Airline - Rationalization
1 By the early 1920s, small airlines were struggling to compete, and there was a movement towards
increased rationalization and consolidation
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Operationalization
1 'operationalization' is a process of defining the measurement of a phenomenon that is not directly
Measurement|measurable, though its existence is indicated by other
phenomena
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Operationalization
1 The concept of operationalization was first presented by the British physicist N
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Operationalization - History
1 Operationalization is used to specifically refer to the scientific practice of operational definition|
operationally defining, where even the most basic concepts are defined through the operations by which we
measure them
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Operationalization
1 The importance of careful operationalization can perhaps be
more clearly seen in the development of Introduction to
general relativity|General Relativity
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Operationalization - Operationalization in the social sciences
1 Operationalization is often used in the social sciences as part of the
scientific method and psychometrics.
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Operationalization - Tying operationalization to conceptual frameworks
1 For a detailed discussion of operationalization extending the
example above see Shields Rangarajan pp
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Operationalization - Tying operationalization to conceptual frameworks
1 Most serious empirical research should involve operationalization that
is transparent and linked to a conceptual framework.
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Operationalization - Tying operationalization to conceptual frameworks
1 To use an oversimplified example, the hypothesis Job satisfaction reduces job
turnover is one way to connect (or frame) two concepts — job satisfaction and job turnover.
The process of moving from the idea job satisfaction to the set of questionnaire items
that form a job satisfaction scale is operationalization. For most of us,
operationalization outside the larger issue of a research question and conceptual
framework is just not very interesting.
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Operationalization - Tying operationalization to conceptual frameworks
1 The researcher asks - Is the evidence sufficient to 'support' the working
hypothesis? Formal operationalization would specify the kinds of evidence needed to support the hypothesis as well as evidence
which would fail to support it.Patricia M
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Operationalization - Tying operationalization to conceptual frameworks
1 They also show how to make conceptualization and
operationalization more concrete by demonstrating how to form
conceptual framework tables that are tied to the literature and
operationalization tables that lay out the specifics of how to operationalize the conceptual framework (measure
the concepts).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-rationalization-toolkit.html
Operationalization - Tying operationalization to conceptual frameworks
1 To see examples of research projects that use conceptual framework and
operationalization tables see http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/
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Rationalization (making excuses)
1 Rationalization encourages irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives,
or feelings and often involves ad hoc hypothesizing
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Rationalization (making excuses)
1 People rationalize for various reasons. Rationalization may
differentiate the original deterministic explanation of the behavior or feeling in question.
Sometimes rationalization occurs when we think we know ourselves
Introspection illusion|better than we do.
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Rationalization (making excuses)
1 It is also an informal fallacy of reasoning.[http://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Rationalizati
on]
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Rationalization (making excuses) - DSM definition
1 According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders|DSM-IV, rationalization occurs when the individual deals with
emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by concealing the true motivations for his or her own
thoughts, actions, or feelings through the elaboration of reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations.
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Examples
1 * Rationalization can be used to avoid admitting disappointment: I
didn't get the job that I applied for, but I really didn't want it in the first
place.
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Examples
1 Rationalizations often take the form of a comparison. Commonly this is done to lessen the perception of an
action's negative effects, to justify an action, or to excuse culpability:
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Examples
1 Egregious rationalizations intended to deflect blame can also take the
form of ad hominem attacks or Denial#DARVO|DARVO.
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Examples
1 Based on anecdotal and survey evidence, John Banja states that the
medical field features a disproportionate amount of
rationalization invoked in the cover up|covering up of Medical errors|
mistakes. Common excuses made are:
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Psychoanalysis
1 Ernest Jones contributed the term rationalization to psychoanalysis in
1908, defining it as the inventing of a reason for an attitude or action the
motive of which is not recognized'.Adam Phillips, On
Flirtation (London 1994) p
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Psychoanalysis
1 The term was taken up almost immediately by Sigmund Freud to
account for the explanations offered for neurotic symptoms - 'a process
which (borrowing a useful term from Ernest Jones [1908] we may describe
as rationalization'Sigmund Freud, Case Histories II (London 1991) p.
184 - and was later developed further by his daughter Anna Freud.
