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Referencing
APA Style
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Referencing Different Sources
A. Referencing Books
Step 1 - Collecting the Details
Take down the following details from the source you use as you progress through your work:
• author/editor (Last name and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.
• year of pu!lication
• title
• edition num!er
• pu!lisher
•place of pu!lication
• the page num!ers of any "uote/s you may use
NB 1: This includes any novels you may refer to. #f these are no longer in copyright note !oth original pu!lishing
year and the edition you are using.
NB 2: #n the in$te%t citation, if pages are !eing directly referenced, include the page num!er/s after the year.
NB 3: &apitali'ation $ &apitali'e only the first word of the title and of the su!title, if any, and any proper nouns.
Book with one author
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• assan ()**+ has argued that
• #n a ma-or study (assan, )**+, it was found that
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
uthor. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.
• &astells, 1. ()***. End of millennium ()nd ed.. 1alden, 1: 2lackwell.
• assan, R. ()**+. Media, politics and the network society . 1aidenhead, England: 3pen 4niversity 0ress.
Book with two authors
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
[Type the company name] 5 )
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2
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• #n their findings ... (6ellman 7 aythornthwaite, )**)
• 6ellman and aythornthwaite ()**) refute the argument
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
uthor, . ., 7 uthor 2. 2. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.
• 6ellman, 2., 7 aythornthwaite, &. . ()**). The Internet in everyday life. 3%ford, England: 2lackwell.
Book with three or 'ore authors
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• ...as argued (8harp et al., )**)
• 8harp et al. ()**) argued...
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
uthor, . ., uthor, 2. 2, 7 uthor, &. &. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication:
0u!lisher.
• 8harp, 9. ., 0eters, 9., 7 oward, . ()**). The management of a student research project . ldershot,
England: ;ower.
Book with no author
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• s discussed in Good ousekeeping ( ....
• ...infants are weaned (Good ousekeeping , ....
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
Title of book (Edition. (ear of pu!lication. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.
•The Good ousekeeping illustrated book of child care! "rom newborn to preteen . (. ?ew ork, ?: earst2ooks.
Seconar! source in a (ook
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• @reudAs study (as cited in 8mith, 9ones 7 2lack,
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Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
uthor, . . 7 uthor, 2. 2. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.
• 8mith, 0., 9ones, 1., 7 2lack, 9. (
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Book with group as author
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• #n a recent study, the 3rgani'ation for Economic &o$operation and Development F3E&DG ()**H found ...
•... was found (3rgani'ation for Economic &o$operation and Development F3E&DG, )**H.
• recent 3E&D ()**H report suggested ...
• ... in work situations (3E&D, )**H.
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
@ull name of group author. (ear of pu!lication. Title of publication (dditional information. 0lace of pu!lication:
0u!lisher.
• 3rgani'ation for Economic &o$operation and Development. ()**H. %abies and bosses! 'econciling work and
family life! # synthesis of findings for (E&) countries. 0aris, @rance: uthor .
NB 1: Edition is written as )nd ed. or Rev. ed. for revised.
NB 2: 6hen author and pu!lisher are identical, use the word IuthorJ as the pu!lisher.
%ite (ook
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• 2eckman and 1a ()**B suggest that
• this theory was disproved (2eckman 7 1a, )**B.
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
Editor, . ., 7 Editor, 2. 2. (Eds.. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.
• 0orter (C wrote K#tAs lright 6ith 1eK for the musical &an$&an.
• 2eckman, . R., 7 1a, 9. (Eds.. ()**B. $till moving! %etween cinema and photography. Durham, ?&: Duke
4niversity 0ress.
NB 1: 4se the a!!reviation (Eds.. for multiple editors.
[Type the company name] 5 >
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6
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NB 2: @or ma-or reference works with a large num!er of editors, use the name of the lead editor followed !y et
al. and, in parentheses, the year.
Doctoral issertations an 'aster)s theses
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• &onsidine (
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• uthor, . . (ear. Title. )issertation #bstracts International! $ection. Title of section, olume(#ssue, ?um!er
of a!stract.
&onsidine, 1. (
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*ournal article with one author
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• was summarised (anson, )*
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uthors, . ., 7 uthor, 2. 2., uthor, &. &., 7 uthor, D. D. (ear of pu!lication. Title of article. /ame of publication, 0olume(#ssue, pp$pp.
• Lindgren, ., #nkinen, 1., 7 6idmalm, 8. ()**=. 6ho knows !est what the people want: 6omen or
menN &omparative 4olitical $tudies, 12 (), C>.
@or B or more authors:
• Dotsch, 8., 6ig!oldus, R. 9., van nippen!erg, O., ckermannered, L., ;riskevicius, 2., Li, ?. 0., . . . 2otros, ?.
()*,
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NB 1: ?o retrieval date is necessary when a D3# is availa!le.
