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P R O G R A M

International Congress on Biodiesel:

The Science and The Technologies

5–7 November 2007Vienna, Austria

Co-Sponsoring OrganizationsAgricultural Research Service

of the U.S. Department of AgricultureAOCSMalaysian Palm Oil Board

The organizing committee would like tothank the following organizations for theircontributions to the planning and success of this Congress.

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies


5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

Media PartnersBiodiesel America

Biodiesel MagazineBiofuels International

ep OverviewsHPC Today

informKingsman Biodiesel

Oils & Fats InternationalOil Mill Gazetteer

Oleochemical MagazineOleoline.com

Soyatech

CorporateSponsors

Congress Portfolios, Pens, and Badge Lanyards

Congress Note Pads

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3Welcome!On behalf of the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, AOCS, and the Malaysian PalmOil Board, I welcome you to Vienna for this important congress. The program for this congress is designed to delveinto the science that is behind the phenomenon of biodiesel, giving you the perspectives of speakers from NorthAmerica, Europe, South America, Asia, and India. The science of biodiesel has no boundaries or borders and the scopeof this industry is growing more worldwide every day. This congress will highlight the new developments and tech-nologies that are available, which will affect the future of biodiesel production, biodiesel feedstocks, and engine designsaround the globe.

I hope you find this program informative, inspiring, challenging, and thought-provoking in equal measures.

Best regards,Michael J. Haas, Congress General ChairUnited States Department of Agriculture, ARS, ERRC, USA

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies5–7 November 2007Vienna, Austria

Co-Sponsoring OrganizationsAgricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department

of AgricultureAOCSMalaysian Palm Oil Board

The Executive CommitteeMichael J. Haas, Congress General Chair, USDA, ARS,

ERRC, USAMarcel S.F. Lie Ken Jie, University of Hong Kong, Hong

KongMartin Mittelbach, University of Graz, AustriaT. (Tiger) Thiagarajan, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, USA

Participating OrganizationsAgency for Renewable Raw Materials, GermanyAssociazione Italiana Produttori BiodieselCenter for Advanced BioEnergy Research, University of

Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignEuropean Section of the AOCSFachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (FNR) Industrial Oil Products Division of the AOCS

Program IndexCongress Technical Program

Monday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Tuesday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Oral Presentation Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Poster Presentations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Poster Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Corporate Sponsors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Co-Sponsoring Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Executive Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Exhibition Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Media Partners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Participating Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Program-at-a-Glance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Registration Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Social/Optional Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Speaker Biographies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Index to AdvertisersAmafilter Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Biodiesel International AG.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cover 4Biorafineria SK, a.s. Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Bruker Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Crown Iron Works Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Desmet Technologies & Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cover 2Harburg-Freudenberger Maschinen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cover 3Metrohm AG .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

4 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

Monday, 5 November 20078.00–19.00 Registration Open. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress Foyer9.00–13.00 Vienna City Tour (Optional Event). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Departs from the Hilton side entrance on Landstrasse

Hauptstrasse Street.14.00–17.30 Opening Plenary Session. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 1 and 214.00–18.30 Poster Viewing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ballroom Foyers15.00–19.00 Exhibition Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom15.30–16.00 Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom17.30–19.00 Welcome Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom

Tuesday, 6 November 20077.00–19.00 Registration Open. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress Foyer7.00–8.30 Breakfast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S’Parks Restaurant, Strauss, Brahms, Mahler, and Bruckner

Rooms 7.00–19.00 Poster Viewing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ballroom Foyers8.30–12.00 PARALLEL SESSIONS

● Session 1: Engine Performance and Emissions—Part 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 1● Session 2: Glycerol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 2● Session 3: New Feedstock Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 3

10.00–18.30 Exhibition Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom 10.00–10.30 Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom12.00–13.00 Luncheon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S’Parks Restaurant, Strauss, Brahms, Mahler, and Bruckner

Rooms 13.00–14.00 Dessert Buffet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom13.00–14.10 Technology Showcase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lehar Room14.00–17.30 PARALLEL SESSIONS

● Session 4: Government Policy and Tax Situations Worldwide. . . . . . .Park Congress 1● Session 5: Fuel Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 2● Session 6: New Production Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 3

15.30–16.00 Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom17.30–18.30 Exhibition Reception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom

Wednesday, 7 November 20077.00–17.00 Registration Open. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress Foyer7.00–8.30 Breakfast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S’Parks Restaurant, Strauss, Brahms, and Mahler Rooms7.00–16.15 Poster Viewing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ballroom Foyers8.30–12.00 PARALLEL SESSIONS

