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Runaway Scrape
Territorial division of Mexicoduring the First and Second
Centralist Republics (1835 - 1846)
Departments
Separatist movements
Frontier claimed by Texasafter independence(1836 - 1848)
Current frontier
Alta California
Yucatn
ChiapasOaxaca
VeracruzTlaxcala
Veracruz
TabascoPuebla
Mexico
MichoacnColima
Quertaro
Guanajuato
Jalisco
San LuisPotos
ZacatecasTamaulipas
Durango
Aguas-calientes
SinaloaCoahuila
NuevoLen
Texas
Nuevo Mxico
Chihuahua
Sonora
Baja California
UNITED STATESOF AMERICA
UNITED PROVINCESOF CENTRAL
AMERICA
Occidente state was divided into Sonora and Sinaloa in1830.Aguascalientes was separated from Zacatecas in 1835.The Siete Leyes converted the states into departments.After its approval, the Federal District was abolishedand reincorporated into the Department of Mxico.
Zacatecas declared independence in 1835, but wasdefeated by the army of the Republic.Texas declared independence 2 October 1835 andachieved it when Santa Anna signed the Treaty ofVelasco (14 May 1836, never recognized by Mexico).
In 1840, Nuevo Len, Coahuila and Tamaulipasdeclared ephemeral independence as theRepublic of the Ro Grande.Yucatn was independent 1841-1843 and 1846-1848.
A map of Mexico, 183546, showing administrative divisions.
TheRunaway Scrapewas the 1836 evacuation by Texas
residents fleeing the Mexican Army of Operations dur-
ing theTexas Revolution, from theBattle of the Alamo
through the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. Thead in-
terim government of the new Republic of Texas and
much of the civilian population fled eastward, ahead of
the Mexican forces. The conflict arose after Antonio
Lpez de Santa Anna abrogated the 1824 constitution
ofMexicoand establishedmartial lawinCoahuila y Te-
jas. The Texians resisted and declared their indepen-
dence. It was Sam Houston's responsibility, as the ap-
pointed commander-in-chief of theProvisional Army of
Texas(before such an army actually existed), to recruit
and train a military force to defend the population against
troops led by Santa Anna.
In what would be an event replayed across Texas, resi-
dents on the Gulf Coast and at San Antonio de Bxar
began evacuating in January upon learning of the Mex-
ican armys troop movements into their area. During
early skirmishes some Texian soldiers surrendered believ-
ing they would becomeprisoners of war, but Santa Anna
demanded their executions. The news of the Battle of
the Alamo and theGoliad massacreinstilled fear in the
population and resulted in the mass exodus of the civilian
population ofGonzales, where the opening battle of the
Texian revolution had begun, and where only days before
the fall of the Alamo they had sent a militia to reinforce
the defenders at the mission. The civilian refugees were
accompanied by the newly forming provisional army, asHouston bought time to train soldiers and create a mili-
tary structure that could go up against Santa Annas larger
forces. Houstons actions were viewed as cowardice by
thead interimgovernment, as well as by some of his own
troops. As he and the refugees from Gonzales escaped
first to theColorado Riverand then to the Brazos, evac-
uees from other areas trickled in and new militia groups
arrived to join with Houston.
The towns of Gonzales and San Felipe de Austin were
burned to keep them out of the hands of the Mexi-
can army. Santa Anna was intent on executing mem-
bers of the Republics ad interim government, who fled
from Washington-on-the-Brazos to Groces Landing toHarrisburg andNew Washington. The government of-
ficials eventually escaped toGalveston Island, and Santa
Anna burned the towns of Harrisburg and New Wash-
ington when he failed to find them. Approximately 5,000
terrified residents of New Washington fled from the Mex-
ican army. After a little over a month of training the
troops, Houston reached a crossroads where he ordered
some of them to escort the fleeing refugees farther east
while he took themain army southeast to engage theMex-
ican army. The subsequent Battle of San Jacinto resulted
in the surrender of Santa Anna and the signing of the
Treaties of Velasco.
1 Prelude
1.1 Ad interim government
In 1834, Mexican president Antonio Lpez de Santa
Annashifted from a Federalist political ideology to cre-
ating a Centralist government and revoked the countrys
Constitution of 1824.[FN 1] That constitution had not only
established Coahuila y Tejas[FN 2] as a new Mexican state,
but had also provided for each state in Mexico to cre-ate its own local-level constitution.[3] After eliminating
state-level governments Santa Anna had in effect created
a dictatorship and put Coahuila y Tejas under the mil-
itary rule of General Martn Perfecto de Cos.[4] When
Santa Anna madeMiguel Barragntemporary president,
he also had Barragn install him as head of the Mexican
Army of Operations.[5] Intending to put down all rebel-
lion in Coahuila y Tejas, he began amassing his army on
November 28.[6] General Joaqun Ramrez y Sesmaled
the Vanguard of the Advance across theRio Grandein
December.[7]
Stephen F. Austin was commander of the existing un-paid volunteer Texian army, and at his urging[8] the
Consultation of 1835convened inSan Felipe de Austin
1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Constitution_of_1824https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Austinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Felipe_de_Austin,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultation_(Texas)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Austinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grandehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez_y_Sesmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Perfecto_de_Coshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Constitution_of_1824https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Annahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Annahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Velascohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%2527s_Point,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Houstonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Felipe_de_Austin,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_interimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliad_massacrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antoniohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texian_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texian_Armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houstonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Annahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Annahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_interimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_interimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacintohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Revolution7/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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2 1 PRELUDE
Sam Houston army recruitment proclamation December 12,
1835
on November 3. Their creation of a provisional govern-
ment based on the 1824 constitution[9] established the
General Council as a legislative body with each munic-
ipality allotted one representative.[10] Henry Smithwas
elected governor without any clearly defined powers of
the position.[11] Sam Houstonwas in attendance as the
elected representative from Nacogdoches, and also served
as commander of the Nacogdoches militia.[12] The Con-
sultation approved the creation of the Provisional Army
of Texas, a paid force of 2,500 troops. Houston was
named commander-in-chief of the new army and issued
a recruitment Proclamation on December 12.[FN 3][FN 4]Edward Burlesonreplaced Austin as commander of the
volunteer army on December 1, but they disbanded on
December 20.[15] Harrisburg was designated the seat of
a deeply divided provisional government on December
30.[16] Most of theGeneral Council wanted to remain part
of Mexico, but with the restoration of the 1824 consti-
tution. Governor Smith supported the opposing faction
who advocated for complete independence. Smith dis-
solved the General Council on January 10, 1836, but it
was unclear if he had the power to do that. He was im-
peached on January 11. The power struggle effectively
shut down the government.