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Psychoanalysis
1 637 By the 1940s Otto Fenichel|Fenichel could distinguish 'various types of
rationalization...Emotional attitudes become permissible on condition that they are
justified as reasonable', but equally 'Defensive attitudes and resistances, which seem irrational because their real purpose is unconscious, frequently are rationalized
by the ego's foisting other secondary purposes upon them'.Fenichel,
Psychoanalytic phttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-rationalization-toolkit.html
Rationalization (making excuses) - Psychoanalysis
1 he takes upon himself the task of finding justifications for
it...rationalization'.Eric Berne, A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis (Middlesex 1976) p
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Psychoanalysis
1 92 but to object relations theory it could be part of a more sinister
process whereby the mind 'detaches feelings from their true locus and
attaches them to the exact reverse; it falsifies judgement; it splits
intellect from feeling and enslaves reason...a process called
rationalization'.Neville Symington, On Narcissism (London 2003) p
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Cognitive dissonance
1 A rather different, but perhaps complementary, approach to
rationalization comes from cognitive dissonance. 'In 1957. Leon
Festinger...argued that when people become aware that their attitudes,
thoughts, and beliefs (cognitions) are inconsistent with one another, this
realization brings with it an uncomfortable state of tension called
cognitive dissonance '.E. R. Smith and D. M. Mackie, Social Psychology
(Hove 2007) p. 277-8
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Cognitive dissonance
1 One answer to the discomfort of the situation is that 'their minds rationalize it by inventing a
comfortable illusion'.Scott Adams, in Smith/Mackie, Social p. 280 Thus for example 'people who start to smoke
again after quitting for a while perceive smoking to be less
dangerous to their health, compared to their views when they decided to stop' – thereby averting their 'post-
decisional regret'Smith/Mackie, Social p. 283-4 through their new
rationalization.
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Cognitive dissonance
1 In a similar way, acts of aggression will often be seen as 'reasonable,
well justified, even necessary...rationalizing their self-interest in these ways'; so that, to
cite 'Martin Luther King, Jr....It seems to be a fact of life that human beings cannot continue to do wrong without
eventually reaching out for some rationalization to clothe their act'.Smith/Mackie, Social p
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Rationalization (making excuses) - Cognitive dissonance
1 Such collective rationalizations come close perhaps to the communal illusions of which
Freud wrote as 'derived from human wishes...Must not the assumptions that
determine our political regulations be called illusions as well? and...may not other cultural assets of which we hold a high opinion and by which we let our lives be ruled be of a
similar nature?'.Sigmund Freud, Civilization, Society and Religion (Middlesex 1987) p. 213
and p. 216
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Rationalization (economics)
1 In economics, 'rationalization' is an attempt to change a pre-existing ad hoc workflow into one that is based
on a set of published rules
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Rationalization (economics)
1 Rationalization aims at an efficiency increase by better use of existing
possibilities: A same effect can with fewer means, or with same means to be obtained. In the industry thereby
frequently the replacement of manpower is designated by machines (rationalization
investment). It is the reasonable, appropriate organization of
operational conditions under changing conditions to increase with the goal, productivity and economy.
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Rationalization (economics)
1 Julien Freund defines rationalization as the organization of life through a
division and coordination of activities on the basis of exact study of men's relations with each other, with their tools and their environment, for the
purpose of achieving greater efficiency and productivity.Freund, Julien, 1968. The Sociology of Max Weber. New York: Vintage Books.
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Rationalization (economics)
1 Rationalization is the guiding principle behind bureaucracy and the increasing division of labour|division
of labor, and has led to an increase in both the production and distribution
of goods and services
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Rationalization (economics)
1 Change in human character is expected to be part of the process;
rationalization and bureaucratization promote efficiency, and economic materialism|materialism, both of which are subsumed under Max
Weber|Weber's concept of zweckrational.
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Rationalization (sociology)
1 In sociology, 'rationalization' refers to the replacement of traditions, values,
and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with reason|
rational, rationality|calculated ones. For example, the implementation of bureaucracies in government is a kind of rationalization, as is the
construction of high-efficiency living spaces in architecture and urban
planning.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-rationalization-toolkit.html
Rationalization (sociology)
1 Many sociologists, critical theorists and contemporary philosophers have argued that rationalization, as falsely assumed progress,
has a negative and dehumanization|dehumanizing effect on society, moving
modernity away from the central tenets of Enlightenment in Western secular tradition|
enlightenment.Habermas, Jürgen, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, Polity Press (1985), ISBN 0-7456-0830-2, p2 The
founders of sociology were acting as a critical reaction to rationalization:
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Rationalization (sociology) - Rationalization and capitalism
1 Rationalization formed a central concept in the foundation of classical sociology, particularly with respect to the emphasis the discipline placed – by contrast with anthropology – on
the nature of modern Western societies. The term was presented by
the profoundly influential German antipositivist, Max Weber, though its
themes bear parallel with the critiques of modernity set forth by a number of scholars. A rejection of
dialectism and sociocultural evolution informs the concept.
