1300-1600
Renaissance and Reformation
What was the Renaissance?
“Rebirth” in arts, learning, trade in Europe beginning in the 1300’s
Recovery from disasters of plague, political instability, decline of church power
Transition of Europe from agricultural to urban society
So what was it?A. Spread of new political, social, artistic ideasB. New social system developing in Europe (middle
class)C. Interest in “classics” from Greece and RomeD. Explored human experienceE. Emphasis on individual abilityF. Growing secular (non-religious), worldly, viewpoint Renaissance Man- person capable of many
achievements (Leonardo da Vinci painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician)
Renaissance begins in Italy
Renaissance began in Italy Italy was made up of many
small, powerful city-states- Venice, Florence, Milan
Why Italy?A. Center of old Roman Empire,
close to classic civilizationsB. Catholic Church and wealthy
merchants were patrons (supporters) of the arts
C. Center of trade with other regions1. provided wealth,2. exchange of ideas3. urban trading cities4. center of banking
Italian City- States
City- states grew wealthy because of trade during Crusades City- states controlled by wealthy
merchants, families City- states competed to display wealth Families had political, economic control
Medici family of Florence powerful family during Renaissance Supporters of the arts (patrons) Powerful banking family, controlled the
flow of money across Europe Medici wealth and influence transformed
Florence
Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance
Key intellectual movement- HumanismA. Study of classical culture- Greece, RomeB. Focus on worldly subjects, not religionC. Focus on human potentialEducation- stimulate creative powers, create
great citizensHumanist schools model for education in
Europe until 20th century.
Art and Architecture
I. Artists imitate nature, importance of human, individual
II. Realist painting, sculptureIII. Used perspective to create
realist art (looked 3D)IV. Used new oil paintsV. Studied human figure Da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Raphael- famous painters, sculptors
Architecture adopted columns, arches, domes of Greeks and Romans
Vernacular Literature
Vernacular- language of own region (English, Spanish, German, etc.)
Many writers wrote in their own language
Before all scholarly work in Latin
Famous Renaissance writers Dante- Divine Comedy
(Italian)Chaucer- Canterbury
Tales (English)
Italian Writers
Literature developed to help ambitious men and women achieve
Book of the Courtier- Castiglione (1528)
Described ideal noble1. Not made, but born2. Needed skill as a warrior3. Expected to have well rounded education,
enrich life with the arts4. Certain standards of conductNiccolo Machiavelli- The Prince
(1513)Political guidebookHow to acquire and keep powerEnds justify the means
Renaissance in Northern Europe
Economic, social recovery happened during 1400’s
Began Belgium (Flanders), northern France, Netherlands, in urban areas that were involved in the cloth trade
Renaissance developed its own character
Invention of printing press 1455 Johann Gutenberg printed Bible using
moveable type printing pressA. Many copies of books could be printed
quicklyB. Books easier, cheaper to produce, more
people gained access to knowledge, ideas
C. Rise in Literacy across EuropeD. Published new discoveries 1500 over 1000 printers in Europe
Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers
Artists studied under Italian masters, copied technique
Northern European rulers purchased paintings, hired Italian artists and architects
Many Northern European artists went to Italy to study and copy techniques
More interested in realism, details of everyday life
Pieter Brugel, Albrecht Durer, Jan van Eyck well known Northern Renaissance artists
Durer known for his engraving
Peasant Wedding Pieter Brueghel
Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers
Humanist writers promoted education and classical learning bring religious,
spiritual reform Used reason to improve themselves Appealed to growing middle class in cities Northern Renaissance focused on religious ideas (not secular)
called “Christian Humanism”
Erasmus- Dutch priest, produced Bible in Greek Doubts about organized churchChristianity should show people how to live good
lives, not provide system of beliefsPraise of Folly criticized abuses of church
Elizabethan England
Mid 1500’s Queen Elizabeth I of England supported development of art and literature
Sir Thomas Moore- Utopia describes ideal society
William Shakespeare- English playwright in the late 1500’s and early 1600’s Plays, poems express themes in everyday
universal settings Renaissance ideals of individual human
flaws appear in plays Wrote in English lanuage-1,700 words
appear for first time in plays
Legacy of the Renaissance
What were some changes in the arts during the Renaissance?
What were some changes in society?
