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Chapter 12 Race and Ethnicity Articles
Race and Ethnicity Rwanda
Race: Myth and Reality
• The Reality of Human Variety • The Myth of Pure Races • The Myth of a Fixed Number of Races • The Myth of Racial Superiority • The Myth Continues
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Ethnic Groups
• People often confuse the terms race and ethnic group
• Race Refers to Biological Characteristics • Ethnicity Refers to Cultural Characteristics
– Common Ancestry – Cultural Heritage – Nations of Origin
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Minority and Dominant Groups
• Minority Group - People Singled Out for Unequal Treatment
• Minority Group Not Necessarily Numerical Minority
• Emergence of Minority Groups – Expansion of political boundaries – Migration
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Minority and Dominant Groups
• Dominant Group - Group with Most… – Power – Privileges – Highest Social Status
• Dominant Group Does the Discriminating
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Constructing Racial-Ethnic Identity
• Sense of Ethnicity – Relative Size – Power – Appearance – Discrimination
• Ethnic Work and the Melting Pot
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Prejudice and Discrimination (handout on race relations terms) • Learning Prejudice
– Prejudice vs. Discrimination – Learning from Association – Far-Reaching Nature of Prejudice – Internalizing Dominant Norms
• Lighter/Darker Skin • Ethnic Maps
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A LowSense
A Heightened Sense
Part of the majorityGreater powerSimilar to the “national identity”No discrimination
Smaller numbersLesser powerDifferent from the “national identity”Discrimination
A Sense of Ethnicity
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20%
5%
30%
10%
15%
25%
35%
40%
45%
Applicants whose income was below the median income
Applicants whose income was above the median income
These Applicants Were Charged Higher Interest (given subprime loans)
Applicants who have 100% to 120% of median income
WhitesLatinosAfrican Americans
15
25
30
11
26
30
14
36
43
These Applicants Were Denied a Mortgage
Buying a House: Institutional Discrimination and Predatory Lending This figure, based on a national sample, illustrates institutional discrimination. Rejecting the loan applications of minorities and gouging them with higher interest rates are a nationwide practice, not the acts of a rogue banker here or there. Because the discrimination is part of the banking system, it is also called systemic discrimination.
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Individual and Institutional Discrimination • Home Mortgages
– African Americans and Latinos were 60 percent more likely to be rejected
• Health Care – Discrimination does not have to be deliberate – Researchers do not know why race–ethnicity
is a factor in medical decisions
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Theories of Prejudice
• Psychological Perspectives – Frustration and Scapegoats – The Authoritarian Personality
• Sociological Perspectives – Functionalism
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Theories of Prejudice
– Conflict Theory • Keep Workers Insecure • Exploit Racial-Ethnic Divisions
– Symbolic Interactionism – How Labels Create Prejudice – Labels and Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes
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Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations (How do we deal with Minorities.) Detailed graph on next slide.
• Genocide • Population Transfer • Internal Colonialism • Segregation • Assimilation • Multiculturalism (Pluralism)
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The dominant group structures the social institu- tions to maintain minimal contact with the minority group (e.g., the
U.S. South before the 1960s)
The dominant group tries to destroy the
minority group (e.g., Germany and Rwanda)
The dominant group exploits
the minority group (e.g., low-paid, menial work)
The dominant group expels the minority group
(e.g., Native Americans forced onto reservations)
The dominant group absorbs
the minority group (e.g., American
Czechoslovakians)
The dominant group encourages racial and ethnic variation; when
successful, there is no longer a
dominant group(e.g., Switzerland)
GenocidePopulation
TransferInternal
Colonialism Segregation AssimilationMulticulturalism
(Pluralism)
INHUMANITY
REJECTION
HUMANITY
ACCEPTANCE
Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations: A Continuum
Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Europeans Americans • White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASPs)
held deep prejudices against other whites • Nation’s Founders Included Only Those
from England • Other “White” Europeans Inferior • Naturalization Act of 1790: only white
