Regulation of Discharges Regulation of Discharges of Nuclear Facilities in Ukraineof Nuclear Facilities in Ukraine
Iurii BonchukIurii Bonchuk
Radiation Protection InstituteRadiation Protection InstituteKiev, UkraineKiev, Ukraine
[email protected]@rpi.kiev.ua
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
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Regulatory bodies in UkraineRegulatory bodies in Ukraine
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State Nuclear Regulatory Committee of UkraineState Nuclear Regulatory Committee of Ukraine ( (SNRCUSNRCU)) implements functions of the national regulatory body on nuclear implements functions of the national regulatory body on nuclear and radiation safetyand radiation safety•normative regulation normative regulation (establishing safety criteria, requirements and conditions (establishing safety criteria, requirements and conditions in the area of nuclear energy use)in the area of nuclear energy use)
•licensing licensing (issuing permits and licenses to conduct activities in this area)(issuing permits and licenses to conduct activities in this area)
•supervision supervision (conducting supervisory activity on observance of codes and (conducting supervisory activity on observance of codes and standards on nuclear and radiation safety)standards on nuclear and radiation safety)
•enforcement enforcement (imposing sanctions stipulated by law in case of violations)(imposing sanctions stipulated by law in case of violations)
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
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Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MHU) Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MHU) is the main body in the area of health protection is the main body in the area of health protection •realize control and supervision on sanitary law compliancerealize control and supervision on sanitary law compliance, , state standardsstate standards, , criteria and requirementscriteria and requirements
•approve approve state sanitary standards, rulesstate sanitary standards, rules, , hygienic norms hygienic norms (including(including derived levels, limits of discharge derived levels, limits of discharge))
Main types of facilities in UkraineMain types of facilities in Ukraine
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• 4 operating NPPs (15 power units)4 operating NPPs (15 power units) which are subdivisions of which are subdivisions of National Nuclear Energy Generating Company ENERGOATOM:National Nuclear Energy Generating Company ENERGOATOM:• Zaporizhzhya NPP (6 units WWER 1000) (largest NPP in Europe)Zaporizhzhya NPP (6 units WWER 1000) (largest NPP in Europe)• South-Ukrainian NPP (3 units WWER 1000)South-Ukrainian NPP (3 units WWER 1000)• Rivne NPP (2 units WWER 440, 2 units WWER 1000)Rivne NPP (2 units WWER 440, 2 units WWER 1000)• Khmelnitsky NPP (2 units WWER 1000)Khmelnitsky NPP (2 units WWER 1000)
• Chornobyl NPPChornobyl NPP (3 Units at the stage of Decommissioning) (3 Units at the stage of Decommissioning)
• State owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex" (SkhidGZK)State owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex" (SkhidGZK)(largest uranium mining enterprise in Europe), which includes (largest uranium mining enterprise in Europe), which includes Hydro-Metallurgical Plant, Ingul’skaya and Smolinskaya mines Hydro-Metallurgical Plant, Ingul’skaya and Smolinskaya mines
• 2 Spent Fuel Storage Facilities2 Spent Fuel Storage Facilities in operation in operation at Zaporizhya NPP and Chornobyl NPPat Zaporizhya NPP and Chornobyl NPP
• RAW storage facilities and RAW management plantsRAW storage facilities and RAW management plants::6 Specialized Enterprises “Radon”, State Specialized Enterprise “Complex”, 6 Specialized Enterprises “Radon”, State Specialized Enterprise “Complex”, State Specialized Enterprise “Technocenter” State Specialized Enterprise “Technocenter”
• 2 research reactors2 research reactors ( (Kyiv, SevastopolKyiv, Sevastopol))
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
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Regulations of controlled practices in UkraineRegulations of controlled practices in Ukraine
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Dose limitsDose limits
Derived levels:Derived levels:• permissible (authorized) levelspermissible (authorized) levels
established from dose limits for reference exposure conditionsestablished from dose limits for reference exposure conditions
Radiation Safety Standards of Ukraine (RSSU-97) Radiation Safety Standards of Ukraine (RSSU-97) is the basic state document in Ukraine which establishes is the basic state document in Ukraine which establishes system of radiation and hygienic rulessystem of radiation and hygienic rules
