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UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKAFACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
QUIETPAVEMENTS
Student : Miran Flego, 0114013331
Rijeka, January 2015.
UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKAFACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
QUIETPAVEMENTS
Student : Miran Flego, 0114013331
Rijeka, January 2015.
Noiseiseverywhere.Itaffectsourlivesathome,atworkandgenerallyeverywhere.Whereverpeoplelive
thereisnoise.
Noise,bydefinition,isanyunwantedorexcessivesound.Intheworldtoday,noisehasbecomeoneofthe
mostubiquitousformsofenvironmentalpollution.
Intraffic,noiseisagrowingproblem,especiallywithinurbanareas.Noiseemissionoftrafficvehiclesis
dominatedwiththenoiseproducesbytires.Thatkindofnoiseisinfluencedbythecharacteristics ofthe
roadsurface,likeacousticabsorptionandsurfacetexture.Thecommonnoisereductionmeasuresinclude
noisebarriersthatpreventsoundpropagationfromtheroadwaystotheurbanareas.Thosemeasuresare
veryexpensiveandineffectiveinmanyurbanareas.
Construction ofquieterpavementsisconsideredtobeapromisingengineeringtechniqueforsustainable
andenvironmentalfriendlyroads.
Noiseiseverywhere.Itaffectsourlivesathome,atworkandgenerallyeverywhere.Whereverpeoplelive
thereisnoise.
Noise,bydefinition,isanyunwantedorexcessivesound.Intheworldtoday,noisehasbecomeoneofthe
mostubiquitousformsofenvironmentalpollution.
Intraffic,noiseisagrowingproblem,especiallywithinurbanareas.Noiseemissionoftrafficvehiclesis
dominatedwiththenoiseproducesbytires.Thatkindofnoiseisinfluencedbythecharacteristics ofthe
roadsurface,likeacousticabsorptionandsurfacetexture.Thecommonnoisereductionmeasuresinclude
noisebarriersthatpreventsoundpropagationfromtheroadwaystotheurbanareas.Thosemeasuresare
veryexpensiveandineffectiveinmanyurbanareas.
Construction ofquieterpavementsisconsideredtobeapromisingengineeringtechniqueforsustainable
andenvironmentalfriendlyroads.
ABSTRACTABSTRACT
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SOUND LEVELS IN TRAFFICSOUND LEVELS IN TRAFFIC
Techniquesusedtomeasuretheove mainlyusedfordeterminingorpredictingoverallroadsidenoiselevel
rall trafficnoiseinthefieldarebasedupontwobasicmethods:
pass bymeasurementmethod andcloseproximitymethod
Generallyusedvariationsofmentionedpass bymethodsare:
SPB StatisticalPass Bymethod
CPB ControlledPass Bymethod.
Techniquesusedtomeasuretheove mainlyusedfordeterminingorpredictingoverallroadsidenoiselevel
rall trafficnoiseinthefieldarebasedupontwobasicmethods:
pass bymeasurementmethod andcloseproximitymethod
Generallyusedvariationsofmentionedpass bymethodsare:
SPB StatisticalPass Bymethod
CPB ControlledPass Bymethod.
