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Personality &Developmental
TheoriesRevision
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Personality
Personality is unique, relatively enduring
internal and external aspects of a persons
character that influences behavior in different
situations Enduring characteristics (relatively stable &
predictable)
Unique Characteristics (special propertiesthat distinguish us from others)
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Personality: Carl RogersKey terms to remember The SELF which was his term for personality Actualization Tendency: the basic human
motivation to actualize, maintain & enhance the self.
Positive Regard(acceptance, love and approval
from others)Conditional orUnconditional
Positive Regard which eventually becomes
Positive Self-Regard
Conditions of Worth: To Rogers, a belief that weare worthy of approval only when we express
desirable behaviors and attitudes and refrain from
expressing those that bring disapproval from others.
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Personality: Carl RogersKey terms to remember Rogers theorizes that the source is not
important.
This need is universal & persistent.
This Crucial to personality development;
infant behavior is guided by the amount of
affection & love bestowed
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Personality: Carl RogersKey terms to remember Incongruence: a discrepancy between a
persons self- concept & aspects of his/ her
experience
Experiences that are incongruent with our
self-concept become threatening and are
manifested as Anxiety
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Personality: Trait TheorySheldon- Terms to remember
To describe physical build, Sheldon studied
thousands of photographs & developed a
rating system for 3 major components/
somatotypes; Endomorph (fat, soft body)
Mesomorph (athletic, muscular)
Ectomorph (thin, delicate)
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Personality: Trait TheorySheldon- Terms to remember
Relaxed Active Quiet
Sociable Assertive Fragile
Tolerant Combative Sensitive
Loving Confident Non- Assertive
Peaceful Vigorous Restrained
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Personality: Sigmund FreudKey terms to rememberLevels of Consciousness Id (Pleasure principle) Ego (Reality principle)
Super Ego (Morality principle)Developmental Stages and their fixations; Oral (orally fixated) > birth- 1 yr Anal (anal retention/ expulsion) > 1-3 yrs
Phallic (oedipus/ electra complex) > 3-6 yrs Latent > 6-11 yrs Genital (issues fully manifest itself) > adolescence
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Personality: Sigmund FreudKey terms to remember
Defense Mechanisms Repression Rationalization
Sublimation Identification Reaction formation Projection
Denial Displacement Regression
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Personality &Self- assessment Inventories Personality inventories are described as
those instruments that are designed to
assess personal, emotional & social traits/
behaviors, as distinguished from instrumentsthat measure aptitudes, achievements and
interests
They also encourage you to think about yourskills, abilities, interests and values
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Personality &Self- assessment Inventories Instructions: for each question, decide on
answer a or b and put a check mark in the
proper column of the answer sheet. Scoring
directions will be provided. There are NO right or wrong answers since
about half the population agrees with
whatever answer you choose
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Keirseys Temperament Sorter
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Keirseys Temperament Sorter
1. At a party do youA. interact with many, including
strangersB. interact with a few, known to
you
2. Are you moreA. realistic than speculativeB. speculative than realistic
3. Is it worse toA. Have you "head in the clouds"B. be "in a rut"
4. Are you more impressed by
A. principalsB. emotions
5. Are you more drawn toward theA. convincingB. touching
6. Do you prefer to workA. to deadlinesB. just "whenever"
7. Do you tend to chooseA. rather carefullyB. somewhat impulsively
8. At parties do youA. stay late, with increasing energyB. leave early, with decreased
energy
9. Are you more attracted toA. sensible people
B. imaginative people
10. Are you more interested inA. what is actualB. what is possible
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Keirseys Temperament Sorter
11. In judging others are you moreswayed by
A. laws than circumstancesB. circumstances than laws
12. In approaching others is yourinclination to be somewhat
A. objective
B. personal
13. Are you moreA. punctualB. leisurely
14. Does it bother you more having thingsA. incompleteB. completed
15. In you social groups do youA. keep abreast of other's happeningsB. get behind on the news