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria
Limitation of public exposureLimitation of public exposure
Effective dose limit (Effective dose limit (DLDLEE) = 1 mSv per year) = 1 mSv per year
the value of the effective dose to individuals from the value of the effective dose to individuals from controlled practicescontrolled practices that shall not be exceeded that shall not be exceeded
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Exposure from separate facilityExposure from separate facility
Total exposureTotal exposure
Quota of Quota of DLDLEE = 40 .. 200 µSv per year = 40 .. 200 µSv per year
the value of the effective dose to individuals (critical group) from the value of the effective dose to individuals (critical group) from separate facilityseparate facility that shall not be exceeded that shall not be exceeded
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria
Limitation of public exposure from facilitiesLimitation of public exposure from facilities
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EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria
FacilityFacility
QQuota, uota, Sv per yearSv per year
Total Total (all discharges)(all discharges)
AirborneAirborne (gaseous) (gaseous)discharge discharge
(for (for allall pathways) pathways)
LiquidLiquid discharge discharge (for (for criticalcritical pathway pathway
of water use)of water use)
Uranium mines, Uranium mines, hydrometallurgy plants for hydrometallurgy plants for milling of uranium oresmilling of uranium ores
200200 120120 5050
Radiochemical plantsRadiochemical plants 200200 100100 5050
NPPs, other facilities which NPPs, other facilities which use nuclear reactor(s). use nuclear reactor(s). RAW processing facilitiesRAW processing facilities
8080 4040 1010
RAW disposal facilitiesRAW disposal facilities 4040 2020 1010
Other facilities.Other facilities.Reference facilityReference facility 8080 4040 1010
Limitation of public exposure from facilities (example)Limitation of public exposure from facilities (example)
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Total exposure from each of 4 Ukrainian NPPsTotal exposure from each of 4 Ukrainian NPPs
Quota of Quota of DLDLEE = 80 µSv per year = 80 µSv per year
the value of the effective dose to critical group the value of the effective dose to critical group from from NPP dischargesNPP discharges that shall not be exceeded that shall not be exceeded
airborne (gaseous)airborne (gaseous)dischargedischarge
40 µSv40 µSv
liquid dischargeliquid discharge40 µSv40 µSv
(dose from the critical path of water use (dose from the critical path of water use should not exceed should not exceed 10 µSv10 µSv))
If corresponded DLIf corresponded DLEE quota is not exceeded,quota is not exceeded,
airborne (or liquid) airborne (or liquid) discharge is authorizeddischarge is authorized
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
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Establishment of Permissible Levels of DischargesEstablishment of Permissible Levels of Discharges
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EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria
There is only one document for establishment of There is only one document for establishment of permissible levels of discharges:permissible levels of discharges:
The Procedure of an Establishment of Permissible The Procedure of an Establishment of Permissible Levels of Air and Liquid Discharges of Ukrainian NPP Levels of Air and Liquid Discharges of Ukrainian NPP (Radiation-hygienic Rules of Group I) (Radiation-hygienic Rules of Group I) (Methodical Guidance), 2002(Methodical Guidance), 2002
Methodical GuidanceMethodical Guidance covers only covers only operating NPPsoperating NPPs..Other enterprises use it as ‘example’Other enterprises use it as ‘example’
Establishment of Permissible Levels of DischargesEstablishment of Permissible Levels of Discharges
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EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria
Methodical Guidance Methodical Guidance uses:uses:•Gaussian model for atmospheric dispersionGaussian model for atmospheric dispersion•ECOSYS model for food chainsECOSYS model for food chains•ICRP dosimetric models (dose coefficients)ICRP dosimetric models (dose coefficients)
Methodical GuidanceMethodical Guidance uses site specific data: uses site specific data:•stack heightstack height•radius of sanitary protective arearadius of sanitary protective area•meteorological data (averaged for last 5 years):meteorological data (averaged for last 5 years):•distribution of stability classes (A-F)distribution of stability classes (A-F)•wind directions (8 or 16)wind directions (8 or 16)•wind speed (up to 10 ranges) wind speed (up to 10 ranges) which form 3-dimensional matrixwhich form 3-dimensional matrix
