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Radiation Hard Imaging Detectors based on Diamond Electronics
Marco Girolami1, Arnaldo Galbiati2, Stefano Salvatori3
1 Department of Physics, Roma TRE University, Rome, Italy2 Solaris Photonics, London, United Kingdom
3 Department of Electronic Engineering, Roma TRE University, Rome, Italy
S2DEL - Solid State and Diamond Electronics Lab SOLARIS PHOTONICS
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Radiation Hard Imaging Detectors based on Diamond
ElectronicsINTRODUCTION
This work reports on the realization and test of a compact diamond-based radiation beam profiling system: multistrip and pixel structures have been used for the realization of 1D and 2D position and imaging detectors, respectively. A dedicated read-out electronic circuitry has been designed and used to independently sample the signal produced by each strip (or pixel), enabling a real-time beam profile reconstruction.
S2DEL - Solid State and Diamond Electronics Lab SOLARIS PHOTONICS
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3/20
Radiation Hard Imaging Detectors based on Diamond
ElectronicsWHY ?
can be operated at room temperature and are able to detect deep UV photons, X-rays, gamma rays, charged particles, M.I.P. and neutrons for a wide range of industrial and research applications as: particle tracking at CERN, beam conditions monitoring for synchrotrons and LINACS, radiotheraphy imaging, excimer laser beam diagnostic etc.
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4/20
WHY ?
M. Pillon et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 640 (2011) 185–191
Alpha Spectrum with Diamond Radiation Detectors
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5/20
AMPTEK Cool-X source, double emission:
• Cu Kα = 8.05 keV
• Ta Lα= 8.14 keVEnergy resolution (FWHM/Centroid):
@200V : 730 eV
@500V : 900 eV
X-ray spectroscopy
G.Conte, M.Girolami, S.Salvatori, V.Ralchenko “X-ray diamond detectors with
energy resolution” Applied Physics Letters
91, 183515 (2007)
S2DEL - Solid State and Diamond Electronics Lab SOLARIS PHOTONICS
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6/20UV and X-ray source imaging
Focus: Real-time monitoring of beam shape and intensity
• Microanalisys techniques (EXMA, XPS, XRD, XRF)
• Industrial radiography
• Medical diagnostics and radiotherapy
• VLSI-ULSI integrated circuits and MEMS lithography
• Refractive eye surgery (LASIK)
• Reflected UV imaging
UV
X-rays
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7/20State-of-the art silicon beam profilers
CCD beam profilers for UV and X-ray
source imaging:
PROs: • well-established technology
• good Q.E. for back-thinned devices
• large area detectorsCONs: • radiation damage
• strong VIS-IR absorption
• large dimensions, high cost
It’s mandatory the use of:
• attenuators (to limit radiation damage)
• complex optical systems to improve UV-VIS discrimination
Scheme of a commercial UV beam profiler
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8/20Why diamond?
The special characteristics of diamond allow its use in extreme environmental conditions like high temperature, high radiation, and highly corrosive environments.
high carrier mobility (e.g. greater than silicon)-> ultra fast high radiation hardness-> High S/N ratio after radiation damage (e.g.: see oral N7-4) → no frequent replacements• Resistivity ~5 orders of magnitude > Silicon high break down field• transparency in the VIS-IR spectral regions• wide bandgap (5.45 eV)-> Low leakage current• highest thermal conductivity (22 Wcm-1K-1)-> no cooling
No need for attenuators
and/or converters between source
and DUT
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9/20Dark current and spectral photoconductivity
• Sandwich configuration (Ag)• Ohmic behavior up to 100 V bias• Low dark current (few pA)• UV light: λ = 220 nm, PINC ≈ 1 μW
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Natural Type IIa
Qu
antu
m Y
ield
(a.
u.)
