuxarod, Cven misi Siga sivrcis
daTvaliereba ver SevZeliT, radgan iq axla muslimanuri
salocavia da ar mogvces ufleba misi daTvalierebisa.
Tavdapirvelad garkveuli Tanxa mogvTxoves, xolo Semdeg
gasaRebis uqonloba moimizezes.
parxali mdebareobs mdinare parxalis wylis xeobaSi,
lazistanis anu pontos mTagrexilis aRmosavleT kalTaze.
parxalis agebis drois zusti TariRi ar aris dadgenili.
pirdapir dros arc taZari gvaZlevs gadamwyveti mniSvne-
loba eniWeba parxalis ,,oTxTavs”, romelic parxalisaTvis
aris gadawerili iovane beraias mier, 973 wels, es ki imas
mowmobs, rom am droisaTvis parxalis taZari arsebobda.
- 83 -
aRniSnuli xelnaweris ukanasknel furcelze ikiTxeba: ,,wi-
naSe axalsa eklesiasa, axalsa sakurTxevelsa zeda daedgas”.
rogorc Cans parxalis taZari am dros axali agebuli
yofila. mis agebas daviT kurapalats miaweren, samwuxarod
mahmadianebis momZlavrebis Sedegad monasteri daeca da
misi bazilikuri Senoba meCeTad gadakeTda, ramac nageboba
ixsna dangrevisagan (menabde, 1992: 75).
opizaSi mxolod taZris nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili,
ezoSi ki meCeTia aSenebuli. opizis mdebareobis Sesaxeb
aseT cnobas gvawvdian: ,,SavSeTis wylisa da anakerts Soris,
Woroxis aRmosavleTiT, aWaris mTis kalTaze aris monas-
teri naTlimcemlisa, amas uwodeben opizis monasters”. am
monacemze dayrdnobiT Tavdapirvelad gaZnelda opizis
adgilsamyoflis dadgena. miiCnies, rom is aWaraSi mdeba-
reobda, xolo Semdeg darwmundnen, rom opiza imerxevSi _
klarjeTSi mdebareobs, maRal mTaze (menabde, 1962: 458).
mecnierebisaTvis jer kidev ucnobia opizis aSenebis
TariRi, Tumca es unda momxdariyo V s murvanis Semosevis
dros monasteri ganadgurda da mxolod VIII s. 50-ian
wlebSi, samoel opizelis meSveobiT mSenebloba aSots unda
Caetarebina. aris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom es taZari ara
VIII s. aramed IX s. unda aRdgeniliyo (menabde, 1962: 383, 387).
xanZTa Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT didad gansxvavdeba
sxva taZrebisagan. is udabnoSi gaSenebul oaziss waagavs,
irgvliv sul simwvanea da am simwvaneSi didi monastris
nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili. am nangrevebs Soris samreklo
sakmaod kargadaa Semonaxuli.
xanZTa klarjeTis kulturul-literaturul kerebs So-
ris qronologiurad opizis savanis momdevno da mTeli
mxaris samonastro kolonizaciis sayrdeni baza iyo. aqaur
moRvaweTa daxasiaTebiT, is amqveyniuri cxovrebisagan
gamdgar pirTa saukeTeso samyofs warmoadgenda. xanZTis
monastris damaarsebeli, tao-klarjeTis samonastro ko-
- 84 -
lonizaciis iniciatori da sulis Camdgmelia grigol
xanZTeli. man Cauyara safuZveli tao-klarjeTis qarTul
ber-monazvnobasa da samonastro cxovrebas. xanZTaSi Tavda-
pirvelad aRaSena grigolma Zelis eklesia, xolo Semdeg,
qvis. xanZTis eklesia unda aSenebuliyo VIII s. ukanasknel
meoTxedSi (menabde, 1992: 64).