[17]
On December 10, the General Council called new elec-
tions to choose delegates to determine the fate of the
region.[18] TheConvention of 1836met atWashington-
on-the-Brazoson March 1.[19] The following day, the 59
delegates created theRepublic of Texasby affixing their
signatures to theTexas Declaration of Independence.[20]
Houstons military authority was expanded on March 4,
to include the land forces of the Texian army both Regu-
lar, Volunteer, and Militia.[21] The delegates elected theRepublicsad interimgovernment on March 16,[22] with
David G. Burnetas president,Lorenzo de Zavalaas vice
president, Samuel P. Carson as secretary of state, Thomas
Jefferson Ruskas secretary of war,Bailey Hardemanas
secretary of the treasury, Robert Potter as secretary of
the navy, andDavid Thomasas attorney general.[23]
1.2 Battle of Gonzales
Battle of Gonzales cannon
TheBattle of Gonzaleswas the onset of a chain of events
that led to what is known as the Runaway Scrape. The
confrontation began in September 1835, when the Mex-
ican government attempted to reclaim a bronze cannon
that it had provided to Gonzalesin 1831 to protect the
town against Indian attacks. The first attempt by Cor-
poral Casimiro De Len resulted in De Lens detach-
ment being taken prisoners, and the cannon being buried
in a peach orchard.[24] James C. Neill, a veteran who had
served at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend under Andrew
Jackson, was put in charge of the artillery after it was
later dug up and wheel mounted.[25] When LieutenantFrancisco de Castaedaarrived accompanied by 100 sol-
diers and made a second attempt at repossessing the
cannon, Texians dared the Mexicans to come and take
it.[24] John Henry Mooreled 150 Texian militia on Oc-
tober 2 in successfully repelling the Mexican troops. A
Come and Take It flag was later fashioned by the women
of Gonzales.[26] The cannon was moved toSan Antonio
de Bxarand became one of the artillery pieces used by
the defenders of the Alamo.[FN 5]
The immediate result of the Texian victory at Gonza-
les was that two days later the number of volunteers had
swelled to over 300, and they were determined to drivethe Mexican army out of Texas.[28] Simultaneously, a
company of volunteers under George M. Collinsworth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_de_B%C3%A9xarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_de_B%C3%A9xarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Moore_(Texas)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Casta%C3%B1edahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jacksonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jacksonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Neillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gonzaleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thomas_(Texas_politician)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Potter_(U.S._politician)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Hardemanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Ruskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Ruskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Carsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Zavalahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Burnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_interimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_1836https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burlesonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houstonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Smith_(Texas_Governor)7/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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1.4 Battle of the Alamo 3
captured the Presidio La Baha from the Mexicans on Oc-
tober 9 at theBattle of Goliad.[29] The Mexican govern-
ments response to the unrest in Texas was an October
30 authorization of war.[30] On the banks of the Nueces
River 3 miles (4.8 km) from San Patricio on November
4 during theBattle of Lipantitln, volunteers underIra
Westovercaptured the fort from Mexican troops.[31]
1.3 Bxar
By October 9, Cos had taken over San Antonio de
Bxar.[30] Stephen F. Austin sent an advance scout troop
of 90 men under James Bowie and James Fannin to
observe the Mexican forces. While taking refuge atMission Concepcinon October 28, they repelled an at-
tack by 275 Mexicans underDomingo Ugartecheaduring
thebattle.[32] Austin continued to send troops to Bxar.
Bowie was ordered on November 26 to attack a Mexican
supply train alleged to be carrying a payroll. The result-
ing skirmish became known as the Grass Fight, after it
was discovered that the only cargo was grass to feed the
horses.[33] When Austin was selected to join Branch T.
Archer and William H. Wharton on a diplomatic mis-
sion to seek international recognition and support, Ed-
ward Burleson was named as commander.[34] On Decem-
ber 5, James C. Neill began distracting Cos by firing ar-
tillery directly at the Alamo, whileBenjamin Milamand
Frank W. Johnson led several hundred volunteers in a sur-
prise attack. The fighting at theSiege of Bxarcontinued
until December 9 when Cos sent word he wanted to sur-
render. Cos and his army were sent back to Mexico, but
would later unite with Santa Annas forces.[35]
Approximately 300 of the Texian garrison at Bxar
departed on December 30 to join Frank W. John-
son and James Grant on the Matamoros Expedition,
in a planned attack to seize the port for its financial
resources.[36] Proponents of this campaign were hoping
Mexican Federalists[FN 1] would oust Santa Anna and re-
store the 1824 constitution.[37] When Sesma crossed the
Rio Grande, residents of the Gulf Coast began fleeing
the area in January 1836.[38] Santa Anna ordered General
Jos de Urrea on February 16 to secure the Gulf Coast.[39]
About 160 miles (260 km) north of Matamoros at San
Patricio, Urreas troops ambushed Johnson and members
of the expedition on February 27 at the Battle of San
Patricio. Sixteen Texians were killed, six escaped, and 21
were taken prisoner.[40] Urreas troops then turned south-
west by some 26 miles (42 km) to Agua Dulce Creek
and on March 2 attacked a group of the expedition led
by Grant, killing all but 11, six of whom were taken pris-
oner. Five of the men escaped theBattle of Agua Dulceand joined Fannin who wanted to increase the defense
force at Goliad.[41]
1.4 Battle of the Alamo
Main article:Battle of the Alamo
Neill was promoted to lieutenant colonel during his par-
ticipation in the Siege of Bxar,
[25]
and 10 days laterHouston placed him in charge of the Texian garrison
in the city.[42] In January residents had begun evacuat-
ing ahead of Santa Annas approaching forces.[43] Neill
pleaded with Houston for replenishment of troops, sup-
plies and weaponry. The departure of Texians who joined
the Matamoros Expedition had left Neill with only about
100 men. At that point Houston viewed Bxar as a mil-
itary liability and did not want Santa Annas advancing
army gaining control of any remaining soldiers or ar-
tillery. He dispatched Bowie with instructions to remove
the artillery, have the defenders abandon theAlamo mis-
sionand destroy it.[FN 6] Upon his January 19 arrival[17]
and subsequent discussions with Neill, Bowie decided themission was the right place to stop the Mexican army in its
tracks. He stayed and began to help Neill prepare for the
coming attack. Lieutenant ColonelWilliam B. Travisar-
rived with reinforcements on February 3.[45] When Neill
was given leave to attend to family matters on February
11, Travis assumed command of the mission, and three
days later he and Bowie agreed to a joint command.[46]
Santa Anna crossed the Rio Grande on February 16, and
the Mexican armys assault on the Alamo began February
23.[39] CaptainJuan Segunleft the mission on February
25, carrying a letter from Travis to Fannin at Goliad re-
questing more reinforcements.[47]
Santa Anna extendedan offer of amnesty to Tejanos inside the fortress; a non-
combatant survivor, Enrique Esparza, said that most Te-
janos left when Bowie advised them to take the offer. [48]
In response to TravisFebruary 24 letter To the People of
Texas, 32 militia volunteers formed the Gonzales Rang-
ing Company of Mounted Volunteers and arrived at the
Alamo on February 29.[FN 4]
If you execute your enemies, it saves you
the trouble of having to forgive them.