NB 2: D3# num!ers are often located on the first page of an article near the copyright notice. #f availa!le, they are
included in the references retrieved !y Discovery.
St!le notes
•
?o retrieval date is necessary when a D3# is availa!le.• D3# num!ers are often located on the first page of an article near the copyright notice. #f availa!le, they are
included in the references retrieved !y Discovery.
• @or supplementary material availa!le online, include a description of the content in !rackets after the title,
e.g., FLetter to the editorG, F1apG, Fudio podcastG.
+nline article without D+, FD3# P Digital 3!-ect #dentifierG
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
•Thierstein ()**= identifies . . . .
• . . . was identified (Thierstein, )**=.
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
uthor, . . (0u!lication date. Title of article. Title of publication, volume number (issue num!er, pp$pp. Retrievedfrom we! address of -ournal.
• Thierstein, 9. ()**=. Education in the digital age. Educause 'eview , 11(
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/aga0ine
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• ?ewman ()**B reported that . . . .
• pple has !een !eset with more patent suits since developing the i0od (&la!urn, )**B.
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
uthor, . . (ear of pu!lication, 1onth day. Title of article. /ame of 4ublication, %%, pp$pp.
• &la!urn, T. ()**B, 1ay >. 8warm of patent suits !ites pple. Electronic Engineering Times,*525 , )).
• ?ewman, 1. ()**B, 3cto!er. 2affling the !andits. /ational 6ildlife, 17 ,
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• ;holson, 2., 7 2arker, 0. (. uhn, Lakatos, and Laudan: pplications in the history of physics and
psychology. #merican 4sychologist , 1- (, H>>$H=.
St!le notes
• 4se secondary sources sparingly, e.g., when the original te%t is not accessi!le.
• #n the Reference List, record only the secondary source.
• #n the te%t, name the original article, and give a citation in parentheses for your secondary source. That is,
if you did not read the article cited, list the reference for the work you did access in the Reference List, !ut in thete%t, after identifying the original work, put in parentheses the phrase as cite in followed !y the authorsJ namesfor your source and the pu!lication year of their work.
• 9ournal titles are italici'ed.
• #f pages are !eing directly referenced in the te%t, include the page num!er/s in the in$te%t citation after the
year.
D. Referencing +nline Sources
ere you will find referencing a!out
• 6e! page with author
• 6e! page with no author
•
2log post, 3nline forum post or ideo !log post (ouTu!e video• @ace!ook 7 Twitter post
• 3nline reference work
&e( page with author
Step 1 - Collecting the Details
Take down the following details from the source you use as you progress through your work:
• author (surname and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.
• year of pu!lication
• title of page
• full internet we! page address Fonly include full 4RL in the references at the end of your workG
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
[Type the company name] 5
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Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
Title of page. (0u!lication date. Retrieved from we! address.
;< terror threat reduced to =substanial.=%%& /ews ;
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uthor, . . For liasG (ear, 1onth day. Title of original !log F6e! !log commentG. Retrieved from 6e!
address ideo !log
uthor, . . (ear, 1onth day. Title Fideo fileG. Retrieved from 6e! address 3nline forum post
uthor. . For lias.G (ear, 1onth day. Title of discussion thread F3nline forum commentG. 1essage posted to
6e! address
9R. ()*
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• full internet we! page address Fonly include full 4RL in the references at the end of your workG
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
9ulia ;illard committed her government . . . (;illard, )*
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+nline reference work
Step 1 - Collecting the Details
Take down the following details from the source you use as you progress through your work:
• author (surname and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.
• year of pu!lication
• title of page
• full internet we! page address Fonly include full 4RL in the references at the end of your workG
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
&hilvers ()**+ descri!es 6illiamsJ vision of landscape as Wdistinctly personal.X
6illiamsJ vision of landscape has !een descri!ed as Wdistinctly personalX (&hilvers, )**+.
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
uthor, . (Date. Title of article or segment. #n . . Editor (Ed., Title of encyclopedia. (%%th ed.. doi:
%%%%%%%%%% F3R: Retrieved from we! addressG ?o author or editor or date:
Title of entry. (n.d.. #n Title of reference work (%%th ed.. doi: %%%%%%%%%% F3R: Retrieved from we! addressG
Reference work cited as a whole:
Editor, . . (Ed.. Title of reference work (%%th ed.. doi: %%%%%%%%%% F3R: Retrieved from we! addressG
@lorman, Lisa. 0icasso, 0a!lo. (n.d.. #n 1. elly (Ed., (>ford art online. Retrieved fromhttp://www.o%fordartonline.com
0 style. ()*
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• #f no D3# is availa!le, provide the home page 4RL of the -ournal or of the !ook or report pu!lisher, not the
4RL of the article as retrieved from a data!ase search. Do not place a period after the 4RL.
