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PSYCHOLOGY -
INTRODUCTION
Dr. Sr. Temy Thomas M D Part-2
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DEFINITION
Psychology is the science of
human and animal behavior; include its application to
human problems
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In modern terms psychology is
defined as the science of behavior
in relation with the environment.
Psychology is the scientific studyof behavior and mental processes.
Science of behavior and cognitive
process.Study of consciousness.
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Psychology as a science
As a science psychology is
systematic, because experiments
and observations are at core ofscientific psychology .
As a science it is measurable.(not
in all cases)
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Application
It is an art and skill.
Applied aspects in the form of variousbranches
eg: industrial, clinical, educational
psychology
This skill acquired by study, practice and
special training
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Dual root of psychology
Philosophy and Natural science
Idea of applying methods of science to
study the human behavior.
2 important ideas from philosophy
Idea concerning the way in which we can
acquire the knowledge about naturalscience.
Idea concerning the relationship between
mind and body
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Work of psychologist /branches
and fields of psychology Divided -pure psychology and applied
psychology
Pure psychology-provides frame work and
theory
Applied psychology-theory generated through
pure psychology finds its practical shape
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Pure psychology -branches
General psychology
Abnormal
Social
Experimental
Physiological
Geo psychology
Developmental
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Applied psychology-branches
School & Educational
psychology
Clinical
Counseling
Industrial &
organizational
Military
Political
Legal
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Pre scientific psychology
Early schools of psychology
Modern perspective
History of psychology
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Pre scientific psychology
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Pre scientific psychology
It was believed that cause of human
behavior located outside the human being
Greek philosophers –look inside the manand tried to find out the clue of behavior
• Socrates,Plato,Arisotile
Once again church’s believes came
– influence of evils on behavior 17nth century Descarts (French) -Dualism
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The study of psychology in philosophical context
dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt,China, and Persia.
Psychology began adopting a more clinical and
experimental approach under Muslimpsychologists and physicians
.
Though the use of psychological experimentation
dates back to Alhazen's Book of Optics in 1021,psychology as an independent experimental field
of study began in 1879,
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Early schools of psychology
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Early schools of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt founded the firstlaboratory dedicated exclusively to
psychological research at Leipzig
University in Germany, for which Wundtis known as the "father of
psychology".
The year 1879 is thus sometimesregarded as the "birthdate" of
psychology.
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The American philosopher
William James published hisbook, Principles of
Psychology in 1890, which
gave the answer for many of
the questions
The American philosopher
William James published hisbook, Principles of
Psychology in 1890, which
gave the answer for many of
the questions
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StructuralismWilhem wundt(1832-1920)
and his student
Edward Titchener(1867-1927)
Mind is made by units
Method of study-
introseption
Tried to find out theelements of mind
Consciousness can be
broken into 3 elements;
Physical sensation
Feelings images
Functionalism
William james,
John dewey, Jamesangell, Harvey carr
How and why mind
function? Function of mind and
behavior
Experimented on the
way in which,learning,memory, problem
solving,adaptation to
environment.
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Behaviorism
John B Watson(1879-1958)
Denied the subjectiveness of mind
Observable activities of people and animal
3 characteristics: Emphasis on conditional response
Learned rather than unlearned behavior
No difference between human and animal
behavior
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Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (1856-1938)
Expression of unconscious-behavior
Theme of unconscious motivation-
psychoanalytic theory
1.The world of unconscious
2. psychoanalytic method-free assoc iation,
dream analysis, analysis of daily psycho
pathology
3.Structure of psyche-id, ego, super ego
4.Psychosexual development- oral stage, anal,
genital, phallic ,latency.
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Gestalt psychology
(Max wertheimer-1912)
•Whole is greater than or different than the
sum of all of the parts.
•Opposed atomic and molecular
approach to behavior
•Opposed structuralism
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Modern perspective
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Psychologist tried to obtain systematic
information about all aspects of behavior.
In order to get aqurate answer, psychologist
decided to study the behavior in differentperspectives.
Behaviorism and psychoanalysis are
present in modern perspectives in modifiedform
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Behavioral perspective
When a behavior giving rewards it is
stamped in, When a behavior not giving
rewards it is stamped out Only observable behavior is the proper
subject for investigation
Eg: we can’t observe work motivationdirectly. So we asses it through behavior
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Cognitive perspective
Focus on cognitive process –memory,
thinking, decision making
Based on Albert bandura’s social learning
theory
Processing of information
Processing is based on experience we
have Difference in processing leads to difference
in behavior
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Socio cultural perspective
Individual perception ,feeling and action
strongly influence by social & cultural
factors
Social psychology tries to get a cause of
behavior relation with social factors
Look for quality of relationship
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Developmental perspective
Characteristic changes occur in a person
when he/she mature
Changes occur in way of thinking
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Humanistic perspective
Person’s sense of self
Consider the human being as a purposeful
being
Giving more value to human being
Key points- self actualization, freedom,
search for unique goals
Personal meaning of his existance
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Psychoanalytic perspective
It is a part of psychodynamic
Focus on role feeling and impulses.
when impulses are not acceptable –leads
to defense mechanism . Eg:displacement
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Biological perspective
Try to relate the behavior to functions of the
body-brain & nervous system, endocrine
system
Eg; electrical changes occur in brain during
learning process, during sleep…..etc
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Evolutionary perspective
Behavior is shaped to some extent by
genetic factors
Influence of inherited tendencies and
disposition
Eg; systematic study in identical twines
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SCOPE OF
PSYCHOLOGY INHOMOEOPATHY
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To differentiate normal and abnormal
behavior
To observe the patient
To asses the mental symptoms of patient.
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In homeopathy, mental and emotional
symptoms are of paramount importance
Homeopathy however is not the same as
psychoanalysis, for although it needs to
mental/emotional dynamic in any case
taking, psychological insights may be
revealed, this information is used to finda homeopathic remedy not to provide a
psychoanalytical solution.
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Homeopathy uses the mental/emotional
componant to connect the full picture of the
patients suffering to the attributes of a
remedy - the more complete the picture, the
more likely the chosen remedy will be
homeopathic