General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna,
February 1836
[49]
2 Flight
2.1 Houston begins forming his army
As the closest settlement to San Antonio de Bxar,
Gonzales was the rallying point for volunteers who re-
sponded to both the Travis letter from the Alamo and
Houstons recruitment pleas. Recently formed groups
came from Austin and Washington counties and fromthe Colorado River area.[50] Volunteers from Brazoria,
Fort Bend and Matagorda counties organized after ar-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matagorda_County,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_People_of_Texas_&_All_Americans_in_the_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_People_of_Texas_&_All_Americans_in_the_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Segu%C3%ADnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Travishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agua_Dulcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Patriciohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Patriciohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Urreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamoros_Expeditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_(Texas)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_B%C3%A9xarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_W._Johnsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Milamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Whartonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_T._Archerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_T._Archerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Fighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Concepci%C3%B3nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Ugartecheahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Concepci%C3%B3nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fanninhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bowiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Westoverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Westoverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lipantitl%C3%A1nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Goliad7/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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4 2 FLIGHT
riving in Gonzales.[51] The Kentucky Rifle company
under Newport, Kentucky business man Sidney Sher-
man had been aided by funding from Cincinnati, Ohio
residents.[52]
Alamo commandant Neill was in Gonzales purchas-
ing supplies and recruiting reinforcements on March 6.When Seguin learned en route that Fannin would be un-
able to reach the Alamo in time,[53] he immediately began
mustering an all-Tejanocompany of scouts.[54] His men
combined with Lieutenant William Smiths and volun-
teered to accompany Neills recruits. They encountered
the Mexican army 18 miles (29 km) from the Alamo on
March 7, and Neills men turned back while the Seguin-
Smith scouts moved forward.[55] As the scouts neared the
Alamo, they met only silence.[56] Andrew Barcena and
Anselmo Bergara from Seguins other detachment inside
the Alamo showed up in Gonzales on March 11, telling of
their escape and delivering news of the slaughter. Their
stories were discounted; Houston, who had arrived thatsame day, denounced them as Mexican spies.[57]
Smith and Seguin confirmed the fate of the mission
upon their return. Houston dispatched orders to Fan-
nin to abandon Goliad, blow up the Presidio La Baha
fortress, and retreat to Victoria,[58] but Fannin delayed
acting on those orders. Believing the approach of Urreas
troops brought a greater urgency to local civilians, he sent
29 men under Captain Amon B. King to help evacuate
nearbyRefugio.[59]
Houston promptly began organizing the troops at Gonza-
les into the First Regiment under Burleson who had ar-
rived as part of theMina volunteers.[60] A second regi-
ment would later be formed when the army grew large
enough.[61] As others began to arrive, individual volun-
teers not already in another company were put under Cap-
tain William Hestor Patton.[62] Houston had 374 volun-
teers and their commanders in Gonzales on March 12.[63]
Santa Anna sent Susannah Dickinson with her infant
daughter Angelina, Travis slave Joe, and Mexican
ColonelJuan Almonte's cook Ben to Gonzales, with dis-
patches written in English by Almonte to spread the news
of the fall of the Alamo.[64] ScoutsDeaf Smith,Henry
Karnes and Robert Eden Handy encountered the sur-
vivors 20 miles (32 km) outside of Gonzales on March
13. When Karnes returned with the news, almost imme-
diately 25 volunteers deserted. Wailing filled the air when
Dickinson and the othersreached the town with their first-
hand accounts.[38]
There was not a soul left among the
citizens of Gonzales who had not lost a father,
husband, brother or son ... That terrible
massacre had, for a time, struck terror into
every heart.
John Milton Swisher, private in WilliamW. Hills volunteers.[65]
The SamHouston Oak[FN 7] where the Provisional Army of Texas
rested after the burning of Gonzales
Although civilian evacuations had begun in January for
the Gulf Coast and San Antonio de Bxar, the Texian
military was either on the offensive or standing firm untilthe smaller Gulf Coast skirmishes happened in February.
Houston was now facing a choice of whether to retreat to
a safe place to train his new army, or to meet the enemy
head-on immediately.[66] He was wary of trying to defend
a fixed position the debacle at the Alamo had shown that
the new Texian government was unable to provide suffi-
cient provisions or reinforcements.[67]
2.2 The burning of Gonzales
Houston called for a Council of War. The officers votedthat the families should be ordered to leave, and the
troops would cover the retreat. By midnight, less than
an hour after Dickinson had arrived, the combined army
and civilian population began a frantic move eastward,[66]
leaving behind everything they could not immediately
grab and transport. Much of the provisions and artillery
were left behind, including two 24-pounder cannons.[68]
Houston ordered Salvador Floresalong with a company
of Juan Seguins men to form the rear guard to protect
the fleeing families. Couriers were sent to other towns in
Texas to warn that the Mexican army was advancing.[69]
The retreat took place so quickly that many of the Texianscouts did not fully comprehend it until after the town was
evacuated.[70] Houston ordered Karnes to burn the town
and everything in it so nothing would remain to benefit the
Mexican troops. By dawn, the entire town was in ashes
or flames.[71]
Volunteers from San Felipe de Austin who had been or-
ganized under Captain John Bird on March 5 to rein-
force the men at the Alamo[72] had been en route to San
Antonio de Bxar on March 13 when approximately 10
miles (16 km) east of Gonzales they encountered fleeing
citizens and a courier from Sam Houston. Told of the
Alamos fall, Birds men offered assistance to the fleeingcitizens and joined Houstons army at Bartholomew D.