XI s. xanZTel moRvaweTagan CvenTvis cnobilia mose
xanZTeli, romelsac 1085 wels gadauweria ,,saweliwado
sawinaswarmetyvelo” (menabde, 1992: 66).
iSxanSi freskebi sakmaod kargadaa SenarCunebuli, gum-
baTi mTlianad moxatulia da misi danaxva sakmaod kargadaa
SesaZlebeli. aRsaniSnavia is, rom am taZris yoveli sveti
gansxvavebuli ornamentebiTaa Semkuli.
iSxani mdebareobs olTisis wylis marjvena napirze
maRal tafobze. vaxuSti wers: ,,arTvins zeiT mierTvis Wo-
roxs dasavleTidan xevi, romelic gamosdis TorTom-
ispiris mTasa, modis aRmosavleTiT, am xevzed aris iSxnis
cixe, friad magari, didSeni da gumbaTiani, didmSvenierad
nagebi”. (TayaiSvili, 1960: 7)
saepiskoposo kaTedrali iSxanSi augia iSxnel somex
nerse kaTalikoss VII s. agebuli taZari IX s. meored aRa-
Sena saba iSxnelma. XI s. Zireulad gadaakeTes anton iSxne-
lis xelmZRvanelobiT (menabde, 1962: 442).
iSxani warmoadgenda erTnaviani bazilikisa da centra-
lur gumbaTovani taZris sinTezs. rogorc Cans, iSxans XV s.
CaTvliT didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, magram saqarTvelos
daSlis Semdeg iSxanma dakarga siZliere. ukve XVI s. SeiniS-
neba iSxnis gamococxleba da literaturuli tradiciebis
gagrZeleba (menabde, 1962: 442).
oSkis taZari mdebareobs TorTumis tbaSi Camdinare
TorTumis wylis SesarTavis maxlobel maRal mTaze. oSkis
monastris ageba taZris warwerebis safuZvelze 958-961
wlebs miekuTvneba da mis amgebad miCneulia adarnase III.
- 85 -
oSki Tavis droze qarTuli ganaTlebisa da mwignobrobis
didi kera iyo. monastris teritoriaze yuradRebas ipyrobs
nagebobis nangrevi samnaviani bazilika, romelsac didi
oTkuTxa darbazi ekvris CrdiloeTiT. es seminaruli
saswavlebeli iyo. swored aq moxda X s. bibliis Targmna
da igi `oSkur bibliad” moixsenieba. aqve daiwera mestiis
saxareba ilarion iSxnelis dakveTiT (menabde, 1962: 448).
monaxulebuli taZrebidan, samwuxarod, tbeTis taZris
mxolod kedlis winafasadia SemorCenili, tbeTi mdeba-
reobs misive saxelobis sofelSi.
tbeTis taZari X s. 20-ian wlebSia agebuli aSot kura-
palatis mier, romelic gurgen I kurapalatis Svili iyo.
Semdgom periodSi tbeTis kaTedrali gaZlierda da mniSvne-
lovan rols asrulebda qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi
(menabde, 1960: 468).
rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad, dReisaTvis tao-klarjeT-
Si jer kidev SemorCenilia qarTuli soflebi, sadac
qarTulad saubroben da SenarCunebuli aqvT Zveli wes-
Cveulebebi. es gamoixateba maT kulturasa da rwmena-war-
modgenebSi.
taos qarTuli soflebia xeveTi da eliawminda. artanuj-
Si TiTqmis ar aris qarTulad mosaubre mosaxleoba.
arTvinSi cotani arian. arTvinis qarTuli soflebia orCxi
da burRuli. SavSeTis qarTuli soflebia bazgireTi, ziosi
da sxva. yvelaze kargad qarTuli ena da tradiciebi
bazgireTSia SemorCenili.
bazgireTi mdebareobs bazgireTis wylis xeobaSi. aqauri
buneba Zalzed waagavs aWaris maRalmTian soflebs. rac
Seexeba sacxovrebeli saxlis tips, maTi sacxovrebeli or-
sarTuliania, pirveli sacxovrebeli saqonlisTvisaa gan-
kuTvnili, xolo meore ki mcxovreblebisTvis. sacxovreb-
lis mowyobis aseTi wesi gamoiwvia didTovlianobam da im
- 86 -
daavadebebma, romlebic saqonlisa da rZis produqtebis
meSveobiT advilad daZlevadi da mosagvarebeli iyo.
