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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 5, May 2018, pp. 1170–1176, Article ID: IJCIET_09_05_131
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ON REINFORCED
CONCRETE FRAMED MULTILEVEL CAR
PARKING BUILDING USING ETABS
K. Naga Sai Sravya
P.G Student, Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah
Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhara Pradesh,India
P. Polu Raju
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation,Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhara Pradesh,India
ABSTRACT
Multilevel car parking building has gained its significance in many urban cities to
reduce the parking issues. Multilevel car parking building carries heavy loads from the
vehicles along with the gravity loads and lateral loads. The present study deals with
modeling and analysis of multilevel car parking building and deliberate the behavior of
multilevel car parking building by non-linear analysis (pushover over analysis) using
ETABS 2016. The major part of any building is to consider the seismic load as an
important aspect. Thus, pushover analysis provides a superior understanding of seismic
performance of the structure and identifies the development of any damage or failure. In
this present study, non-linear static analysis of a five-storied multilevel car parking
building located at different seismic zones of India and compares the results. The
pushover curve and plastic hinge formations in the structure at each zone are explained
clearly with the help of ETABS software. The performance point of pushover analysis has
been varied with respect to building performance levels. Also, the plastic hinge formations
were significant, when seismic zone was increased from II to V. Thus indicates, the
performance of building was predominantly decreases when seismic zone was increased.
Keywords: Multilevel Car parking, Pushover Analysis, Plastic Hinges, Performance
Point, Building Performance Levels
Cite this Article: K. Naga Sai Sravya and P. Polu Raju, Pushover Analysis on Reinforced
Concrete Framed Multilevel Car Parking Building Using Etabs, International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(5), 2018, pp. 1170–1176.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=5
Pushover Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Framed Multilevel Car Parking Building Using Etabs
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1. INTRODUCTION
India, the second most populated country in the world own more than 40 million vehicles.
Since, it has strong domestic market and the growth of population. The growth of the country
economy is stated by the growth of its transport infrastructure. However, the infrastructure
available for vehicles such as street parking is facing a major challenge in most of the Indian
cities. The rapid growth of population in towns, cities and urban centers has been
accomplished by increasing rate of urbanization. The high rate of urbanization has also
affected an increase in the cost of land in the city. The existing towns and cities are lacking
the facilities related to parking, due to which the vehicles are being parked along the highway
sides, residential roadway, pathways and green points of the roads which causes the frequent
traffic jams [1]. Parking in the public areas can be risky with little or no forms of the security
may cause accidents, traffic problems. The valuable time of the workers is lost due to the
traffic problems and if this problem is not rectified at this stage, then it would become a
serious and difficult problem in the future. To decrease the stress of parking and any forms of
insecurity to cars and owners, adequate parking facilities must be provided to meet the
demand of parking which can certainly be possible by construction of multilevel car parking
structure at prominent places.
Multi-Level Car Parking is designed for car parking where there are number of floors on
which vehicles are parked. This type of structure is well known as a parking lot [2]. It
provides ecofriendly operation by giving safety to vehicles and assures high safety & security
for passengers and vehicles. It provides effective maintenance, efficiency, reliability and a
cost-efficient operation. In this type of structure 90% of land space is totally utilization
compared to 67% usage of land in other similar systems by making best use of available land
area above and under the ground with less ecological impact thus reducing chances of theft
and insecurity.
In general, car parking buildings are subjected to the heavy shifting loads of moving
vehicles and must bare related physical stresses. Besides these heavy loads, the structure may
be susceptible to seismic activity thus seismic loads are also considered [3]. Earthquakes
generally occur due to serious tectonic behavior of earth. In recent times, there is a rapid
increase in the occurrence of earthquakes all over the world. The intensity and location of
earthquake is unpredictable as on date which is not necessarily possible by any earthquake
measuring instruments or devices, thus it is necessary to assess the seismic capability of any
building. In India most of urban centers and cities where multilevel car parking is possible can
be designed for both gravity loads and seismic loads to assess the response of structure and
risk management. To assess any reinforced concrete building against failure, a precise
assessment of the crucial behavior of the structure is a well-known analysis popularly called
non-linear static analysis (Pushover Analysis).