McClures plantation on the evening of March 14.[FN 7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Floreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Karneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Karneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_Smithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Almontehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Dickinsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugio,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_La_Bah%C3%ADahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejanohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Shermanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Shermanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Kentucky7/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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2.3 Colorado River crossings 5
At Washington-on-the-Brazos, the delegates to the con-
vention learned of the Alamos fall on March 13.[74] The
Republics new ad interim government was sworn in on
March 17, with a department overseeing military spy op-
erations, and adjourned the same day.[75] The govern-
ment then fled to Groces Landing where they stayed for
several days before moving on to Harrisburg on March21 where they established temporary headquarters in the
home of widow Jane Birdsall Harris.[76]
Kings men at Refugio had taken refuge in Mission Nues-
tra Seora de la Rosario when they were subsequently at-
tacked by Urreas forces. Fannin sent 120 reinforcements
underWilliam Ward, but the March 14Battle of Refugio
cost 15 Texian lives.[77] Wards men escaped, but Kings
men were captured and executed on March 16.[78]
2.3 Colorado River crossings
2.3.1 Burnams
Upon learning of the flight, Santa Anna sent General
Joaqun Ramrez y Sesma with 700 men to pursue Hous-
ton, and 600 men under General Eugenio Tolsa as rein-
forcements. Finding only burned remains at Gonzales,
Sesma marched his army toward theColorado River.[79]
The Texian army camped March 1518 on the Lavaca
River property of Williamson Daniels[80] where they were
joined by combined forces under Joe Bennett and Cap-
tain Peyton R. Splane.[81] Fleeing civilians accompanied
Houstons army turning north at the Navidad River as theycrossed to the east side of the Colorado River at Burnams
Crossing.[82] The ferry and trading post, as well as the
family home of Jesse Burnam, were all burned at Hous-
tons orders on March 17 to prevent Santa Annas army
from making the same crossing.[FN 8]
2.3.2 Beasons and DeWees
Beasons Crossing was located where Columbus is
today.[84] DeWees Crossing was 7 miles (11 km) north
of Beasons. From March 19 through March 26, Hous-ton split his forces between the two crossings.[85] Addi-
tional Texian volunteer companies began arriving at both
crossings, including three companies of Texas Rangers,
the Liberty County Volunteers and the Nacogdoches
Volunteers.[86]
Sesmasbattalionof approximately 725 men and artillery
camped on theopposite side of the Colorado, at a distance
halfway between the two Texian camps.[87] To prevent
Sesmas troops from using the William DeWees log cabin,
Sherman ordered it burned.[88] Three Mexican scouts
from Sesmas army were captured by Shermans men, and
although Sherman argued for an attack on Sesmas troops,Houston was not ready.[89]
Fannin had begun evacuating Presidio La Baha on March
Campaigns of the Texas Revolution
19. The estimated 320 troops were low on food and wa-
ter, and the breakdown of a wagon allowed Urreas men
to overtake them atColeto Creek, ending in Fannins sur-
render on March 20.[90] Peter Kerr, who had served with
Fannin and claimed to have been held prisoner, arrived
at DeWees on March 25. Houston announced Fannins
surrender,[91] but would later claim to have uncovered ev-
idence that Kerr was a spy for the Mexicans.[92]
The Texian army was a force of 810 volunteers and staff
at this point,[93] but few had any military training and ex-
perience. Faced with past desertions, discipline flaws,
and individual indecisiveness of volunteers in training,
Houston knew they were not yet ready to engage the Mex-
ican army. Compounding the situation were the civilian
refugees dependent upon the army for their protection.[94]
The news of Fannins capture, combined with his doubts
about the readiness of theTexian army, led Houston to or-
der a retreat on March 26.[95] Some of the troops viewedthe decision as cowardice with Sesma sitting just on the
other side of the Colorado, and several hundred men
deserted.[96]
... the only army in Texas is now present ...
There are but few of us, and if we are beaten,
the fate of Texas is sealed. The salvation of
the country depends upon the first battle had
with the enemy. For this reason, I intend to
retreat, if I am obliged to go even to the banks
of the Sabine. Sam Houston[97]
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6 2 FLIGHT
2.4 Brazos River training camp
2.4.1 Groces Landing
Texian survivors of the Battle of Coleto Creek believed
their surrender agreement with Urrea would, at worst,mean their deportation. Santa Anna, however, adhered to
the 1835Tornel Decreethat stated the insurrection was
an act of piracy fomented by the United States, and or-
dered their executions.[FN 9] Although he personally dis-
agreed with the need to do so, Urrea carried out his com-
manders orders on March 27.[99] Of the estimated 370
Texians being held, a few managed to escape the mas-
sacre. The remainder were shot, stabbed with bayonets
and lances and clubbed with gun butts. Fannin was shot
through the face and his gold watch stolen. The dead were
cremated on apyre.[100]
It would be a week before word of the Goliad mas-sacrereached Sam Houston. The retreating Texian army
stopped at San Felipe de Austin[101] on March 2829
to stock up on food and supplies.[102] Houstons plan to
move the army north to Groces Landing on the Brazos
River was met with resistance from captains Wyly Mar-
tin and Moseley Baker, whose units balked at further re-
treat. Houston reassigned Martin 25 miles (40 km) south
to protect the Morton Ferry crossing at Fort Bend, and
Baker was ordered to guard the river crossing at San Fe-
lipe de Austin.[103]
News of approaching Mexican troops and Houstons re-
treat caused panic among the population in the coun-ties of Washington, Sabine, ShelbyandSan Augustine.
Amid the confusion of fleeing residents of those counties,
two volunteer groups under captains William Kimbro and
Benjamin Bryant arrived to join Houston on March 29.
Kimbro was ordered to San Felipe de Austin to reinforce
Bakers troops, while Bryants men remained with the
main army.[104]
After an erroneous scouting report of approaching Mex-
ican troops, Baker burned San Felipe de Austin to the
ground on March 30.[105] When Baker claimed Hous-
ton had given him an order to do so, Houston denied
it.[106] Houstons account was that the residents burnedtheir own property to keep itout of the hands of the Mexi-
can army.[91] San Felipe de Austins residents did as those
before them in escaping the Mexican army, and fled to the
east.[105]
During a two-week period beginning March 31, the Tex-
ian army camped on the west side of theBrazos River
inAustin County, near Groces Landing (also known as
Groces Ferry).[107] As Houston led his army north to-
wards the landing, the unrelenting rainy weather swelled
the Brazos and threatened flooding.[108] Groces was
transformed into a training camp for the troops.[109] Ma-
jor Edwin Morehouse arrived with a New York battalionof recruits who were immediately assigned to assist Wyly
Martin at Fort Bend.[110] Civilian men who were flee-
ing the Mexicans enlisted at Groces,[111] and displaced
civilian women in the camp helped the armys efforts by
sewing shirts for the soldiers.[112]
Samuel G. Hardaway, a survivor of Major William
Wards group who had escaped the Battle of Refugio and
re-joined Fannin at the Battle of Coleto, also managedto escape the Goliad massacre. As he fled Goliad, he
was eventually joined by three other survivors, Joseph
Andrews, James P. Trezevant and M. K. Moses. Spies
for the Texian army discovered the four men and took
them to Bakers camp near San Felipe de Austin on April
2.[113] Several other survivors of the Goliad massacre
were found on April 10 by Texian spies. Survivors Daniel
Murphy, Thomas Kemp, Charles Shain, David Jones,
William Brenan and Nat Hazen were taken to Houston at
Groces Landing where they enlisted to fight with Hous-
tons army.[114]
Houston learned of the Goliad massacre on April 3. Un-aware that Secretary of War Rusk was already en route
to Groces with orders from President Burnet to halt the
armys retreat and engage the enemy, he relayed the Go-
liad news by letter to Rusk.[115]
The enemy are laughing you to scorn. You
must fight them. You must retreat no further.
The country expects you to fight. The salvation
of the country depends on your doing so.