kulinariaSi wamyvania rZis produqtebi, kerZebi TiTq-
mis iseTivea, rogoric zemo aWaraSi: sinori, boregi,
yuruTi. aqaurebi kargad floben xelsaqmes: qargaven,
qsoven. maTi oTaxebi morTulia maTive nakeTobebiT.
bazgireTSi SemorCenilia qristianuli dResaswauli,
romelsac isini ,,mariobas” eZaxian. ,,marioba” igivea, rac
CvenTan ,,mariamoba” da am dRes rogorc CvenTan, iqac 28
agvistos aRniSnaven. dResaswauli adre 10 dRe grZelde-
boda, imarTeboda lxini, xdeboda axalgazrda wyvilTa
daojaxeba, magram imis gamo, rom dRes sofeli TiTqmis
dacarielda axalgazrdebisagan, dResaswauli 3 dRe grZel-
deba da am dReebs cekva-simReraSi atareben. sruldeba sim-
Rerebi bazgireTze. bazgireTis cekva-simReris Sesaxeb mniSv-
nelovan cnobebs gvawvdis eTnografi T. futkaraZe. maTgan
aRsaniSnavia gasaubreba rZalsa da dedamTils Soris,
rwmena-warmodgenebi karg da SedarebiT anCxl sidedrze.
leqsTa formebi da simRerebi met-naklebad Sereuli
xasiaTisaa, magram ZiriTdad mainc CvenTvis gasageb qarTul
enaze sruldeba.
amrigad, zemoT motanili saeqspedicio masala naTlad
warmoadgens Cveneburebis yofisa da kulturis zogadqar-
Tul xasiaTs.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. menabde l., qarTuli kulturis kerebi, Tb., 1922
2. menabde l., Zveli qarTuli kulturis kerebi, Tb., 1963
3. TayaiSvili e., 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia samxreT-
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1960
- 87 -
studentTa da axalgazrda mecnierTa simpoziumis Sromebi I
sofiko kanTelaZe
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
istoriis specialobis II kursi.
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: merab megreliSvili
qarTuli renesansis qristianuli
msoflmxedveloba
dRevandel dRes saqarTveloSi kvlav aqtualuria rene-
sansis Tema. Cemi daintereseba ki gamoiwvia im cvlilebebma,
romelic moaxdina renesansma qarTuli qristianuli msofl-
mxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.
renesansma metad rTuli da saintereso gza ganvlo
kacobriobis istoriaSi, adamianTa cxovrebaSi moaxdina
gardatexa da daamkvidra mravali siaxle. renesansi sulier
faseulobaTa miReb-aTvisebis epoqaa. Mmisi niSnebia: didi
humanizmi, adamianisa da samyaros aRmoCena, antikurobis
aRorZineba. Mmagram am epoqis srulad gamoxatva ver
moxerxda, bevri ram darCa misi xasiaTis miRma amouwuravi
(siraZe, 2002: 280).
renesansma didi gardatexa moaxdina qristianul msofl-
mxedvelobaze. msoflmxedveloba xom SexedulebaTa da
RirebulebaTa sistemaa, romelic gansazRvravs adamianis
adgilsa da daniSnulebas samyaroSi, is aris cxovrebis
maswavlebeli, gzis orientiri. igi adamians aZlevs Rirebu-
lebiT orientacias _ ra akeTos da risTvis ibrZolos.
- 88 -
adamiani dedamiwaze bunebis evoluciis Sedegad gaCnda,
igi yovelTvis Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad arCevanis winaSe
dgas, raTa SeinarCunos sicocxle da damkvidrdes samya-
roSi. daamarcxos unda is saSiSroeba, romelic yovel wuTs
emuqreba. msoflmxedvelobam adamians Seuqmna warmodgena
samyaroze, rogorc mTelze, misca codna Tavis Tavze da
samyarozec. amis Semdgom adamians Camouyalibda idealebi
da adgens cxovrebis mizans, ras unda emsaxuros da risi
ganxorcielebisTvis unda ibrZolos. amis misaRwevad
saWiroa msoflSegrZneba, romelic renesansma Camouyaliba
adamians. is emyareba adamianis warmodgenebsa da pirad
gancdebs, emociebsa da ltolvebs, - es ki religiaa, romlis
safuZvelia rwmena yovlisSemZle RmerTisa. radgan igi
gonierebisTvis, codnisTvis saidumlo da miuwvdomelia.
