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1.0 INTRODUCTION
In many developing countries, effective and efficient land use planning and management
is not well established. The most patent manifestation of this is the chaotic state of land use
activities in the cities. The physical, economic and social conditions of the African city has been
well documented (UNHABITAT, 2008). Rapid rates of urbanization have resulted in unplanned
and unregulated growth. Millions of Africas urban dwellers live in poverty in sub standard
housing and degraded environments. Much has been written highlighting the underlying factors
to which this state of affairs can be attributed (Nwaka, 2005; Oyesiku 2009, Mabogunje, 2002).
Urban land uses had been increasingly subjected to changes of different forms, sorts and
types since urban explosion of the 1970s. People move to cities en-mass from the rural hinterland
to the cities in anticipations to benefit from urban economy. However most Nigerian cities are
not planned and thus are not prepared for the surge in urban explosion that resulted from the
rural urban migration and the biological growth that made most Nigerian cities what they are
today- a decadence of humanity (Fabiyi, 2006).
Human use of land has altered the structure and functioning of the ecosystem (Vitonset et
al. 1997). The most spatially and economically important human use of land globally includes
cultivation in various ways, construction, reserves, protected lands and timber extraction (Turner
et al, 1994). Recently settlements and sprawl development are becoming large active land use
changes especially in the developing regions of the world. The pattern of land use can provide us
insight into the factors that have caused the land cover to change. The driving forces behind the
rapid urbanization in Africa today are the combination of rural-urban migration and natural
increase within the towns and cities themselves. Nigeria has been regarded as the most populous
nation in Africa with a teaming population of over 130 million crowded over a land area of about
923,000 square kilometers. It has over a hundred cities with population that passes for urban
centres. Nigerian cities Notably Lagos, Kano and Ibadan are among the first one hundred largest
cities in the world (World Gazetteer, 2005), which translates into pressures on land and thus high
urban dynamics.
Almost all African countries have a history of land use planning processes dating back to
the respective periods of colonial rule.Land use planning has been described as a process aimedat achieving orderly physical development with the overall aim of evolving a functional and
liveable environment where individual and common goals can be achieved. In urban centres, the
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essence of land use planning is to ensure that urban activities are organized and developed in
physical space with due consideration for the protection of the public interest which include
health, safety, convenience, efficiency, energy conservation, environmental quality, social
equity, social choice and amenity (Adeagbo, 1998; Nnah et al, 2007).
The pressures on land orchestrated by increased rate of urbanization brought with it
intractable urban problems, such as poor environmental sanitation, pollution, crime,
unemployment and overcrowding among others. Many writers confirmed that Nigerian urban
centres are faced with rapid growth and development, which contribute to land use change. The
relationships between population increase, economic developments and land use pattern have
generated research interest over two decades and half. While the trend in lateral growth, the
pattern and direction of sprawl developments in many cities in Nigeria are limited by physical
barrier such as lagoon, Rocky Mountains and other natural features, the influx of people into the
cities complicated the urban condition through structural growth.
The population increase naturally creates adjustment and readjustment of human and land
use activities in space within urban systems thus causing lateral and structural changes. Lateral
changes occur when the city expands in geographic boundaries leading to sprawl and peripheral
developments while structural growth relates to increase in land use density within urban centres.
The low-density areas gradually become subjected to intensive use and thus become high density
or medium density use. Though land use changes are indirect consequence of national economic
growth, it is important to evaluate land use changes in the regional and the local context in order
to assist in anticipating the impacts associated with change and contribute to an understanding of
productive environmental sustainability.
This study focuses on the city of Ibadan, which comprises 11 local government councils,
with 5 in the inner city and 6 in the outer areas. Since its foundation in the 1800s, the city has
had rapid growth; in fact it was regarded as one of the pre-colonial urban centres in Nigeria. For
the purpose of this study, the core area of Ibadan which constitutes the five local government
councils listed below;
1. Ibadan north
2. Ibadan north-east
3. Ibadan north-west
4. Ibadan south-east
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5. Ibadan south-west
Aim and objectives of the study
This study attempts to examine the land use pattern of Ibadan metropolitan region in
general with particular reference to public and institutional landuses. The specific objectives
include:
Examine the growth and development of Ibadan city;
To identify the basic land uses present within the five local governments representing
the core of the study area;
To determine the extent and coverage of the Public and Institutional landuses within the
local government;
To identify the challenges and prospects of public and institutional landuses in the
context of the Ibadan metropolitan area; and
To provide suggestions and reasoned solutions to identified challenges.
Public Landuse
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2.0 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA
2.1 Historical perspective
Ibadan came into existence in 1829.According to local historians, Lagelu, the Jagun
(commander-in-chief) of Ife and Yoruba's generalissimo, left Ile Ife with a handful of people
from Ife, Oyo and Ijebu to found a new city, Eba Odan, which literally means 'between the forest
and plains.' The initial congregation of Ibadan after the occupation of the allied army of Ife, Ijebu
and Oyo three major Yoruba city-state communities, was along ethnic lines in 1820. Ijebus
lived in the South at Isale-Ijebu while the Egbas, led by Lamodi, moved far away from their
conquerors and settled at Yiosa. Ife and Oyo settled at Ojaba (Areola, 1994). The settlement
grew very rapidly under the protection of a series of warlords.