David G. Burnet, ad interim president of
the Republic of Texas[116]
Empowered to remove Houston from command and take
over the army himself, Rusk instead assessed Houstons
plan of action as correct, after witnessing the training at
Groces. Rusk and Houston formed the Second Regiment
on April 8 to serve under Sherman, with Burleson retain-
ing command of the First Regiment.[FN 10]
2.4.2 Yellowstonesteamboat
The steamboat Yellowstone[112] under the command of
Captain John Eautaw Ross was impressed into service forthe Provisional Army of Texas on April 2, and initially
ferried patients across the Brazos River when Dr. James
Aeneas Phelps established a field hospital at Bernardo
Plantation.[118] Three days later, Santa Anna joined with
Sesmas troops,[119] and had them build flatboats to cross
the Brazos as the Mexicans sought to overtake and defeat
the Texians.[120] Wyly Martin reported on April 8 that
Mexican forces had divided and were headed both east
to Nacogdoches and southeast to Matagorda.[121] Hous-
ton reinforced Bakers post at San Felipe de Austin on
April 9,[122] as Santa Anna continued moving southeast
on April 10.
[123]
The Texian army was transported by the Yellowstoneover
to the east side of the Brazos on April 12, where they set
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_(steamboat)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_County,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_County,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliad_massacrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliad_massacrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornel_Decree7/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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2.5 Burning of Harrisburg and the crucial crossroads 7
up camp at the Bernardo Plantation.[124] After walking
50 miles (80 km) from Harrisburg, future president of
the RepublicMirabeau B. Lamararrived at Bernardo to
enlist as a private in Houstons army and suggested using
the steamer for guerilla warfare.[125]
Had it not been for its service, the enemycould never have been overtaken until they had
reached the Sabine ... use of the boat enabled
me to cross the Brazos and save Texas.
Sam Houston on the Yellowstones
contributions[126]
With Baker guarding the crossing at San Felipe de Austin,
and Martin guarding the Morton Ferry crossing[127] at
Ford Bend, Santa Anna opted on April 12 to cross the
Brazos halfway between at Thompsons Ferry,[128] with
Sesmas men and artillery crossing over the next day.[129]The Mexican army attacked the steamer numerous times
in an attempt to capture it, but Ross successfully used cot-
ton bales to protect thesteamer and its cargo, and was able
to keep the Yellowstoneaway from Mexican control.[129]
Houston released the steamboat from service on April 14,
and it continued to Galveston.[130]
2.5 Burning of Harrisburg and the crucial
crossroads
The ad interim government departed Harrisburg on the
steamboat Cayuga forNew Washingtonahead of Santa
Annas April 15 arrival,[131] thwarting his plans to elimi-
nate the entire government of the Republic of Texas. [132]
Three printers still at work on the Telegraph and Texas
Registertold the Mexican army that everyone in the gov-
ernment had already left, and Santa Anna responded
by having the printers arrested and the printing presses
tossed intoBuffalo Bayou.[133] After days of looting and
seeking out information about the government, Santa
Anna ordered the town burned on April 18.[134] He
later tried to place the blame for the destruction on
Houston.[135]
Before the Texian army left Bernardo Plantation, they
welcomed the arrival of two cannons cast in Novem-
ber 1835 by Greenwood and Webb inCincinnati, Ohio,
funded entirely by the people of that city as a donation to
the Texas Revolution. The idea had arisen as a suggestion
from Robert F. Lytle, one of the businessmen who helped
fund Shermans Kentucky Riflemen.[136] Arriving in New
Orleansafter a lengthy trip from Ohio on the Mississippi
River, the cannons were transported to the Gulf Coast
aboard the Pennsylvania schooner. The cannons were
nicknamed the Twin Sisters, perhaps in honor of the
twins Elizabeth and Eleanor Rice traveling aboard the
Pennsylvania, who were to present the cannons upontheir arrival at Galveston in April 1836.[137][138] At Galve-
ston, Leander Smith had the responsibility of transport-
Replicas of the Twin Sisters cannons atSan Jacinto Battleground
State Historic Site
ing the cannons from Harrisburg to Bernardo Plantation
in Waller County. Along the way, Smith recruited 35
men into the army.[139] Lieutenant Colonel James Neill
was put in charge of the cannons once they arrived in
camp.[140]
Martin and Baker abandoned the river crossings on April
14 and re-joined Houstons army which had marched
from Bernardo to the Charles Donoho Plantation near
present-day Hempsteadin Waller County.[141] As news
spread of the Mexican armys movements, residents of
Nacogdoches andSan Augustine began to flee east to-
wards the Sabine River. After refusals to continue with
the army, Martin was ordered by Houston to accompany
displaced families on their flight eastward. Hundreds of
soldiers left the army to help their families. The main
army parted from the refugees at this point, and acting
Secretary of War David Thomas[FN 10] advised Houston
to move southward to secure Galveston Bay.[142] Hous-
ton, however, was getting conflicting advice from the cab-
inet members. President Burnet had sent Secretary of
State Carson to Louisiana in hopes of getting the United
States army and individual state militias involved in the
Texas fight for independence. While he attempted to se-
cure such involvement, Carson sent a dispatch to Hous-
ton on April 14 advising him to retreat all the way to the
Louisiana-Texas border on the Sabine River, and bide histime before engaging the Mexican army.[143]
The Texian army camped west of present-dayTomball
on April 15, at Sam McCarleys homestead.[144] They
departed the next morning[145] and 3 miles (4.8 km)
east reached a crucial crossroads.[FN 11] One road led
east to Nacogdoches and eventually the Sabine River and
Louisiana, while the other road led southeast to Harris-
burg. The army was concerned that Houston would con-
tinue the eastward retreat. Although Houston discussed
his decision with no one, he led the army down the south-
east road. Rusk ordered that a small group of volun-
teers be split from the army to secure Robbinss Ferry onthe Trinity River.[147] Houstons troops stopped overnight
on April 16 at the home of Matthew Burnet, and the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomball,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_Battleground_State_Historic_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_Battleground_State_Historic_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bayouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_and_Texas_Registerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_and_Texas_Registerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%2527s_Point,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar7/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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8 6 NOTES
next morning continued marching towards Harrisburg, 25
miles (40 km) southeast.[148]
With the refugee families being accorded a military es-
cort eastward and Houston marching southeast, the re-
treat of the Provisional Army of Texas was over. On
the march which would lead to San Jacinto, moving theheavy artillery across rain-soaked terrain slowed down
the armys progress.[140] The army had previously been
assisted in moving the Twin Sisters with oxen borrowed
from refugee Pamela Martin when she believed the army
was fleeing towards Nacogdoches. When she learned the
army was headed towards Harrisburg and a confrontation
with the Mexican army, she reclaimed her oxen.[149] The
Texian army had expanded to twenty-six companies by
the time they reached Harrisburg on April 18 and saw
the destruction Santa Anna had left behind.[150]
3 New Washington
On orders of Santa Anna, Almonte went in pursuit of
the ad interim government at New Washington. During
their flight the Republic officials switched from steamer
to ferry to skiff. On the final leg of the trip, Almonte fi-
nally had them in his sights, but refused to fire after he
saw Mrs. Burnet and her children on the skiff. [151] In ad-
dition to letting the government get away one more time,
Almontes spies had misread Houstons troop movements
and Santa Anna was told that the Texian army was still
retreating eastward, this time throughLynchburg.[152]
New Washington was later looted and burned by Mexican
troops,[153] and as many as 5,000 civilians fled, either by
boat or across land. Those attempting to cross theSan
Jacinto Riverwere bottlenecked for three days, and the
vicinity around the crossing transformed into a refugee
camp. Burnet ordered government assistance all across
Texas for fleeing families.[154]
4 Aftermath
Main article:Battle of San Jacinto
In a troop movement that took all night on a makeshift
raft, the Texian army crossed Buffalo Bayou at Lynch-
burg April 19 with 930 soldiers, leaving behind 255 oth-
ers as guards or for reasons of illness.[155] The idea had
been floated of leaving the Twin Sisters behind as protec-
tion, but Neill was adamant that the cannons be taken into
the battle.[156] In an April 20 skirmish the day before the
main battle Neill was severely wounded,[157] andGeorge
Hockleytook command of the heavy artillery.[158] Esti-
mates of the Mexican army troop strength on the day of
the main battle range from 1,250 to 1,500.