16. In doing ordinary things are you morelikely to
A. do it the usual wayB. do it your own way
17. Writers shouldA. "say what they mean and mean what
they say"
B. express things more by use ofanalogy
18. Which appeals to you moreA. consistency of thoughtB. harmonious human relationships
19. Are you more comfortable in makingA. logical judgments
B. value judgments
20. Do you want thingsA. settled and decidedB. unsettled and undecided
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Keirseys Temperament Sorter
21. Would you say you are moreA. serious and determinedB. easy-going
22. In phoning do youA. rarely question that it will all be
said
B. rehearse what you'll say
23. FactsA. "speak for themselves"B. illustrate principles
24. Are visionariesA. somewhat annoying
B. rather fascinating
25. Are you more oftenA. a cool-headed personB. a warm-hearted person
26. Is it worse to beA. unjustB. merciless
27. Should one usually let eventsoccur
A. by careful selection and choice
B. randomly and by chance
28. Do you feel better aboutA. having purchasedB. having the option to buy
29. In company do youA. initiate conversation
B. wait to be approached
30. Common sense isA. rarely questionableB. frequently questionable
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Keirseys Temperament Sorter
31. Children often do notA. make themselves useful enoughB. exercise their fantasy enough
32. In making decisions do you feel morecomfortable with
A. StandardsB. Feelings
33. Are you moreA. firm than gentleB. gentle than firm
34. Which is more admirable:A. the ability to organize and be
methodical
B. the ability to adapt and make do
35. Do you put more value on theA. definiteB. open-ended
36. Does new and non-routine interactionwith others
A. stimulate and energize youB. tax your reserves
37. Are you more frequentlyA. a practical sort of personB. a fanciful sort of person
38. Are you more likely toA. see how others are usefulB. see how others see
39. Which is more satisfying:A. to discuss an issue thoroughlyB. to arrive at agreement on an issue
40. Which rules you more:A. your headB. your heart.
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Keirseys Temperament Sorter
41. Are you more comfortable with workthat is
A. contractedB. done on a casual basis
42. Do you tend to look for
A. the orderlyB. whatever turns up
43. Do you preferA. many friends with brief contactB. a few friends with more lengthy
contact
44. Do you go more byA. factsB. principals
45. Are you more interested inA. production and distributionB. design and research
46. Which is more of a compliment:A. "There is a very logical person."B. "There is a very sentimental person."
47. Do you value in yourself more that youare
A. unwaveringB. devoted
48. Do you more often prefer theA. final and unalterable statementB. tentative and preliminary statement
49. Are you more comfortableA. after a decisionB. before a decision
50. Do youA. speak easily and at length with
strangersB. find little to say to strangers
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Keirseys Temperament Sorter
A. experienceB. hunch
52. Do you feelA. more practical than ingeniousB. more ingenious than practical
53. Which person is more to be
complimented: one ofA. clear reasonB strong feeling
54. Are you inclined more to beA. fair-mindedB. sympathetic
55. Is it preferable mostly to
A. make sure things are arrangedB. just let things happen
56. In relationships, should most thingsbe
A. renegotiableB. random and circumstantial
57. When the phone rings do youA. hasten to get to it firstB. hope someone else will answer
58. Do you prize more in yourselfA. a strong sense of realityB. a vivid imagination
59. Are you drawn more toA. fundamentalsB. overtones
60. Which seems the greater error:A. to be too passionateB. to be too objective
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Keirseys Temperament Sorter
61. Do you see yourself as basicallyA. hard-headedB. soft-hearted
62. Which situation appeals to you more:A. the structured and scheduledB. the unstructured and unscheduled
63. Are you a person that is moreA. routinized than whimsicalB. whimsical than routinized
64. Are you more inclined to beA. easy to approachB. somewhat reserved
65. In writings do you prefer
A. the more literalB. the more figurative
66. Is it harder for youA. identify with othersB. utilize others
67. Which do you wish more for yourselfA. clarity of personB. strength of compassion
68. Which is the greater faultA. being indiscriminateB. being critical
69. Do you prefer theA. planned eventB. unplanned event
70. Do you tend to be moreA. deliberate than spontaneousB. spontaneous than deliberate
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Keirseys Temperament SorterDirections for Scoring Add down so that the total number of a answers is
written in the box at the bottom of each column. Dothe same for the b answers.