adamians mieca saSualeba daeZlia gaoreba msoflmxedve-
lobriv doneze msoflmxedvelobriv motivebSi.
aRsaniSnavia SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosani”, rome-
lic im drois msoflgagebisa da suliskveTebis farglebs
gacda. am dros adamianebi Tavisufali azrovnebisa arian,
adamianis azrovnebaSi miwieri da sulieri erT mTliano-
baSi aisaxa. yvelam SeigrZno axali dro da Zala misi
dasawyisisa. mimzidveloba momavlisa, silamaze jer kidev
burusiani ganTiadisa (siraZe, 2002: 282). adamianebi ivsebian
TavianTi Tavis rwmeniT. rwmena codna gaxda, xolo codna
rwmenisa. moyvasisa da samyaros siyvaruliT, adamianma Tavi
samyaros centrad warmoidgina. adamianuri sikeTe samyaro-
Si uZlieres Zalad CaiTvala. moxda mSvenierebis ideis
Serwyma amaRlebulTan. Semdeg gaCnda SiSi RmerTis dakar-
gvisa. veRar xedavdnen mfarvels. Teatraluri warmodge-
nebi Seicvala sayovelTao qristianuli ritualebiT, rome-
lic taZarSi sruldeboda. axalma qristianulma msoflmxed-
velobam gaaerTiana adamianebi, romlebic cal-calke mie-
marTeboda RmerTisken, amaSi didi roli iTamaSa enis
- 89 -
gasulierebam, enis gaqristianebam. es ki qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelia _ sulieri wiaRia da did
siyvaruls warmoadgens.
`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis mTavari vneba megobroba da
siyvarulia. isini erTmaneTs keTildReobisaTvis Tmoben
TavianT survils, akontroleben emociebs da aqvT maTze
gabatonebis unari, Zleven mters da SeuZliaT gulSi siyva-
rulis cecxlis ar gaqroba (qarTuli renesansis sakiTxebi,
1988: 126, 127). amaSi ki daexmara renesansi Tavisi qristia-
nuli msoflmxedvelobiT. Tumca amave dros SeimCneva
ukiduresobanic. did gonierebas didi fiqri da sevda
moaqvs. udidesi sasowarkveTa imas ewveva xolme, visac udi-
desi sixaruli ZaluZs. qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis
ganviTarebam Searyia bevri Zveli rwmena da am azrovnebam
gamoiwvia eWvi. ukve Sua saukuneebSi didi iyo rwmenis Zala
da SiSi RvTis. aranaklebi iyo SiSi urwmunoebisa da EeWvisa
(siraZe, 2002: 293). adamianma Caixeda sulis saSiS siRrmeebSi,
ganicada sasowarkveTa, magram Semdeg gauCnda fiqri
qveynierebis xsnis Sesaxeb. es ki ukve RmerTze fiqrs mianiS-
nebda. cxovreba xom fiqria fiqrze. yvelaferi idumali
gaxda, darCa `raRac~, ramac adamiani bevr sasurvel da
arasasurvel Tavganwirvamde miiyvana. RmerTi gaidealda
xorciTac da suliTac. daiwyes awmyoze zrunva da momavalze
fiqri. Seicvala maTTvis bedis gagebac. moazrovne adamians
meti sevda da fiqri awevs. mas uWirs moiSoros naRveli,
Tumca amis saWiroeba man ukeT icis.
rusTaveli adamianSi ganadidebs adamians. is ar kargavs
rwmenas. es ki didi humanizmia. adamiani eufleba mTliani
samyaros SegrZnebas, amis safuZveli ki qristianobaa,
rusTavelis xana sulierebiT aRsavse epoqaa. am dros
saqarTvelo qristianobis burjia.
wmindanobisaken mimaval gzaze adamiani qmnida yvelaze
did saocrebas _ Tavis Tavs, oRond RvTiuri ideis mixed-
- 90 -
viT. renesansis dros qristianul msofmxedvelobaSi gaCnda
naTlis esTetika. `sadRac arsebobda didi RvTaebrivi sila-
maze. is iyo idumali rogorc suli, Semdeg igi naTeliviT
moefina qveynierebas da yvelaferi gaasxivosna sinaTlem,
romelsac silamaze mohqonda, yvelafers erTnairad
miswvda, magram yvelam erTnairad ver miiRo. amitomac
lamazi ver gaxda~ (siraZe, 2002: 286).