[159]
The Texians attacked in the afternoon of April 21 while
Santa Anna was still under the misconception that Hous-
ton was actually retreating.[160] He had allowed his army
time to relax and feed their horses, while he took a
nap.[161] When he was awakened by the attack, he im-
mediately fled on horseback, but was later captured when
Sergeant James Austin Sylvester found him hiding in
the grass.[162] Houstons own account was that the battle
lasted about eighteen minutes,[160] before apprehend-ing prisoners and confiscating armaments.[163] When the
Twin Sisters went up against the Mexican armys Golden
Standard cannon, they performed so well that Hockleys
unit was able to capture the Mexican cannon.[FN 12]
The Yellowstone saw war service for the Republic one
more time on May 7, when it transported Houston and
his prisoner Santa Anna, along with thegovernment Santa
Anna tried to extinguish, toGalveston Island.[FN 13] From
there, the government and Santa Anna traveled to Velasco
for the signing of thetreaties.[166] Houston had suffered
a serious wound during the battle,[167] and on May 28
boarded the schooner Flora for medical treatment in NewOrleans.[168]
Not until news of the victory at San Jacinto spread did
the refugees return to their homesteads and businesses,
or whatever was left after the destruction caused by both
armies.[38] Throughout Texas, possessions had beenaban-
doned and later looted. Businesses, homes and farms
were wiped out by the devastation of war. Often there
was nothing left to go back to, but those who went home
began to pick up their lives and move forward. San Fe-
lipe de Austin never really recovered from its total de-
struction. The few people who returned there moved else-
where, sooner or later. Secretary of War Rusk would latercommend the women of Texas who held their families to-
gether during the flight, while their men volunteered to
fight: The men of Texas deserve much credit, but more
was due the women. Armed men facing a foe could not
but be brave; but the women, with their little children
around them, without means of defense or power to resist,
faced danger and death with unflinching courage.[154]
5 See also
Timeline of the Texas Revolution
6 Notes
6.1 Footnotes
[1] In 19th century Mexico, Federalism was the empower-
ment of local governments, while Centralism sought to
eliminate local political power and give it all to the na-
tional government.[1]
[2] 193,600 square miles (501,000 km2), Mexican provinces
of Coahuila and Texas.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Texas_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Velascohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velasco,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Austin_Sylvesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Hockleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Hockleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacintohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Texas7/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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6.2 Citations 9
[3] The Provisional Army of Texas consisted of three differ-
ent categories of enlistees. The Regular Army was much
like a modern-day army in its command structure, and
had a two-year enlistment period. Permanent Volunteers
ran a democratic structure allowing internal elections, and
was for the duration of the war. The Volunteer Auxiliary
was short-termed with an enlistment period of only sixmonths.[13]
[4] Locally organized volunteer militias were initially sepa-
rate from the Provisional Army of Texas and operated au-
tonomously. Whether or not they were paid, or had sup-
plies or uniforms, varied. Each had its own framework
and elected leaders. They decided as a unit which battles
they would fight. The Consultation only made Houston
commander-in-chief of the paid provisional army he was
to recruit and train. On March 4, 1836 at Washington-on-
the-Brazos , the Convention also put the volunteer militias
under Houstons command.[14]
[5] While it is not certain what became of the cannon, SantaAnna ordered all brass and bronze artillery seized afterthe
battle to be melted down.[27]
[6] Historians disagree as to the clarity of Houstons orders.
In a letter dated January 17, 1836, Houstons wording
seems to leave the final decision to provisional Governor
Henry Smith. Colonel Bowie will leave here in a few
hours for Bexar, with a detachment of from thirty to fifty
men. I have ordered the fortifications in the town of Bexar
to be demolished, and if you think well of it, I will remove
all the cannon and other munitions of war to Gonzales
and Copano, blow up the Alamo, and abandon the place,
as it will be impossible to keep up the Station with vol-
unteers. The fractious provisional government had im-peached Smith on January 11.[44]
[7] A historical plaque denotes the Sam Houston Oak in front
of theBraches House, which itself is on theNRHP.[73]
[8] The ferry and trading post had been built by Jesse Bur-
nam in 1824, and had survived numerous attacks from
Karankawa indians. Burnam later claimed Houston de-
stroyed his property because of personal issues between
the two, not because of any threat from the Mexican
army.[83]
[9] Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat in their research
of Mexican government records believe that although thewording of the December 30, 1835 Tornel Decree spec-
ified foreigners, the document was a mere formality to
green-light Santa Annas broader plan of dealing with op-
position both foreign and domestic. In a letter to General
Joaqun Ramrez y Sesma on February 29, 1836, Santa
Anna wrote in this war there are no prisoners. At the
Battle of the Alamoprior to the final siege, he offered a
three-day amnesty to allow Tejanos inside the mission to
leave unharmed. At other skirmishes in the war, there is
no indication either he or his generals made that distinc-
tion. Jackson and White stated, When he learned that
Urrea had taken several hundred prisoners near Goliad,
Santa Anna expressed his amazement that they had not
been treated as pirates and swiftly executed as Tornels de-cree specified. He sent more letters until the tragic deed
was done. [98]
[10] Attorney General David Thomas was named as acting
Secretary of War when Rusk joined the army.[117]
[11] In Texas history and in historical works on Sam Houston,
this is referred to as the fork in the road where Hous-
ton stopped retreating and instead actively pursued Santa
Anna. The site is now designated as a Recorded Texas
Historic Landmark and located in the present day Harris
County city of Tomball.[146]
[12] The final fate of the Twin Sisters cannons is unknown.
After the Battle of San Jacinto, the cannons were sent to
Austin, Texas, to be used for ceremonial purposes. When
the cannons were discovered to be in New Orleans, Sam
Houston petitioned for their return to Texas at the onset of
the Civil War. Their last known whereabouts was in 1863
at theBattle of Galveston. Replicas are on display at the
San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site.[164]
[13] Houstons agreement when he impressed the Yellowstone
steamboat April 2 through April 14, was for Ross and the
17-man crew to receive at least 1/3 of a leagueof land
(more for officers) as payment. The crew was not obli-
gated to fight. When Stephen F. Austin died in Decem-
ber 1836, theYellowstonetransported his body to Brazo-
ria County for burial. Nothing is known about the steamer
after 1837.[165]
6.2 Citations
[1] Todishet al. (1998), pp. 2, 4, 6.