Nonlinear static analysis offers an enhancement over linear analysis [4]. This analysis is
very simple and allows inelastic behavior of structure by providing information related to the
strength, deformation, ductility of structure including distribution of demand. This method
adopts a set of static increases in lateral load over the height of the structure. Nonlinear static
analysis allows identifying the critical members which are likely to reach limit states during
the earthquake so that the special care can be paid during the designing and detailing process.
This method involves many assumptions that neglect the variation of loading patterns and
influence the higher modes, effect of resonance. It provides a sensible calculation of global
deformation capacity, particularly for structures that primarily respond in accordance to first
mode of vibration [5]. Since the multilevel car parking structure holds the parking of number
of vehicles it is necessary to verify the response of structure under different loading
conditions. To perform the accurate analysis of the structure a non-linear static analysis was
K. Naga Sai Sravya and P. Polu Raju
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chosen which is also called as pushover analysis. Pushover analysis is a popular simplified
tool in computer methods used to evaluate the strength and performance of structure under
seismic activity. Thus, non-linear static analysis (Pushover Analysis) helps to perform
analysis of a multilevel car parking structure and determine the real behavior of structure
during an earthquake. This paper presents the analysis of multilevel car parking structure
located at different seismic zones in India which has designed according to IS: 1893:2002 [6].
2. BUILDING DESCRIPTION
A multilevel car parking structure is a five storey reinforced concrete building with a floor to
floor height of 3.5 meters. This five storey multilevel car parking structure is analyzed at
different seismic zones. The multilevel car parking structure is designed as a frame model as
per Indian standards with joint constraints of ground floor are fixed. A special design of ramp
is made for movement of cars from one floor to another. Table 1 gives the details of plan area,
height of structure and other details of building. Table 2 shows the properties of materials and
sections used to model the structure. Table 3 represents the applied loading details on the
building. Figs. 3 and 4 shows, the plan and elevation of the structure. Fig. 5 show, the 3D
model created in the ETABS.
Table 1 Building Details
Plan Area 104 m × 28.58 m
Height of Ground Floor 3 m
Floor to Floor Height 3.5 m
Total Building Height 17 m
Type of Structure Multilevel Car Parking Structure
Number of Bays in X-direction 16
Number of Bays in Y-direction 13
Support Conditions Fixed
Table 2 Details of Materials and Section Properties
Beam Sizes 1200 mm × 1800 mm (inner and outer beams)
800 mm × 1200 mm (ramp beams)
Column Sizes 1200 mm × 1200 mm (outer columns) 1200 mm × 1500 mm (inner columns) 800 mm × 1000 mm (ramp columns)
Thickness of Slab 200 mm
Grade of Concrete M30 (beams and slab)
M35 (columns)
Grade of Steel TMT 500
Density of Concrete 25 kN/m3
Table 3 Applied Loading Details
Live Load 6 kN/m2
Floor Finishes Load 1.5 kN/m2
Wall Load on Beams 2.28 kN/m
2 (on roof)
16.625 kN/m2 (on floors and ramp)
Earthquake Load As per IS:1893 (Part-1):2002
Importance Factor, I 1.5
Response Reduction Factor, R 5 (SMRF)
Pushover Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Framed Multilevel Car Parking Building Using Etabs
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Figure 3 Plan of the Building Frame
Figure 4 Elevation of the Building Frame
Figure 5 3D-Building Model in ETABS
3. PUSH OVER ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
In this study a five storey multilevel car parking structure is considered. The modelling and
analysis of structure is carried out in ETABS in accordance with Indian standards that is as
per IS: 456:2000 [7] and IS: 1893(part1):2002 [6]. Initially, it is assumed that the structure
was in zone II. The 3D-model was prepared with properties as mentioned above Table 2. A
special care has been taken in modelling the ramp of the structure which permits the transition
of cars from one floor to other. The generalized task was encountered in the modelling of the
ramp since it is an irregular shape of the structure. After modelling, the structural analysis was
carried in ETABS considering several load cases which include dead load, live load, wind
load and earthquake load. Based on the Indian standard codes the different load combinations
were included. The details of the loadings are already shown in Table 3. The analysis was
carried to determine the response of the structural elements to all possible loadings. Since, the