RmerTis ,,saxeTa” Soris umaRlesi da upirvelesi, rom-
liTac yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba mis arsebas, sikeTea
(lorTqifaniZe, Ciqovani, 1997: 244). samyaro erTianobaSia
pirvelsawyisTan. masSi moqmedebs RmerTidan gamomdinare
sinaTlis sxivi, rogorc xiluli mze Tavisi bunebiT, Tavisi
arsebiT anaTebs yovelives – aseve RmerTi, rogorc umaR-
lesi sikeTe, Tavisi bunebiT ganfens Saravandeds samyaroze.
aZlevs mas arsebobas da sikeTes. rusTavels sinaTle miwaze
moaqvs, ibrZvis am sinaTlis zeimisaTvis miwier cxovrebaSi
(lorTqifaniZe, Ciqovani, 1997: 247).
renesanselTa warmodgeniT, RmerTi amgvari sityvebiT
mimarTavs adamians: ,,ar ganiWeb Sen arc garkveul adgils,
arc raobas, arc gansakuTrebul movaleobas, raTa Seni
adgilic, raoba da movaleobac Sen TviTon gansazRvro
Senive sakuTari surviliT, Seni nebis Sesabamisad. sxva
qmnilebaTa raoba gansazRvrulia Cven mier dadgenili
kanonebiT. Sen SeuzRudveli xar da yvelafers Sen TviTon
gansazRvrav da Seni Tavis ufrosic Sen xar, me Sen gayeneb
samyaros centrSi, rom Sen aqedan ixilo yvelaferi, rac ki
ramaa amqveynad~ (jovani piko dela mirandola). (siraZe,
2002: 290).
msoflmxedvelobis gabatonebis Semdeg icvleba damoki-
debuleba amqveyniuri sinamdvilisadmi. ,,zecieri samyaro”
aRiarebulia umaRles da srulyofil sinamdviled, ,,miwieri
samyaro” ki mis ubadruk anareklad. Tumca adamiani mainc
- 91 -
cdilobs RmerTis gaadamianebas da daaxloebas. amiT gaTi-
Suli samyaro erTiandeba.
qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze zegav-
lena saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebmac moaxdina. XI-XII
ss-Si saqarTvelo Zlierebas aRwevs. ixsneba sasuliero aka-
demiebi, romlebic rwmenis gaRrmavebasa da codnis miRebaSi
exmareba xalxs. aseTma viTarebam ki misca renesanss
saSualeba qarTul literaturaSi eCvenebina antikuri da
Sua saukuneebis Serwyma. rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ swo-
red am epoqas exeba, aq Serwymaa Sua saukuneebisa da rene-
sansisa. SoTa iyenebda moZRvrebebs, filosofias da biblias.
aseve dasavlur-aRmosavlur ideebs Tavis poemaSi. amis gamo
rusTavels acxadebdnen xan mahmadian, filosofosad, xan
platonisa da aristoteles mimdevrad, bolos ki neopla-
tonizmis mimdevrad aRiares, radgan bevri ram gaxada
renesansisaTvis misaRebi neoplatonizmma. Tumca `vefxis-
tyaosnis~ mravalferovneba davis sakiTxad iqca mecniere-
baSi. ainteresebdaT saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli renesan-
sis warmomavloba dasavluri iyo Tu aRmosavluri.