Protestant Reformation
Luther Leads the Reformation (pages 54-60)
Causes of the ReformationA. Rise of wealth based economy
Merchants resented paying taxes to the Church, king jealous of Church wealth
B. Declining power of church Leaders had become corrupt
C. Kings becoming more powerful and challenged Church authority
D. Questions about supremacy of church raised by Christian Humanists (Erasmus)
Society was changing and people were searching for answers
Church Abuses
Catholic Church caught up in secular affairsTo finance church they raised fees on
marriage and baptism Sold indulgences- forgiveness of sins for
money
Early Revolts Against Church
Late 1300’s –John Wycliffe (English) attacked Catholic Church, called for changes Said Bible supreme to pope Followers had to meet in secret to avoid persecution
Early 1400’s John Hus (Czech) led reform movement, accused of heresy and executed 1415 Caused revolt in Bohemia did not end until 1436 Writing of Erasmus also had an effect
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (German, Catholic monk) protests against church led to Reformation
1517-Luther became upset a local priest, Johann Tetzel, selling indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany
Indulgences guaranteed person and dead relatives place in heaven
Outraged Luther, posted 95 Theses on Church in Wittenberg, Germany (maybe)
95 Theses/ Luther’s beliefs
1. Luther believed that faith alone was needed for salvation
Catholic teachings that faith and good works were needed for salvation
2. Bible was ultimate authority , not the pope3. All people could have direct relationship
with GodCopies of 95 Theses printed and distributed
across Europe
Reaction to Luther
Pope excommunicated him (kicked him out of Catholic Church)
Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (HRE) called Luther to meeting to take back what he said (Diet of Worms)
Luther refused and declared an outlaw Luther supporters accepted his teachings May German princes renounced authority of pope
Luther’s Teachings
A. All people direct relationship with God
B. Bible needed to be translated into vernacular
C. Banned indulgencesD. Simplified mass, emphasis on
sermonE. Permitted clergy to marry1530’s followers called Protestants, Lutherans
Princes and Peasants
German princes supported Luther:1. Independence from Church, HRE2. Excuse to seize Church property in territory3. Keep money in territory Poor support Luther’s message:1. Equality, social change2. Revolts across Germany (Peasant's Revolt)3. Not supported by Luther, respected social order, political authorityPeace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince to
decide which religion to follow in their landsNorthern Germany- ProtestantSouthern Germany- Catholic
Reformation Spreads
English Reformation
1520’s religious leaders exploring Protestant ideas
English had called for reform in Church
Henry VIII wanted divorce from wife, wanted male heir
Pope would not annul (cancel) marriage
Henry and Chancellor Thomas Cromwell had Parliament pass laws to take control of Church
English Reformation
1534- Act of Supremacy made Henry head of Church of England (Anglican Church)
Burned Catholics for heresy1536-1540-Seized monastery lands and
wealthGave land to noblesChurch not radical- kept many Catholic forms
of worship, used English Bible
English Reformation
1547 Henry diesSon Edward VI
becomes kingPasses laws that
strengthen Protestant Church
Book of Common Prayer required in all church services
English Reformation
Mary Tudor, Edwards sister, queen after Edward dies
Mary was Catholic, had many Protestants killed for heresy
1558 Elizabeth I becomes queen, decided future of Anglican Church
Established compromise between Catholic and Protestant Church, ended decades of religious turmoil (Elizabethan Compromise)
The Reformation Continues (pages 61-66)
Reformation caused many smaller groups to break away from Catholic Church
1520’s Switzerland- Ulrich Zwingli Stressed importance of Bible, simplified
elaborate church ritual John Calvin- Geneva, Switzerland
Idea of predestination (God already decided who went to heaven)
Ideas known as Calvinism 1559- Calvinism spreads to Scotland,
known as Presbyterians 1541- Calvinists established
theocracy in Geneva Followers had strict rules Seen as model Christian community
Ideas of Calvinism spread across Europe to Americas (Pilgrims and Puritans)
New Religious Groups
Other sects had radical ideas
Anabaptists 1. rejected infant baptism 2. Communities shared
everything 3. religious tolerance4. Separation of church and
state5. Refused military service
Persecuted by Catholic and Protestant groups
Catholic Counter Reformation
New religious order Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola
A. Defended and spread Catholic faith
B. Set up schoolsC. Spread Catholicism to
Africa, Asia, AmericasBy 1600 Protestant
religions had gained a foothold across Europe, church abuses reduced
Catholic Counter Reformation
Most Europeans remained Catholic 1530’s- 1540’s Pope Paul III tried to revive moral authority, end
corruption of Catholic Church Council of Trent- (1545, met for 20 years)
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, final authority on the Bible penalties for corruption among clergy educated clergy Indulgences were valid
Inquisition (courts used to find non- believers) were widely used across Europe
Legacies of the Reformation
1. Religious differences caused intolerance, divided Europe
2. Different religions persecuted those that were different
3. Weakened church allowed strong monarchies to develop (Chapter 6)
4. Led to Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution (Chapter 6)
5. Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe1. Could not live in Spanish colonies2. Many moved to Ottoman Empire, Netherlands