Methodical GuidanceMethodical Guidance assumes uniform discharge assumes uniform discharge (as permissible discharge) during 30 years of NPP operating(as permissible discharge) during 30 years of NPP operating
Regulation of the airborne discharge of NPPsRegulation of the airborne discharge of NPPs
1010
EEADAD is the is the DLDLEE quota for the airborne discharge ( quota for the airborne discharge (40 µSv40 µSv))
ЕЕii is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of
population from the unit airborne discharge of the radionuclide population from the unit airborne discharge of the radionuclide ii
Limit of Airborne Discharge (Limit of Airborne Discharge (LADLAD))
ii E
ELAD
365AD
LADLAD are calculated for: are calculated for:
• 33H, H, 5151Cr, Cr, 5454Mn, Mn, 5959Fe, Fe, 5858Co, Co, 6060Co, Co, 8989Sr, Sr, 9090Sr, Sr, 9595Zr, Zr, 9595Nb, Nb, 110m110mAg, Ag, 134134Cs, Cs, 137137Cs Cs ((monthly controlmonthly control););
• iodine, noble gases, and long lived radionuclides (iodine, noble gases, and long lived radionuclides (daily controldaily control))
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
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Control of the airborne discharge of NPPsControl of the airborne discharge of NPPs
1111
ADADii is an actual daily airborne discharge of radionuclide is an actual daily airborne discharge of radionuclide ii
ADADjj is an averaged (for a calendar month) daily airborne is an averaged (for a calendar month) daily airborne
discharge of radionuclide discharge of radionuclide jj
j j
j
i i
i
bLADAD
аLADAD
)( 1
)( 1 dailydaily control control
monthlymonthly control control
If the set of inequalities is satisfiedIf the set of inequalities is satisfiedthe airborne discharge is the airborne discharge is authorisedauthorised
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria
Regulation of the liquid discharge of NPPsRegulation of the liquid discharge of NPPs
1212
EELDLD is the is the DLDLEE quota for the critical path of water use for the liquid quota for the critical path of water use for the liquid
discharge (discharge (10 µSv10 µSv))
ЕЕii,,jj is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of is an annual effective dose for the member of critical group of
population from the unit liquid discharge of the radionuclide population from the unit liquid discharge of the radionuclide i, i, which is which is formed by the path of water use formed by the path of water use jj
jj is one of the following paths of water use: drinking water supply, is one of the following paths of water use: drinking water supply, fishing, irrigated cropping, cattle watering, recreationfishing, irrigated cropping, cattle watering, recreation
Limit of Liquid Discharge (Limit of Liquid Discharge (LLDLLD))
jij
i EE
LLD,
LDmin
LLDLLD are calculated for: are calculated for:• 33H, H, 5151Cr, Cr, 5454Mn, Mn, 5959Fe, Fe, 5858Co, Co, 6060Co, Co, 6565Zn, Zn, 8989Sr, Sr, 9090Sr, Sr, 9595Zr, Zr, 9595Nb, Nb, 110m110mAg , Ag , 131131I, I,
134134Cs, Cs, 137137Cs , Cs , 144144CeCe
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria
Control of the liquid discharge of NPPsControl of the liquid discharge of NPPs
1313
LDLDii is an actual annual liquid discharge of radionuclide is an actual annual liquid discharge of radionuclide ii
i i
i
LLDLD
1 annual controlannual control
If the inequality is satisfiedIf the inequality is satisfiedthe liquid discharge is the liquid discharge is authorisedauthorised
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria22-24 September 2009, Vienna, IAEA Headquarters, Austria
Regulation of discharge of other facilitiesRegulation of discharge of other facilities
1414
EMRAS II - EMRAS II - Reference Methodologies for Controlling DischargesReference Methodologies for Controlling Discharges
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Chornobyl NPP:Chornobyl NPP:
• airborne dischargeairborne discharge6060Co, Co, 9090Sr, Sr, 137137Cs, Cs, 238238Pu, Pu, 239+240239+240Pu, Pu, 241241Pu, Pu, 241241Am (Am (monthly controlmonthly control))
• liquid discharge liquid discharge 9090Sr, Sr, 137137Cs, Cs, emitters ( emitters (annual controlannual control))
The state owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex”The state owned "Eastern Mining And Processing Complex”::
• airborne dischargeairborne dischargeuranium radionuclides (uranium radionuclides (234234U, U, 235235U,U, 238 238U), U), emitters ( emitters (annual controlannual control))
Methodical Guidance for operating NPPsMethodical Guidance for operating NPPs is applied is applied
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!