• @or !oth free resources and su!scription resources "uote the we! address (4RL of the resourceAs home
page. @or those supplied !y the 4niversity of 1el!ourne through Discovery, you may need to do a "uick searchfor the resourceJs home page.
• The retrieval date need only !e included if the content is likely to change, as with 6ikis.
[Type the company name] 5
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%. Referencing Newspaper
Step 1 - Collecting the Details
Take down the following details from the source you use as you progress through your work:
• author/editor (Last name and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.
• year, month and day of pu!lication
• title
• name of pu!lication
• the page num!ers of any "uote/s you may use
NB 1: pply rules for multiple authors as for -ournal articles.
NB 2: #n the Reference List, give the year, month and day.
NB 3: #n the in$te%t citation, give the first author surname and year only.
NB 9: #f an editorial piece, add FEditorialG after the article title.
NB : @or an online article, give the 4RL -ust for the newspaperJs home page (more specific we! addresses maychange or !ecome inactive.
Newspaper ite' with author
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• issane ()**B reported that sentences . . . .
• . . . should !e made mandatory (issane, )**B.
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
uthor, . (ear, month day. Title of article. /ame of 4ublication, p. For pp.G.
• issane, . ()**B, 3cto!er )=. 2rum!y calls for tough sentences. The #ge, p.B.
3nline newspaper article:
• lass, 0. ()*
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• . . . the significance of these finds has !een "uestioned in the media (K3ldest !acteria fossilsK, )**).
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
Title of article. (ear, month day. Title of publication, p. For pp.G
• 3ldest !acteria fossilsN 3r are they merely tiny rock flawsN ()**), 1arch
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5. Referencing Auio ; isual Source
ere you will find referencing a!out
• 8ound Recording (1usical 8core
• DD, video, film:
• Television and radio !roadcast
• udio podcast
Soun Recoring /usical Score4
Step 1 - Collecting the Details
Take down the following details from the source you use as you progress through your work:
• &omposer / writer (Last name and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.
• year of copyright
• title of song or work
• artist name (recorded !y
• title of al!um
• medium of recording (Record, &assette, &D, DD, 2lue Ray, etc
• location
• la!el
• date of recording if different from copyright date
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
• The original performance was altered !y Rimsky$orskov (1ussogorsky,
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?icks, 8. (
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&antrill, ., 7 &antrill, &. (0roducers 7 Directors. Two@colour seperation studies F1otion pictureG. ustralia:0roducers.
&larke, 0. (E%ecutive 0roducer, 7 ppel, ;. (DD 0roducer. ()**C. 8ove is in the air FDDG. 8ydney, ustralia: 2&.
@ink, 1. (0roducer. 7 rmstrong, ;. (Director. (
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6illiams, R. (0resenter 7 au%, D (;uest. ()**=, Decem!er )*. short history of cell deaths. FRadio !roadcastG.#n 2. 8eega (0roducer, (ckhamCs ra9or . 8ydney, ustralia: 2& Radio ?ational.
St!le notes
• List the script writer, presenter, director and/or producer in the author position (as appropriate and use
parentheses to identify their contri!ution.
• To refer to an individual episode in a series, insert the title (not italici'ed after the !roadcast date and add
FTelevision series episodeG or FRadio !roadcastG. Then use the word #n as for a chapter in a !ook, and record the
producer in the position of editor, not inverting the producerJs name, e.g., 2. 8eega (0roducer, ?3T 8eega, 2.(0roducer. 0lace a comma !efore the italici'ed title of the series.
• &omplete with country of production and organi'ation responsi!le.
• Radio !roadcasts may not have a specific title.
5or auio pocast:
Step 1 - Collecting the Details
Take down the following details from the source you use as you progress through your work:
• author/podcasterJs name
• title and full 4RL
• date and time the podcast was uploaded and the date you accessed the file
• format of the podcast (i.e. #, 10C, 10E;, 6 etc.
• 8tart and finish times of any "uotes (note as hh:mm:ss
Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t
1asters ()**B outlines . . . .
. . . for East Timor (1asters, )**B.
Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork
0erson responsi!le, . . (Role. (ear, 1onth day. Title Fudio podcastG. Retrieved from we! address
1asters, &. (0roducer. ()**B, 1arch )*th. 6hat ne>t for TimorD Fudio podcastG. Retrieved from
http://www.a!c.net.au/rn
St!le notes
• #n place of an author, give the name of the person most responsi!le for the podcast, or two names with
different roles if relevant. #dentify the role in parentheses after each name.
• #talici'e the title and follow it immediately with identification of the format in !rackets: Fudio podcastG. The
period comes after the closing !racket.
• ;enerally the we! address for the providing organisation is ade"uate. #f you find it hard to retrieve, give a
specific we! address.
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