[2] Tucker (2012), pp. 151152.
[3] McKay, S. S.Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas. Hand-
book of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
Retrieved December 1, 2014.; Haley (2002), p. 116.
[4] Davis (2004), p. 143; Todishet al. (1998), p. 121.
[5] Davis (2004), p. 200.
[6] Todishet al. (1998), p. 125.
[7] Todishet al. (1998), p. 34.
[8] Todishet al. (1998), p. 23.
[9] Todishet al. (1998), p. 24.
[10] Steen, Ralph W.General Council. Handbook of Texas
Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved De-
cember 1, 2014.
[11] Steen, Ralph W.Henry Smith. Handbook of Texas On-
line. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved De-
cember 1, 2014.
[12] Haley (2002), p. 116.
[13] Todishet al. (1998), pp. 1415, 24; Proclamation of
San Houston, A Call for Volunteers, December 12, 1835.
Texas State Library and Archives Commission. State of
Texas. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
[14] Todishet al. (1998), pp. 14, 44, 46, 75, 127.
https://www.tsl.texas.gov/exhibits/texas175/houstonscall.htmlhttps://www.tsl.texas.gov/exhibits/texas175/houstonscall.htmlhttp://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsm23https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mbg01http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ngc01https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Galvestonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karankawahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gonzales_County,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braches_House7/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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10 6 NOTES
[15] Kelso, Helen Burleson. Edward Burleson. Handbook
of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Re-
trieved December 1, 2014.
[16] Muir, Andrew Forest. Harrisburg, Texas (Harris
County)". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State His-
torical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
[17] Todishet al. (1998), p.126; Steen, Ralph W.Provisional
Government. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State
Historical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
[18] Lack (1992), p. 76.
[19] Hardin (1994), p. 161.
[20] Hardin (1994), p. 161; Lack (1992), p. 83.
[21] Hatch (1999), p. 188; The Texas Revolution: Part C
(JanuaryMarch 7, 1836)". Handbook of Texas Online.
Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December
17, 2014.
[22] Ad interim government. Handbook of Texas Online.
Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September
16, 2015.
[23] Lack (1992), p. 77.
[24] Lindley, Thomas Ricks. Gonzales Come and Take It
Cannon. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State His-
torical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
[25] Hardin, Stephen L.James Clinton Neill. Handbook of
Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Re-
trieved December 1, 2014.
[26] Hardin, Stephen L.Battle of Gonzales. Handbook of
Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Re-
trieved December 1, 2014.
[27] Davis (2004), p. 223.
[28] Davis (2004), pp. 142145.
[29] Davis (2004), p. 147.
[30] Todishet al. (1998), p. 124.
[31] Guthrie, Keith. Battle of Lipantitln. Handbook of
Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Re-
trieved December 1, 2014.
[32] Davis (2004), pp. 157159; Barr, Alwyn.Battle of Con-
cepcion. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Histor-
ical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
[33] Barr, Alwyn. Grass Fight. Handbook of Texas Online.
Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December
1, 2014.
[34] Denham, James M. (January 1994). New Orleans, Mar-
itime Commerce, and the Texas War for Independence,
1836. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly (Texas
State Historical Association) 97 (3): 510534. JSTOR
30241429. (subscription required (help)).;The Siege ofBxar. Texas Library and Archives Commission. Re-
trieved May 29, 2015.
[35] Davis (2004), pp. 182185.
[36] Todishet al. (1998), p. 29, 125.
[37] Davis (2004), pp. 75, 186187; Roell, Craig H.
Matamoros Expedition. Handbook of Texas Online.
Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December
1, 2014.
[38] Covington, Carolyn Callaway.Runaway Scrape. Hand-
book of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
Retrieved December 1, 2014.; Moore (2004), pp. 5556.
[39] Todishet al. (1998), pp. 126127.
[40] Todishet al. (1998), p. 128; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p.
372.
[41] Bishop, Curtis. Battle of Agua Dulce Creek. Hand-
book of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Associa-
tion. Retrieved December 1, 2014.; Hartmann, Clinton
P. James Walker Fannin Jr.. Handbook of Texas Online.
Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December
1, 2014.
[42] Todishet al. (1998), pp. 29, 125.
[43] Reid, Jan (May 1989). The Runaway Scrape. Texas
Monthly. p. 130. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
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L. Battle of the Alamo. Handbook of Texas Online.
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[46] Todishet al. (1998), p.126; Moore (2004), p. 39.
[47] Todishet al. (1998), p. 43; Moore (2004), p. 28.
[48] Poyo (1996), p. 53, 58 Efficient in the Cause (Stephen
L. Harden); Lindley (2003), p. 94, 134.
[49] Todishet al. (1998), p. 142.
[50] Moore (2004), pp. 2224, 51.
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6.2 Citations 11
[61] Moore (2004), p. 48.
[62] Moore (2004), pp. 5152.
[63] Moore (2004), p. 51.
[64] Moore (2004), pp. 3738.
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[66] Hardin, McBride (2001), p. 9.
[67] Hardin (1994), p. 179.
[68] Moore (2004), pp. 5760; Hardin, McBride (2001), p. 9.
[69] Moore (2004), p. 60.
[70] Moore (2004), p. 58.
[71] Moore (2004), p. 59.
[72] Moore (2004), pp. 6163.
[73] Moore (2004), pp. 6367; Sam Houston Oak.
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[74] Davis (2004), p. 241.
[75] Moore (2004), pp. 7779.
[76] Muir, Andrew Forest.Jane Birdsall Harris. Handbook
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[78] Moore (2004), p. 68
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[80] Moore (2004), p. 66;Site of the Camp of the Texas
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[81] Moore (2004), pp. 6973.
[82] Moore (2004), pp. 7576, 83; Route of the Texas
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[83] Watts (2008), p. 18; Awbrey, Dooley (2005), p. 537;
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[84] Allon Hinton, Don Allon.Columbus, Texas. Handbook
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[86] Moore (2004), pp. 90, 97, 99103, 118120, 126.
[87] Moore (2004), pp. 94, 95.
[88] Moore (2004), pp. 9899.
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[90] Roell, Craig H. Battle of Coleto. Handbook of Texas
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[91] Moore (2004), p. 147.
[92] Moore (2004), pp. 114, 144, 171.
[93] Moore (2004), p. 100
[94] Moore (2004), pp. 126130.
[95] Moore (2004), pp. 114118.
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[97] Haley (2002), p. 129.
[98] Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. 374, 377, 386387; Poyo
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[99] Haley (2002), p. 130.
[100] Moore (2004), pp. 128133.
[101] Moore (2004), p. 128.
[102] Moore (2004), pp. 135136.
[103] Moore (2004), pp. 136137.
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[105] Christopher, Charles. San Felipe de Austin de Austin,
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[108] Moore (2004), p. 162.