TRAFFIC NOISE MEASUREMENTSTRAFFIC NOISE MEASUREMENTS
SPB
methodreliesonnormaltrafficstreamonaparticularroad
microphonesareplacedusuallyat7.5m(Europeanstandard) fromthecentre line perpendiculartothe
directionoftravelandat1.2mheight
taken measurements forthreeclassesofvehicles:passengercars,dualaxleheavyvehicleswithmore
thanfourwheelsandmultipleaxleheavyvehicles
mainlyusedfordeterminingorpredictingoverallroadsidenoiselevel
CPB
similartotheSPBmethod
measurementsetupwherebyamicrophoneormicrophonesareplacedatspecifieddistanceandheight
withrespecttocentre line
CPX
usedfo comparingtires,vehiclesandroadsurfaces
microphonesmountedincloseproximitytothetire,tire pavementinterfaceorvehicleengine
SPB
methodreliesonnormaltrafficstreamonaparticularroad
microphonesareplacedusuallyat7.5m(Europeanstandard) fromthecentre line perpendiculartothe
directionoftravelandat1.2mheight
taken measurements forthreeclassesofvehicles:passengercars,dualaxleheavyvehicleswithmore
thanfourwheelsandmultipleaxleheavyvehicles
mainlyusedfordeterminingorpredictingoverallroadsidenoiselevel
CPB
similartotheSPBmethod
measurementsetupwherebyamicrophoneormicrophonesareplacedatspecifieddistanceandheight
withrespecttocentre line
CPX
usedfo comparingtires,vehiclesandroadsurfaces
microphonesmountedincloseproximitytothetire,tire pavementinterfaceorvehicleengine
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OBSI On BoardSoundIntensitymethod
variationofCPXmethod
intensityofsoundpowercreatedduetotirepavementinteraction microphones aremountednexttoatireandthereforeitisalsocalledCloseProximitySoundIntensity
(CPSI)
OBSI On BoardSoundIntensitymethod
variationofCPXmethod
intensityofsoundpowercreatedduetotirepavementinteraction microphones aremountednexttoatireandthereforeitisalsocalledCloseProximitySoundIntensity
(CPSI)
QuieterasphaltpavementscanbeconstructedwithallcommonmixturessuchasDenseGradedAsphalt
(DGA),StoneMasticAsphalt(SMA),OpenGradedAsphalt(OGA)andPorousAsphalt(PA)providedthatthe
texturesaresmallandnegative.
QuieterasphaltpavementscanbeconstructedwithallcommonmixturessuchasDenseGradedAsphalt
(DGA),StoneMasticAsphalt(SMA),OpenGradedAsphalt(OGA)andPorousAsphalt(PA)providedthatthe
texturesaresmallandnegative.
QUIET PAVEMENT SOLUTIONSQUIET PAVEMENT SOLUTIONS
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madeofopengradedoruniformly gradedaggregatesthatprovideahighairvoidcontents(15%to
25%)inthecompactedmixwithwhichwecanreducethenoisefor4dB
promisingperformanceinprovidingnaturaldrainageandreductioninnoise
maintenancerepresentsaproblemwithcloggingofvoids
single ordoublelayerporousmixesandthinsurfacingareusedasnoisereducingpavementmixes
madeofopengradedoruniformly gradedaggregatesthatprovideahighairvoidcontents(15%to
25%)inthecompactedmixwithwhichwecanreducethenoisefor4dB
promisingperformanceinprovidingnaturaldrainageandreductioninnoise
maintenancerepresentsaproblemwithcloggingofvoids
single ordoublelayerporousmixesandthinsurfacingareusedasnoisereducingpavementmixes
PorousordrainageasphaltmixturePorousordrainageasphaltmixture
gap gradedasphaltmixturewithintermediatesizeaggregatemissing
rangeofnoiselevelissimilartodensegradedasphaltpavements
gap gradedasphaltmixturewithintermediatesizeaggregatemissing
rangeofnoiselevelissimilartodensegradedasphaltpavements
SMA SplitMasticsAsphaltSMA SplitMasticsAsphalt
OGA OpenGradedAsphaltOGA OpenGradedAsphalt
designedforhighskidresistanceproperties,issimilartoporouspavementbutwithlowervoidcontents
whichareachievedthroughuseofhigherfineraggregates
providesnoisereductionpotentialbecausepartofthesoundenergyisabsorbedthroughthevoidsinthe
mixture
designedforhighskidresistanceproperties,issimilartoporouspavementbutwithlowervoidcontents
whichareachievedthroughuseofhigherfineraggregates
providesnoisereductionpotentialbecausepartofthesoundenergyisabsorbedthroughthevoidsinthe
mixture
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hydrocarbonbinder
obtained
through
physical
and
chemical
interaction
of
crumb
rubber
produced
by
recyclingofusedtireswithbitumenandadditives hydrocarbonbinder
obtained
through
physical
and
chemical
interaction
of
crumb
rubber
produced
by
recyclingofusedtireswithbitumenandadditives
CRMA CrumbRubberandPolymere ModifiedAsphaltMixtureCRMA CrumbRubberandPolymere ModifiedAsphaltMixture