height of the structure is below 90 m in zone II according to clause 7.8(a) [6], dynamic
analysis is not required in this analysis and to study the real behavior of the structure under all
possible loads, the non-linear static analysis (Pushover Analysis) was adopted. After
assigning all sectional properties to the model, hinges are assigned to the structure. ETABS
has inbuilt FEMA273 and ACT40 hinge properties and it has the capacity to assign hinges to
any type of material. In this study, auto hinge properties are assigned to both beams and
columns. After locating the pushover hinges on the model frame members, pushover analysis
load cases are defined in both X and a Y direction then the pushover analysis has been
performed. During the pushover analysis the model is pushed monotonically increasing lateral
loads based on the seismic zone until the target displacement is reached or till the structure
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losses its equilibrium whichever is first. After completion of analysis hinge formations were
noticed in the structure. From which performance levels of building is determined and
pushover curve is obtained. This is a plot between base shear and spectral displacement which
indicates the inelastic behavior of structure. Similarly, the analysis is carried out at different
seismic zones such as III, IV and V having similar plan, material and section properties. The
analysis results obtained at each zone were compared with the help of hinge formations and
pushover curve by determining the performance level of building at each seismic zone.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The pushover analysis results on Multilevel Car Parking Structure for different seismic zones
were presented in this section. After completion of pushover analysis, the plastic hinges are
formed at different displacement levels. In this, the hinges are formed from step 2 to step 4 of
pushover loading at different seismic zones the hinges formed at critical level of zone V are
shown in Figs. 5 to 8. For the sake of conciseness the formation of hinges after the pushover
analysis at initial zones are not represented here. The hinges are initially formed at the center
of building at both beam and column ends, especially near supports and then in step 3 of
pushover loading the hinges extend to the column ends of ramp and in step 4 the hinges are
formed at beam and column ends of ramp. From the analysis it is observed that the formation
of hinges was significantly increased when seismic zones were changing from II to V. The
hinges were formed at different seismic zones are at a performance level of B to C which
represents the amount of damage to the multilevel car parking structure is limited in all zones
Figure 5 Deformed Shape of Structure at Step 1 in
Zone V
Figure 6 Deformed Shape Of Structure at Step 2
in Zone V
Figure 7 Deformed Shape Of Structure at Step 3
in Zone V
Figure 8 Deformed Shape of Structure at Step 4
in Zone V
From Figs. 9 to 12 shows the performance point where demand curve intersects the
capacity curve at different seismic zones which gives the elastic response the structure during
the ground motion at each specified zone that is from zone II to V and it is concluded that the
design is safe against collapse with sufficient strength and displacements.
Pushover Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Framed Multilevel Car Parking Building Using Etabs
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Figure 9 Capacity curve -Demand Curve For 5
Storey Building in Zone II
Figure 10 Capacity-Demand Curve For 5 Storey
Building in Zone III
Figure 11 Capacity-Demand Curve For 5 Storey
Building in Zone IV
Figure 12 Capacity-Demand Curve for 5
Storey Building in Zone V
5. CONCLUSION
From this present study the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Multilevel car parking structure is a typical structure, when it comes to parking of
cars and reducing the problems related to road, it provides effective and safe
parking solution to cars.
2. From the hinge formations it is observed that the number of hinges formation was
increased from step to step and subsequently increased from zone II to zone V.
3. From the capacity and demand curves obtained after pushover analysis, it is
observed that the performance point is increased, i.e., the linearity of pushover
curve has been varied when seismic zone changes from II to V.
4. By performing pushover analysis, the complete behavior of MLCP is determined
from the hinge formations and their distribution along the beam and column ends
of the structure including the ramp. The pushover curve and demand curve
obtained in the analysis represents the structure is safe against all possible load
cases.
K. Naga Sai Sravya and P. Polu Raju
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