Photon Energy (eV)
CVD DiamondRA270
80 meV
Eg
Urbach Tail
• High quality sample• High UV vs. VIS selectivity• Low sub-bandgap conductivity• Low surface recombination
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10/20Response speed and linearity
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
#RA270
Vacuum Tube
1.7x10-1 mJ/cm2
9.4x10-2 mJ/cm2
9.6x10-3 mJ/cm2
Nor
mal
ized
Sig
nal
Time (ns)
• Single laser pulses (ArF, 193 nm) • Rise-time ~ 1.3 ns (VT)• Fall-time ~ 6 ns• Intensity-dependent pulse shape
101
102
103
104
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
#RA270Va= 30V
Vol
tage
(m
V)
Energy (mJ)
1° Fascio
2° Fascio
=0.5
=1
Sign=k
• Linearity up to a 5×10-3 mJ /cm2 (trap-assisted recombination)• Band-to-band recombination prevails at higher energies (sub-linearity)
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11/201D and 2D pixel detectors technology
• multistrip structure• 32 strips (6 mm × 80 μm)• Ag contacts• wire-bonding
1D detector
• multipixel structure• 36 pixel (750 × 750 μm2)• Ag contacts• wire-bonding
2D detector
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13/20Multichannel electronic system (32/64 channels)
• Integration time: 50 μs ÷ 1s
• Selectable charge range: 50 pC ÷ 350 pC
• Sensitivity: LSB < 15 fC (150 pC FS)
• ADC resolution: 20 bit
• Floating input ADC resolution: 14 bit
• Selectable number of acquisitions: 1 ÷ 210
• Max. data throughput: 2 kHz (2∙64 kSPS)
• Math tools: centroid, mean value, displacement
Main features
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14/20UV position-sensitive detectors
[ # ]
ii
ii
N iCentroid ch
N
• Centroid vs. displacement linearity
• Spatial resolution: 5 μm (1D), 20 μm (2D)
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15/20UV 1D beam profiling (32 channels)
Example of a 8-channelsacquisition in a color-graded scale
32 channels beam profile acquired along horizontal axis
Monochromatic UV source:• spot 5 x 5 mm2
• λ = 220 nm• PINC ≈ 1 μW
Sensor held on a micrometric moving stage (10 μm of
resolution)
It’s worth noting the relative low standard deviation
values of the ADC output codes we gained
M.Girolami, P.Allegrini, G.Conte and S.Salvatori – “CVD Diamond Detectors for Real-Time Beam Profile Measurements” – Proceedings of The 7th IEEE Conference on Sensors, pp. 270-273 (2008)
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16/202D detector for UV and X-ray source imaging
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Excimer laser pulse beam profile: ArF 193 nm
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Closed shutter Single pulse “Ghost peak”
Single excimer laser pulses real-time monitoring
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1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
875000-1000000
750000-875000
625000-750000
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5.25 mm
Centroide: ( 1.29 , 3.66 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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01E+05
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1E+06
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
875000-1000000
750000-875000
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Centroide: ( 1.36 , 3.67 )
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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Centroide: ( 1.49 , 3.69 )
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1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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750000-875000
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250000-375000
125000-250000
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Centroide: ( 1.69 , 3.68 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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6.25 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
875000-1000000
750000-875000
625000-750000
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375000-500000
250000-375000
125000-250000
0-125000
Centroide: ( 2.02 , 3.76 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
S2
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01E+05
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6.50 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
875000-1000000
750000-875000
625000-750000
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250000-375000
125000-250000
0-125000
Centroide: ( 2.40 , 3.72 )
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6.75 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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750000-875000
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250000-375000
125000-250000
0-125000
Centroide: ( 2.82 , 3.78 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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7.00 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
875000-1000000
750000-875000
625000-750000
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Centroide: ( 3.25 , 3.74 )
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1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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750000-875000
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250000-375000
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Centroide: ( 3.66 , 3.78 )
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7.50 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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750000-875000
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250000-375000
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Centroide: ( 4.11 , 3.78 )
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7.75 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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750000-875000
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250000-375000
125000-250000
0-125000
Centroide: ( 4.49 , 3.78 )
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8.00 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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Centroide: ( 4.94 , 3.77 )
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1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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8.50 mm
Centroide: ( 5.57 , 3.60 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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01E+05
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1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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8.75 mm
Centroide: ( 5.71 , 3.59 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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01E+05
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1E+06
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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Centroide: ( 5.70 , 3.56 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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01E+05
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8.25 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
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750000-875000
625000-750000
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250000-375000
125000-250000
0-125000
Centroide: ( 5.33 , 3.70 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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01E+05
3E+05
4E+05
5E+05
6E+05
8E+05
9E+05
1E+06
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000
1000000
875000-1000000
750000-875000
625000-750000
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buio
Centroide: ( 3.51 , 3.54 )
1 2 3 4 5 6S1
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01E+05
3E+05
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5E+05
6E+05
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1E+06
Pixel position
Temporal evolution of UV deuterium lamp radiation
Deuterium 10 μW, 220 nm
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19/20X-ray beam profiles
Coolidge tube:
• Mo target (Kα = 17.48 keV, Kβ =19.6 keV)
• V = 45 kV
• I = 1.1 mA
• spot-size 3 mm
Displacement along X-axis
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20/20X-ray beam profiles
Displacement along Z-axis
X-ray beam divergence increases with source-detector
distance
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21/20Conclusions
Diamond multistrip and pixel structures have been used for the realization of radiation hard imaging detectors with dedicated read-out electronics for real-time photon and particle beam profile reconstruction.
• Integration time: 50 μs ÷ 1s
•Spatial resolution: 5 μm (1D), 20 μm (2D)