,,qristianulma neoplatonizmma da sufizmma, _ wers k.
kekeliZe, _ religia miiyvanes im logikur daskvnamde, rom
siyvaruli da mijnuroba RvTisadmi, rasac is moiTxovs,
aris siyvaruli da mijnuroba adamianisadmi” (gamsaxurdia,
1991: 9).
rusTavelisaTvis Sairoba saRvTo interpretaciis obi-
eqtia, sulis xsnis TvalsazrisiT. poeziis daniSnuleba,
uwinares yovlisa, saRvToa, religiuria, poezia dargia
saRvTo sibrZnis, igi saxismetyvelebiTi RvTismetyvelebaa
Tavad, misi Semfasebelnic ,,saRmrToni”, e.i. RvTismetyvelni
arian. auditoria poeziisa aris sasuliero wre (gamsaxur-
dia, 1991: 17), xolo gagonebas axdens saero wre. basil didi
mouwodebda sazogadoebas gacnoboda am poezias da Cas-
wvdomoda mis dedaazrs, raTa gaadvileboda qristianuli
- 92 -
msoflmxedvelobis gageba, romelic sikeTis qmnaze iyo
agebuli.
rusTavelis gmirebis cxovrebis wesi sikeTis qmnazea
agebuli. isini adamianebs zemodan ar uyureben. isini adamia-
nebs aRmerTeben. rusTavelis msoflmxedveloba kargad Cans
mis poemaSi. S. nucubiZe poemis msoflmxedvelobaze msjelo-
bisas aRniSnavda: ,,rusTaveli arsad ar uSvebs kavSiris
gawyvetas zecasa, rogorc amaRlebulis, bednierebisa da
siyvarulis simbolos, da miwas, rogorc realuri, ,,xor-
cieli” adamianisaTvis realur qveyanaze am bednierebis,
siyvarulisa da netarebis simbolos, Soris. am sinTezSi, am
erTianobaSia rusTavelis mier amqveyniur sikeTeTa
poeturi xorcSesxmis sidiade” (lomouriZe, Ciqovani, 1997:
246). garda rusTavelis poemisa, aRasaniSnavia efrem mcires
bevri sasuliero xelnaweri, romelic did rols TamaSobda
qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi.
msoflmxedvelobaSi RmerTis yovelgvari qmedeba misi-
ve neba-survils efuZneba, is arsaidan qmnis ararsebuls.
RmerTTan daaxloebisaTvis adamiani loculobs. locvis
ori saxe arsebobs. erTi saxe RvTis SiSiTa da keTili ime-
debiTaa ganpirobebuli, meore ki _ RvTisadmi siyvaruliTa
da umaRlesi siwmindiT. locvis pirveli saxis SemTxvevaSi
goneba iSorebs yovelgvar amqveyniurs, TavisTavSi Rrmav-
deba da RmerTis pirispiraa, meore SemTxvevaSi ki goneba
aRtacebulia RvTaebrivi sinaTliT da am dros igi vera-
fers xedavs, garda RmerTisa. locvis meore saxe RmerTis
mistikuri Wvretis erTi aucilebeli pirobaa (maxaraZe,
xidaSeli. 1991: 9).
Salva nucubiZis azriT, qristianuli religiis gaCena
da gavrceleba niSnavs ara mxolod sazogadoebis Rirebu-
lebrivi orientaciis gancalkevebas sawuTrodan saukunosa-
ken, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, individis, individualuri
adamianis sulis aRiarebas umaRles Rirebulebad adamianur
- 93 -
samyaroSi - iseT Rirebulebad, romelic ganuzomlad da
principulad aRemateba yovelsave ,,universalur mTels”,
yvela kacebr institutebsa da wamowyebebs (qarTuli rene-
sansis safuZvlebi, 1998: 112). qristianuli religia Tavisi
ideiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT xsnis saSualebaa mTeli
kacobriobisa.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. siraZe r., qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2002
2. qarTuli renesansis safuZvlebi., Tb., 1988
3. maxaraZe m., renesansi, humanizmi da XI-XII ss-is saqarTvelo,
`elfis~ gamomcemloba, 2003
4. maxaraZe m, xidaSeli S., areopagitika da qarTuli
filosofiuri azris sakiTxebi, Tb., 1991
5. gamsaxurdia z., vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba, Tb.,1991
6. lorTqifaniZe g, Ciqovani n., qarTuli kulturis istoria,
Tb., 1997
- 94 -
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