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[110] Cutrer, Thomas W. Edwin Morehouse. Handbook of
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[111] Moore (2004), pp.147148.
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[114] Moore (2004), pp. 194195.
[115] Benham, Priscilla Myers. Thomas Jefferson Rusk.
Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Asso-ciation. Retrieved December 1, 2014.; Moore (2004), pp.
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12 6 NOTES
[116] Moore (2004), p. 189.
[117] Kemp, L. W.David Thomas. Handbook of Texas On-
line. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved De-
cember 1, 2014.; Moore (2004), pp. 183185.
[118] Moore (2004), p. 156.
[119] Moore (2004), p. 176.
[120] Moore (2004), pp. 179,181.
[121] Moore (2004), p. 182.
[122] Moore (2004), p. 186.
[123] Moore (2004), pp. 186187.
[124] Moore (2004), pp. 198200.
[125] Moore (2004), pp. 203204; Gambrell, Herbert.
Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar. Handbook of Texas On-
line. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved De-
cember 1, 2014.
[126] Greene (1998), pp. 1921.
[127] John V. Morton. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas
State Historical Association. Retrieved December 1,
2014.
[128] Hardin, Stephen F. Thompsons Ferry. Handbook of
Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Re-
trieved December 1, 2014.
[129] Moore (2004), pp. 206207.
[130] Moore (2004), p. 212.
[131] Moore (2004), p. 207.
[132] Moore (2004), pp. 195197, 207.
[133] Moore (2004), pp. 219220; Fischer (1976), p. 88.
[134] Davis (2004), pp. 264165.
[135] Moore (2004), pp. 218219, 232233; Todish et al.
(1998), p.130.
[136] Moore (2004), pp. 15, 152153.
[137] Hunt, Jeffrey William. Twin Sisters. Handbook of
Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Re-
trieved December 1, 2014.
[138] Moore (2004), p. 185; Haley (2002), p. 137.
[139] Moore (2004), pp. 171173, 201202.
[140] Moore (2004), pp. 212213.
[141] Moore (2004), p. 214; Charles Donoho Plantation.
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. Texas Historical
Commission. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
[142] Moore (2004), pp. 215217.
[143] Moore (2004), pp. 211212.
[144] Samuel McCarley Homesite. Recorded Texas Historic
Landmarks. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved
December 1, 2014.; Moore (2004), pp. 220221.
[145] Moore (2004), p. 222.
[146] Moore (2004), p. 225; Abraham Roberts Homesite.
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. Texas HistoricalCommission. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
[147] Robbinss Ferry. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas
State Historical Association. Retrieved December 1,
2014.; Moore (2004), pp. 226227.
[148] Matthew Burnett Homesite. Recorded Texas Historic
Landmarks. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved
December 1, 2014.; Moore (2004), p. 229.
[149] Moore (2004), pp. 227228.
[150] Moore (2004), pp. 233235, 243.
[151] Moore (2004), pp. 230232.
[152] Moore (2004), p. 230; Lynchburg Town Ferry.
Recorded Texas Historical Landmarks. Texas Historical
Commission. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
[153] Moore (2004), pp. 235237.
[154] Downs, Fane (19861987). ""Tryels and Trub-
bles":Women in Early Nineteenth-Century Texas. South-
western Historical Quarterly (Denton, TX: Texas State
Historical Association)90: 5055.
[155] Moore (2004), pp. 242, 295296;Sam Houston Crossed
Buffalo Bayou. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas StateHistorical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014.;
Moore (2004), p. 251.
[156] Moore (2004), p. 246.
[157] Moore (2004), pp. 264, 267.
[158] Moore (2004), p. 295.
[159] Moore (2004), p. 298; Todishet al. (1998), p. 131.
[160] Moore (2004), p. 230.
[161] Moore (2004), pp. 328329.
[162] Moore (2004), pp. 337,353,377.
[163] Moore (2004), pp. 344345.
[164] San Jacinto and the Mystery of the Twin Sisters Can-
nons. Texas State Cemetery. State of Texas. Retrieved
December 1, 2014.; Moore (2004), pp. 333336.
[165] Burkhalter, Lois Wood. Yellow Stone. Handbook of
Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Re-
trieved December 1, 2014.; Greene (1998), pp. 1921.
[166] Moore (2004), pp. 375386,405407.
[167] Moore (2004), pp. 338339.
[168] Moore (2004), p. 407.
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ety01http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/news.asp?newsid=9262http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/news.asp?newsid=9262http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5201010810http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5201010810http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth117152/m1/61/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth117152/m1/61/http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5507013677http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5201010623http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rtr01http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5201010747http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5201010726http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5507013721http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qvt01http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rtt01http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmo69http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla15http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fth077/26/2019 Runaway Scrape
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13
7 References
Awbrey, Betty Dooley; Dooley, Claude (2005).
Why Stop?: A Guide to Texas Historical Roadside
Markers. Lanham, MD:Taylor Trade Publishing.
ISBN 978-1-58979-243-2.
Davis, William C (2004). Lone Star Rising: The
Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic. New
York, NY:Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-86510-2.
Fischer, Ernest G. (1976). Robert Potter: Founder
of the Texas Navy. Gretna, LA:Pelican Publishing
Company.ISBN 978-1-58980-473-9.
Greene, A. C. (1998). Sketches from the Five States
of Texas. College Station, TX:Texas A & M Uni-
versity Press.ISBN 978-0-89096-842-0.
Haley, James L. (2002). Sam Houston. Norman,
OK:University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-
8061-3644-8.
Hardin, Stephen L. (1994). Texian Iliad-A Mili-
tary History of the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX:
University of Texas Press.ISBN 0-292-73086-1.
Hardin, Stephen; McBride, Angus (2001). The
Alamo 1836: Santa Annas Texas Campaign. Ox-
ford, UK:Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-
090-2.
Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo
and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland
& Company.ISBN 978-0-7864-0593-0.
Jackson, Jack; Wheat, John (2005). Almontes
Texas: Juan N. Almontes 1834 Inspection, Secret Re-
port & Role in the 1836 Campaign. Denton, TX:
Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-
87611-207-6.
Lack, Paul D. (1992). The Texas Revolutionary Ex-
perience: A Political and Social History 18351836.College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press.
ISBN 0-89096-497-1.
Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2003). Alamo Traces: New
Evidence and New Conclusions. Plano, TX: Repub-
lic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-983-6.
Moore, Stephen L. (2004). Eighteen Minutes: The
Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence
Campaign. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press.
ISBN 1-58907-009-7.
Poyo, Gerald Eugene (1996). Tejano Journey,17701850. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
ISBN 978-0-292-76570-2.
Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted
(1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehen-
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57168-152-2.
Tucker, Spencer C. (2012). The Encyclopedia ofthe Mexican-American War [3 volumes]: A Political,
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Watts, Marie W. (2008). La Grange (Images of
America: Texas). Charleston, SC:Arcadia Publish-
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8 External links
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14 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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