Ibadan is the capital city ofOyo State and the third largest metropolitan area in Nigeria,
after Lagos and Kano. Ibadan is also the largest metropolitan geographical area. At Nigerian
independence, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in the country and the third in
Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg.
Ibadan Cityscape taken from Mapo Hill
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lageluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_Ifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eba_Odanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28political%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28political%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eba_Odanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_Ifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagelu8/3/2019 Public and Istitutional Land use in Ibadan
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Ibadan Street Scene
2.2 Geography
Ibadan is located in southwestern Nigeria about 120 km east of the border with the
Republic of Benin in the forest zone close to the boundary between the forest and the savanna.
The city ranges in elevation from 150 m in the valley area, to 275 m above sea level on the major
north-south ridge which crosses the central part of the city
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Beninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Benin8/3/2019 Public and Istitutional Land use in Ibadan
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2.3 Population growth
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Until 1970, Ibadan was the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa (Lyold, 1967). In 1952, it
was estimated that the total area of the city was approximately 103.8 km2. However, only 36.2
km2
was built up. This meant that the remaining 67 km2
were devoted to non-urban uses, such as
farmlands, river floodplains, forest reserves and water bodies. These non-urban land uses
disappeared in the 1960s: an aerial photograph in 1973 revealed that the urban landscape had
completely spread over about 100 km2. The land area increased from 136 km2 in 1981 to 210-
240 km2 in 1988-89 (Areola, 1994: 101). By the year 2000, it is estimated that Ibadan covered
400 km2 (Onibokun, 1995). The growth of the built-up area during the second half of the 20th
century (from 40 km2 in the 1950s to 250 km2 in the 1990s) shows clearly that there has been an
underestimation of the total growth of the city. In the 1980s, the Ibadan-Lagos expressway
generated the greatest urban sprawl (east and north of the city), followed by the Eleiyele
expressway (west of the city). Since then, Ibadan city has spread further into the neighbouring
local government areas of Akinyele and Egbeda in particular. According to the National
Population Census Report, population growth of Ibadan has been remarkable with a population
of a 100,000 in 1851, to 175,000 in 1911 and 745,448 in 1952. The population rose to 1,141,677
in 1963 at a growth rate of 3.95% per annum. In 1991, the population rose to 1,829,300 and then
to 2,550,593 million in 2006. The population growth rate has been on the increase, although
census figures have been less than reliable.
2.4 Socio Economic Interaction
An interesting phenomenon of Ibadan City is its urban-rural homogeneity, reflecting
socio-economic ties. This accounts for a popular adage, Ibadan tile toko (Ibadan with homes in
the urban area and farmsteads in the rural area). Ibadan City today, has incorporated former rural
areas of Lalupon, Alakia, Olodo, Ogbere, Odo-Ona, Bode-Igbo and Moniya which lie at the
urban periphery of the city.
The phenomenon of homogeneity imposes movements on the people who are residents of
the peripheral communities on a routine basis. They particularly troupe into the metropolis
during days for business ventures. This often results in heavy traffic congestion in the central
Ibadan city. Indeed, Ibadan is often known for its unusual traffic congestions in the city and
especially around the surrounding open flea market areas
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Literature Review and Theoretical Underpinning
One of the foremost problems associated with industrialization and civilization is the
urbanization and the consequent ills and fallouts. This is because industrialization and
civilization are pull factor for the rural-urban migrants as well as cross-national migrants. In
recent times most Nigerian cities especially Ibadan, Lagos and Kano have experienced
tremendous planned and unplanned growth due to population explosion, which led to congestion,
environmental degradation and urban socio-spatial upheavals. Planners and other urban
gatekeepers manage urban space and residents for the purpose of efficient functioning and
performance of urban systems. They however require the understanding of changed process in
urban land use and the interactions with the changed agents in order to discharge their functions
in urban space. In essence, managing and planning for towns require the understanding of the
forces and processes operating in them and the factors that naturally sort people of different
socio-economic status out in space. Information on the existing land use/land cover pattern, its
spatial distribution and changed process is a pre-requisite for planning, utilization and
formulation of policies and programme for making any micro and macro-level developmental;
unfortunately they are not readily available (Adeniyi, 1981).
Adeniyi (1981) observed that information on land use can now be more easily and
reliably obtained from remotely sensed and imagery. The continuous process of change and
development in the urban environment has assumed such dimensions that efficient and effective
methods of collecting, analysing and storing reliable spatial data on the physical, social and
economic features are indispensable for dealing with the manifold and complex problems of
urban management and planning. Since the old laissez faire approach to regulating the growth of
urban development is inadequate and no more relevant to the modern cities, there is a veritable
need for an institutional control of urban development (Agbola, 1985). This in essence requires a
sound knowledge of urban growth and a versatile tool for modelling and simulating such process
in order to afford urban planners the necessary tool and skill for monitoring urban land use
change.