composedofasphaltblendedwith20%byweightrubberfromrecycledtires
tirerubberisfinelygroundatambienttemperatures thenblendedwithasphaltattemperatures
exceeding177C
veryadhesiveandcohesivehighviscositybinderthatgiveshighfilmthicknessontheaggregates
composedofasphaltblendedwith20%byweightrubberfromrecycledtires
tirerubberisfinelygroundatambienttemperatures thenblendedwithasphaltattemperatures
exceeding177C
veryadhesiveandcohesivehighviscositybinderthatgiveshighfilmthicknessontheaggregates
highstructuraldurabilityandstabilityunderveryhightraffic
burlapandartificialturfdragtextureshaveshowntobethequietestfollowedbythediamondgrounded
surfaces
longitudinally tinedsurfacehasshowntobequieterthantransversely
highstructuraldurabilityandstabilityunderveryhightraffic
burlapandartificialturfdragtextureshaveshowntobethequietestfollowedbythediamondgrounded
surfaces
longitudinally tinedsurfacehasshowntobequieterthantransversely
QuietconcretepavementQuietconcretepavement
diamondgrindingconcept,knownaswhispergrinding produceslowtexturedsurfacesandisshownto
reducethenoise
showntobethequietestandsmoothestPCCreducingtheCPXmeasurednoisefor3dBonnewlygrinded
surface
diamondgrindingconcept,knownaswhispergrinding produceslowtexturedsurfacesandisshownto
reducethenoise
showntobethequietestandsmoothestPCCreducingtheCPXmeasurednoisefor3dBonnewlygrinded
surface
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noise levelvaries
widely
even
within
the
same
pavement
group noise level
varies
widely
even
within
the
same
pavement
group
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PAVEMENTSCOMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PAVEMENTS
developmentsofaconsisttire pavementnoisedatabaseinCalifornia andArizona,caused
considerable interestinapplyingthissamemeasurementapproachtopavementsinEurope infour
countriesinEurope Germany,theNetherlands, France,andBelgium
testsperformedinCaliforniaandArizonashowedfollowingobservations:
1) Pavementtypecanreducetirepavementnoiseupto8or10dB
2) significantrangeintirepavementnoiseperformanceisineachofthegenericgroupingsofpavement
(PCC,DGAC,andOGAC/RAC)
3) surfacetexturecontrolsthelowertire pavementnoisefrequencies(below~1000Hz
4) opengradedorrubberizedasphaltconcreteshowthebesttire pavementnoiseperformance
5) grindingofPCCsurfacescanbeeffectiveinreducingtire pavementnoisebyreducingtextureeffectandbyreducingjointslap
first3ofthesewherealsoconfirmedintheNITEtesting
NITEtestsadded:
1) highlyporous2layerACconstructionscanprovideonlyslightlybettertirepavementnoiseperformance
thanthequietpavementscurrentlyinuseinCaliforniaandArizona
2) porousPCCcanproducetire pavementnoiseperformancesimilartootherquietpavements
3) exposedaggregatePCCsurfaceswerenotfoundtobeparticularlyquietrelativetolongitudinaltexture
4) rangeintire pavement noiseperformanceofSMApavementsissimilartothatofDGAC,andbothare
atcloserelatedtoaggregatesize
developmentsofaconsisttire pavementnoisedatabaseinCalifornia andArizona,caused
considerable interestinapplyingthissamemeasurementapproachtopavementsinEurope infour
countriesinEurope Germany,theNetherlands, France,andBelgium
testsperformedinCaliforniaandArizonashowedfollowingobservations:
1) Pavementtypecanreducetirepavementnoiseupto8or10dB
2) significantrangeintirepavementnoiseperformanceisineachofthegenericgroupingsofpavement
(PCC,DGAC,andOGAC/RAC)
3) surfacetexturecontrolsthelowertire pavementnoisefrequencies(below~1000Hz
4) opengradedorrubberizedasphaltconcreteshowthebesttire pavementnoiseperformance
5) grindingofPCCsurfacescanbeeffectiveinreducingtire pavementnoisebyreducingtextureeffectandbyreducingjointslap
first3ofthesewherealsoconfirmedintheNITEtesting
NITEtestsadded:
1) highlyporous2layerACconstructionscanprovideonlyslightlybettertirepavementnoiseperformance
thanthequietpavementscurrentlyinuseinCaliforniaandArizona
2) porousPCCcanproducetire pavementnoiseperformancesimilartootherquietpavements
3) exposedaggregatePCCsurfaceswerenotfoundtobeparticularlyquietrelativetolongitudinaltexture
4) rangeintire pavement noiseperformanceofSMApavementsissimilartothatofDGAC,andbothare
atcloserelatedtoaggregatesize
NOISE INTENSITY TESTING IN EUROPE NITE PROJECTNOISE INTENSITY TESTING IN EUROPE NITE PROJECT
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DEUFRAKO SPERoN(StatisticalPhysicalExplanationofRollingNoise)modelstructuringofasurface