immigrants could apply for citizenship
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Whites65%
Latinos15%
AsianAmericans 4%
African Americans 13%
NativeAmericans 1%Claim two or more races 2%
Race–Ethnicity of the U.S. Population
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Americans of European Descenta
199,491,00065%
Americans of African, Asian, North, Central, and South American, and Pacific Island Descent
104,743,00034%
Claim Two or More Race–Ethnicities
Overall Total:309,401,000 12%0 8%4% 16% 20%
Percentage of Americans
46,944,000 15.4%
39,059,000 12.8%
13,549,000 4.5%
3,083,000 1.0%
5,167,000 1.7%
50,272,000 16.5%German
36,278,000 11.9%Irishb
28,630,000 9.4%English/British
17,749,000 5.8%Italian
11,526,000 3.8%Frenchc
9,365,000 3.1%Scottishd
9,887,000 3.25%Polish
4,929,000 1.6%Dutch
4,643,000 1.5%Norwegian
4,390,000 1.4%Swedish
3,130,000 1.0%Russian
1,914,000 0.5%Czech
1,539,000 0.5%Hungarian
1,419,000 0.5%Portuguese
1,980,000 0.6%Welsh
1,459,000 0.5%Danish
1,351,000 0.4%Greek
997,000 0.3%Swiss
839,300 0.2%Others
Latinoe
Asian Americanf
African American
Native Americang
1,546,000 0.5%Arab
U.S. Racial–Ethnic Groups
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Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Latinos (Hispanics) • A Note on Terms • Numbers Origins, Location
– The massive unauthorized entry into the United States has aroused public concern
• Spanish Language • Diversity • Comparative Conditions
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Less than average: 5.1% to 18.8%
Average:19.1% to 33.7%
Higher than average: 34.8% to 75.0%
e:
SC35.1
NC 33.2
VA33.7
WA25.4
OR20.4
CA58.3
NV44.2
ID15.6
MT12.4
WY13.8
AZ42.7
NM59.1
CO29.3
ND11.0
SD14.3
NE16.6
KS20.1
OK29.2
TX53.3
MN15.2
IA10.2
MO18.2
AR24.9
LA38.6
WI15.4
IL35.4
KY12.8
TN 23.5
MS41.7
AL32.0
GA42.5
FL40.5
IN17.3
MI22.6
WV25.4
PA19.1
NY40.1
ME5.1
NH 7.2MA 21.3RI 21.7
CT 26.8NJ 38.9
DE 32.4
MD43.2
DC66.5
OH17.8
UT18.8
AK34.8
VT5.1
HI75.0
Percentage Minority
J J 38.9
E4
D2
Highest percentage of minority groups
1. Hawaii (75%)2. California (58.3%)3. New Mexico (59.1%)
Lowest percentage of minority groups
2. New Hampshire (7.2%)
1. Maine (5.1%); Vermont (5.1%)
3. Iowa (10.2%)
The Distribution of Dominant and Minority Groups
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Mexico31,550,000
66%
Central and SouthAmerica 7,583,00016%
Puerto Rico 4,224,0009%
Cuba 1,647,000 4%Other countries2,481,000 5%
Geographical Origins of U.S. Latinos
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California28%
Texas19%
Other States22%
New York 7%
Illinois 4%
Arizona 4%New Jersey 3%
Colorado 2%New Mexico 2%
Florida 8%
Where U.S. Latinos Live
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Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: African-Americans • The Struggle for Civil Rights • Rising Expectations and Civil Strife
– Expected that these sweeping legal changes would usher in better conditions in life
• Continued Gains – African Americans have made remarkable
gains in politics, education, and jobs
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Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: African-Americans • Current Losses • Race or Social Class? A Sociological
Debate – Division of African Americans into “haves” and
“have-nots” • Racism as an Everyday Burden
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Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Asian-Americans • Background of Discrimination • Diversity • Reasons for Success
– Family life – Educational achievement – Assimilation into mainstream culture
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China23%
India19%
Philippines18%
Korea10% Vietnam
11%
Japan5%
OtherCountries
14%
Countries of Origin for Asian Americans
Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Native Americans • Diversity of Groups • From Treaties to Genocide and Population
Transfer • The Invisible Minority and Self-
Determination • Pan-Indianism
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Looking Towards the Future
• The Immigration Debate – The current wave of immigrants is so diverse
that it is changing the U.S. racial–ethnic mix • Affirmative Action • Towards a True Multicultural Society
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European descentLatinosAfrican AmericansAsian AmericansNative AmericansClaim membership intwo or more groups
Year 2000281 million
69.4%
12.5%12.1%
3.7%0.7%1.6%
Year 2025357 million
59.3%
20.2%12.4% 5.1%
0.8%5.9%
2.1%
Year 2050439 million
49.9%
27.8%
12.2%
0.8%3.2%
Projections of the Racial–Ethnic Makeup of the U.S. Population
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Percentage of Americans who claim membership in these groups:
European descent
NOW
65%2000
69%2050
50%
Latino descent
2000
13%NOW
15%2050
28%
African descent
NOW
13%2000
12%2050
12%
Asian descent
2050
5.9%2000
3.7%NOW
4.4%
Native American descent
2000
0.7%NOW
1.0%2050
0.8%