This study is concerned primarily with urban land use pattern, urban landuse change and
urban growth, therefore the models of urban growth developed by Burgess (1925), modified by
Homer Hoyt (1933) and Harris and Ullman (1945) are relevant in this study.
Change process and change agent in urban Land use and land cover
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Briassoulis (2000) review of literature enables her to infer that landcover conversion
involves a change from one cover type to another while land cover modification involves
alterations of the structure or function without a wholesale change from one type to another.
Similarly Turner et al. also note that landuse change is likely to cause landcover change, but land
cover may change even if the land use remains unaltered".
Nigeria has complex land systems where chiefs, families, individuals and government
own land. Traditional land tenure throughout Nigeria was based on customary laws under which
land was considered community property, but the customary law did little or nothing to avail
crisis emanating from the use and distribution of the land. In response to a potential crisis in land
distribution, the Federal Military Government promulgated the Land Use Decree of March 1978,
thus establishing a uniform tenure system for all of Nigeria with a view to opening the land to
development by individuals, corporations, institutions and governments. The decree gave state
and local governments authority to take over and assign any undeveloped land. Though this
decree has been operational for the past three decades and half land is still mainly in the hands of
individuals and families in most cities. The change process in Nigeria is heavily dependent on
the land holdings and the socio economic capacities of urban residents.
Dynamics of Urban Landuse Change
Afolayan (2010) carried out a detailed spatial analysis of Ibadan landuse pattern. In his
work, he classified Landsat satellite imageries of 1972, 1984 and 2006 using spectral signatures
for Urban, Sub-Urban, Water and Vegetation. From the analysis in Table 1, it can be observed
that the Land use of Ibadan has changed dynamically reflecting an expanding development into
the former rural and mostly vegetation areas. The remarkable change between 1972 and 1984
can be attributed to the oil boom and the antecedent infrastructural development. The massmigration from rural to urban communities in a way prompted drastic utilization of land
resources, especially in terms of building houses and erecting facilities for businesses.
1972 1984 2006
Land Use % % %Urban 5 14 15
Sub-Urban 19 52 53
Water 13 8 5
Rural / Vegetation 63 26 17
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This trend understandably poses a big challenge to physical planning activities. It is imperative
that social and public amenities be made available to prevent Ibadan becoming a modern slum.
3.0 EXTENT AND COVERAGE OF THE PUBLIC/INSTITUTIONAL LANDUSE
3.1 Landuse Classification
There is no one ideal classification of land use and land cover, and it is unlikely that one
could ever be developed. There are different perspectives in the classification process, and the
process itself tends to be subjective, even when an objective numerical approach is used. There
is, in fact, no logical reason to expect that one detailed inventory should be adequate for more
than a short time, since land use and land cover patterns change in keeping with demands for
natural resources. Each classification is made to suit the needs of the user, and few users will be
satisfied with an inventory that does not meet most of their needs. In attempting to develop a
classification system for use with remote sensing techniques that will provide a framework to
satisfy the needs of the majority of users, certain guidelines of criteria for evaluation must first
be established.
To begin with, there is considerable diversity of opinion about what constitutes land use,
although present use of land is one of the characteristics that is widely recognized as significant
for planning and management purposes. One concept that has much merit is that land use refers
to, "man's activities on land which are directly related to the land" (Clawson and Stewart, 1965).
Concepts concerning land use activity are closely related and in many cases have been
used interchangeably. The purposes for which lands are being used commonly have associated
types of cover, whether they are forest, agricultural, residential, recreational, commercial or
industrial.Some activities of man, however, cannot be directly related to the type of land cover.
For example, hunting is a very common and pervasive recreational use of land, but hunting
usually occurs on land that would be classified as some type of forest, range, or agricultural land
either during ground survey or image interpretation. Consequently, supplemental information is
needed to identify lands used for hunting. Supplemental information such as land ownership
maps also is necessary to determine the use of lands such as parks, game refuges, or water
conservation districts, which may have land uses coincident with administrative boundaries not
usually discernable by inventory using remote sensor data.
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For these reasons, types of land use and land cover identifiable primarily are used as the
basis for organizing this classification system. Agencies requiring more detailed land use
information may need to employ more supplemental data.In almost any classification process, it
is rare to find the clearly defined classes that one would like.The problem of inventorying and
classifying multiple uses occurring on a single parcel of land will not be easily solved. Multiple
uses may occur simultaneously, as in the instance of recreational land use (zoological garden)
located within institutional landuse (University of Ibadan).
CONCLUSION
A modern nation, as a modern business, must have adequate information on many
complex interrelated aspects of its activities in order to make decisions. Land use is only one
such aspect, but knowledge about land use and land cover has become increasingly important as
the Nation plans to overcome the problems of haphazard, uncontrolled development,
deteriorating environmental quality, loss of prime agricultural lands, destruction of important
wetlands, and loss of fish and wildlife habitat. Land use data are needed in the analysis of
environmental processes and problems that must be understood if living conditions and standards
are to be improved or maintained at current levels.
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