withamouldingtool,perforatedmetalsheetstructuredwithanegativeofthetexturetobeprintedinto
aresinsurface
DEUFRAKO SPERoN(StatisticalPhysicalExplanationofRollingNoise)modelstructuringofasurface
withamouldingtool,perforatedmetalsheetstructuredwithanegativeofthetexturetobeprintedinto
aresinsurface
ONGOING PROJECTS IN EUROPEONGOING PROJECTS IN EUROPE
PERSUADEPoroElasticRoadSUrface:aninnovationtoAvoidDamagestotheEnvironmentlaunchedon
1September2009andcoordinatedinBelgium,withthebudgetof3,4millioneurosbasedonrubber
fromscraptires,whichwouldbenefittheenvironmentbycontributingtoreduceingtrafficnoiseand
vibration,butalsohelpingtosolvetheproblemofmorethan3milliontonsoftiresbeingdumpedor
burnedeveryyearintheEuropeanUnion
PERSUADEPoroElasticRoadSUrface:aninnovationtoAvoidDamagestotheEnvironmentlaunchedon
1September2009andcoordinatedinBelgium,withthebudgetof3,4millioneurosbasedonrubber
fromscraptires,whichwouldbenefittheenvironmentbycontributingtoreduceingtrafficnoiseand
vibration,butalsohelpingtosolvetheproblemofmorethan3milliontonsoftiresbeingdumpedor
burnedeveryyearintheEuropeanUnion
Asthetire pavementinteractionnoisedependsmainlyonthesurfacemacrotexture,itprovidesthe
opportunitytoplaywiththepavementsurfacemixesandsurfacetexturestoreducethenoise.
Examplespresentedherealsoshowedthattechniquesareavailabletoreducethenoisewithout
sacrificingthesafetyanddurability.
However,carefulselectionandconstructionisthekeytoachievebeneficialnoisereductionbythe
pavementitself.
Asthetire pavementinteractionnoisedependsmainlyonthesurfacemacrotexture,itprovidesthe
opportunitytoplaywiththepavementsurfacemixesandsurfacetexturestoreducethenoise.
Examplespresentedherealsoshowedthattechniquesareavailabletoreducethenoisewithout
sacrificingthesafetyanddurability.
However,carefulselectionandconstructionisthekeytoachievebeneficialnoisereductionbythe
pavementitself.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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REFERENCES:
Articlesinamagazine
S.Lukui,V.Dragievi,T.Rukavina:Mjere smanjenja bukeodprometa uurbanim sredinama,Graevinar 57,(19),Zagreb,2005.
M.Alauddin Ahammed QuietPavements:ASustainableandEnvironmentalFriendlyChoice,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada2008.
Electronicsources webpages
http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2010947187_quietpavement01m.html?prmid=related_stories_section (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://www.asphaltpavement.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=194&Itemid=328 (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://driveasphalt.org/noise (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://www.piarc.org/en/order library/19683enQuiet%20pavement%20technologies.htm (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pubs/quiet_pav/pl05011.pdf (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://www.asphaltroads.org/why asphalt/environment/quietpavement/ (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://azdot.gov/business/environmentalplanning/programs/quietpavementprogram (viewedon15.12.2014.)
REFERENCES:
Articlesinamagazine
S.Lukui,V.Dragievi,T.Rukavina:Mjere smanjenja bukeodprometa uurbanim sredinama,Graevinar 57,(19),Zagreb,2005.
M.Alauddin Ahammed QuietPavements:ASustainableandEnvironmentalFriendlyChoice,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada2008.
Electronicsources webpages
http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2010947187_quietpavement01m.html?prmid=related_stories_section (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://www.asphaltpavement.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=194&Itemid=328 (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://driveasphalt.org/noise (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://www.piarc.org/en/order library/19683enQuiet%20pavement%20technologies.htm (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pubs/quiet_pav/pl05011.pdf (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://www.asphaltroads.org/why asphalt/environment/quietpavement/ (viewedon15.12.2014.)
http://azdot.gov/business/environmentalplanning/programs/quietpavementprogram (viewedon15.12.2014.)
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