Then, transfer the number in box #1 of the answergrid to box #1 below the answer grid. Do this for box
#2 as well. Note, however, that you have twonumbers for boxes 3 through 8.
Now add all the pairs of numbers and enter the totalin the boxes below the answer grid, so each box hasonly one number
Now you have four pairs of numbers. Circle the letterbelow the larger numbers of each pair. If the twonumbers of any pair are equal, then circle neither, butput a large X below them and circle.
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Eg of a finished score sheet
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Keirseys Temperament SorterResults: There are four dominant
Features E extrovert or I Introvert S sensing or I intuitive
T thinking or F feeling
J judging or P perceiving
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Keirseys Temperament SorterResults
There 16 different combinations that one can
arrive at based on your scores:
4 SP (Artisans) 4 SF (Guardians)
ESTP (Promoter) ESTJ (Supervisor)
ISTP (Crafter) ISTJ (Inspector)
ESFP (Performer) ESFJ (Provider)
ISFP (Composer) ISFJ (Protector)
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Keirseys Temperament SorterResults
There 16 different combinations that one can
arrive at based on your scores (CONTD.):
4 NF (Idealists) 4 NT (Rationals)
ENFJ (Teacher) ENTJ (Field marshal
INFJ (Counselor) INTJ (Mastermind)
ENFP (Champion) ENTP (Inventor)
INFP (Healer) INTP (Architect)
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Keirseys Temperament SorterResults: Artisans SP
They tend to be fun- loving, optimistic, realistic, and focused on thehere and now
They pride themselves on being unconventional, bold andspontaneous
The make playful mates, creative parents, and troubleshootingleaders
They are excitable, trust their impulses, seek stimulation and dreamof mastering action skills
They need to be free to do what they wish, when they wish They resist being tied or bound or confined or obligated They would rather not wait, or save, or store, or live for tomorrow
in their eyes: Today must be enjoyed, for tomorrow never comes
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Keirseys Temperament SorterResults: Guardians SJ They pride themselevs on being dependable, helpful
and hard working
They make loyal mates, responsible parents and
stabilizing leaders They tend to be dutiful, cautious, humble, and
focused on credentials and traditions
They are very meticulous about schedules and have
a sharpe eye for proper procedures They are cautious about change, even though they
know that change can be a good thing
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Keirseys Temperament SorterResults: Idealists NF They are enthusiastic, they trust in their intuition,
yearn for romance, seek their true self, prizemeaningful relationships and dream attaining wisdom
They pride themselves on being loving, kindhearted
and authentic They tend to be giving, trusting, spiritual and they are
focused on personal journeys and human potentials They make intense mates, nurturing parents, and
inspirational leaders
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Keirseys Temperament SorterResults: Rationals NT They tend to be pragmatic, skeptical, self-contained,
and focused on problem- solving and system
analysis
They pride themselves on being ingenious,independent, and strong willed
They make reasonable mates, individualizing parents
and strategic leaders
They are even- tempered, they trust logic, yearn forachievement, seek knowledge, prize technology and
dream of understanding how the world works
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Developmental TheoriesErikson: Psychosocial Stages Trust vs. Mistrust (birth 1 yr) Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3 yrs) Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs) Industry vs. Inferiority (6- 11yrs)
Inferiority/ superiority complex Identity vs. Role confusion (adolescence)
Identity crisis Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
Midlife crisis Ego Intergrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)
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Developmental TheoriesKholberg: Moral Development
Level 1: Pre- Conventional level
Stage 1: Punishment & obedience orientation
Stage 2: Nave hedonisitc orientation
Level 2: Conventional level Stage 3: Good-boy/ Good- girl orientation
Stage 4: Social- order maintaining orientation
Level 3: Post Conventional level Stage 5: Legalistic orientation
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation
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Developmental TheoriesPiaget: Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
Senses- eyes, ears, nose, touch, taste
Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
Symbolically
Concrete operational (7- 11 yrs)
Hierarchies, classifying information
Formal operational (12 yrs- adulthood)
Systematic thinking, abstract thought