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Rationalization (sociology) - Rationalization and capitalism
1 In these works he alludes to an inevitable move towards rationalization.Macionis, J., and
Gerber, L
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Rationalization (sociology) - Rationalization and capitalism
1 Weber described the eventual effects of rationalization in his Economy and Society as leading to a polar night of
icy darkness, in which increasing rationalization of human life traps
individuals in an iron cage (or steel-hard casing) of rule-based, rationality|rational control.
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Rationalization (sociology) - Rationalization and capitalism
1 Jürgen Habermas has argued that to understand rationalization properly requires going beyond
Weber's notion of rationalization and distinguishing between instrumental rationality, which involves
calculation and efficiency (in other words, reducing all relationships to those of means and ends), and
communicative rationality, which involves expanding the scope of mutual understanding in
communication, the ability to expand this understanding through reflective discourse about communication, and making social and political life
subject to this expanded understanding.
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Rationalization (sociology) - The Holocaust, modernity and ambivalence
1 For Zygmunt Bauman, rationalization as a manifestation of modernity may be closely associated with the events
of the Holocaust
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Rationalization (sociology) - Consumption
1 Modern food consumption typifies the process of rationalization
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Rationalization (sociology) - Consumption
1 Rationalization is also observable in the replacement of more traditional stores, which may offer subjective advantages to consumers, such as what sociologists consider a less
regulated, more natural environment, with modern stores offering the
objective advantage of lower prices to consumers
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Rationalization (sociology) - Consumption
1 The sociologist George Ritzer has used the term McDonaldization to refer, not just to the actions of the
fast food restaurant, but to the general process of rationalization. Ritzer distinguishes four primary components of McDonaldization:
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Rationalization (sociology) - Human body
1 In these cases, we see how rationalization does produce
meaning and is not just simply a way to speed things up, i.e., a fat person is said to have poor self-control and
discipline and thus you can now make personal judgments about
them.
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System justification - Rationalization of the status quo
1 To this extent theorists have provided specific hypotheses|hypothesis in which the rationalization of the
status quo can manifest
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Post-purchase rationalization
1 'Post-purchase rationalization', also known as Buyer's Stockholm Syndrome, is a cognitive bias whereby someone who has
purchased an expensive product or service overlooks any faults or defects in order to justify their purchase. It is a special case of
choice-supportive bias.
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Post-purchase rationalization - Causes
1 This rationalization is based on the Principle of Commitment and the
psychological desire to stay consistent to that commitment.
Some authorities would also consider this rationalization a manifestation of
cognitive dissonance.
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Rationalization
1 *Rationalization (economics), an attempt to change a pre-existing ad hoc workflow into one that is based
on a set of published rules. Also, business jargon for a reduction in
numbers
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Rationalization
1 *Rationalization (making excuses), a psychological defense mechanism in
which perceived controversial behaviors are logically justified
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Rationalization
1 *Post-purchase rationalization
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Love's Labour's Lost - Reckoning and rationalization
1 Similar to reckoning is the notion of rationalization, which provides the basis for
the swift change in the ladies' feelings for the men. The ladies are able to talk themselves into falling in love with the men due to the
rationalization of the men's purported flaws. Lewis concluded that the proclivity to
rationalize a position, a like, or a dislike, is linked in Love's Labour's Lost with the
difficulty of reckoning absolute value, whose slipperiness is indicated throughout the play.
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Deadliest Catch - Rationalization: derby vs. quota
1 The subsequent seasons have been set after the change to a quota
system as part of a process known as rationalization
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Deadliest Catch - Rationalization: derby vs. quota
1 The rationalization process put many crews out of work because the
owners of many small boats found their assigned quotas too small to
meet operating expenses. During the first season run under the IFQ
system, the fleet shrank from over 250 boats to about 89 larger boats
with high quotas.
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