● Session 7: Quality Assurance Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 1● Session 8: Engine Performance and Emissions—Part II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 2● Session 9: Life Cycle and Sustainability Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 3● Session 10: General Topic Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bruckner

10.00–14.00 Exhibition Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom 10.00–10.30 Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom12.00–13.00 Buffet Luncheon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S’Parks Restaurant, Strauss, Brahms, and Mahler Rooms13.00–14.00 Technology Showcase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lehar Room13.00–14.00 Dessert Buffet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Klimt Ballroom14.00–16.15 Closing Plenary Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Park Congress 1 and 2

Thursday, 8 November 20079.00–13.00 BioDiesel Vienna GmbH Plant Tour (Optional Event). .Departs from the Hilton side entrance on

Landstrasse Hauptstrasse Street.

Program-at-a-Glance

Congress HotelHilton ViennaHilton International Wien GmbHAm Stadtpark—A—1030 WienTelephone: +43 (0)1 717000Please note that for those congress delegates staying at theHilton Vienna, a full American breakfast is included in the guestroom rate each day and served in the S’Parks Restaurant. OnTuesday and Wednesday, this breakfast will also be served inthe Strauss, Brahms, and Mahler rooms from 7.00 until 8.30.Guests will be asked to provide their room number and namefor access. Delegates who are not guests of the Hilton maypurchase the breakfast for €26.00.

Registration Desk HoursMonday, 5 November 2007............................................8.00–19.00Tuesday, 6 November 2007............................................7.00–19.00Wednesday, 7 November 2007.....................................7.00–17.00

Exhibition HoursMonday, 5 November, 2007 .........................................15.00–19.00Tuesday, 6 November 2007 .........................................10.00 –18.30Wednesday, 7 November 2007...................................10.00 –14.00

AttireCongress Sessions/Exhibition: Business AttireWelcome Reception: Business or Business Casual AttireGuest Tour: Casual Attire and Comfortable ShoesPlant Tour: Casual Attire

Social EventsWelcome ReceptionMonday, 5 October 200717.30–19.00Klimt BallroomThis event is the ideal opportunity to socialize and networkwith your colleagues while visiting with the exhibitors. Thisreception is included in the full technical registration fee.Additional tickets may be purchased at the Congress RegistrationDesk for €60.00.

Exhibition ReceptionTuesday, 6 October 200717.30–18.30 Klimt BallroomDirectly following the technical sessions, this event is the per-fect time to discuss the day’s presentations with your col-leagues and visit with the exhibitors.

Optional Plant Tour—BioDiesel ViennaGmbHThursday, 8 November, 20079.00–13.00Guests of the tour will be welcomed by Dr. ThomasRegitschnig, CEO of BioDiesel Vienna. The plant tour introduction will be presented by Dr. Herman Stockinger ofBiodiesel International. The BioDiesel Vienna plant mainlyprocesses rapeseed. Besides the biodiesel process, the plantalso has degumming premises for the raw materials, its ownbiodiesel pipeline (the only one in the world) that delivers theproduct 2.7 km to the Austrian fossil fuel industry, a full-rangelaboratory, tank farm, and a high-tech control station, with a fullautomatic process steering system.

Please note that you must register for this event no later than 5November 2007. Tickets, upon space availability and approval by BDI,may be purchased at the Congress Registration Desk for €30.00.

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Technical Program 5

Congress General Information

MONDAY, 5 NOVEMBER 2007AFTERNOON

Plenary SessionPark Congress 1 and 214.00 Opening Remarks. M.J. Haas, USDA, ARS, ERRC, USA.14.15 Opening Keynote: Overview of Global Supply,

Economic Perspective, and Trends in Feedstocks. T.Mielke, Oil World, Germany.

15.00 Asian Perspective: Overview of the Biodiesel Industryin Asia. M.B. Wahid, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Malaysia.

15.30 Break16.00 European Perspective: Overview of the Biodiesel

Industry in Europe. R. Garofalo, European Biodiesel Board,Belgium.

16.30 Biodiesel in the U.S.—Growing the Fuel Supply. J. Jobe,National Biodiesel Board, USA.

17.00 General Discussion. All Presenters.17.30–19.00 Welcome Reception in the Exposition Hall

TUESDAY, 6 NOVEMBER 2007MORNING PARALLEL SESSIONS

Session 1: Engine Performance and Emissions—Part IPark Congress 1Co-Chairs: R. McCormick, U.S. Dept. of Energy, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory, USA; and J. Krahl, Fachhochschule Coburg,University of Applied Sciences Coburg, Germany.8.30 Development Trends in Diesel Engine Technology. T.

Sams, AVL List GmbH, Austria.9.00 Biodiesel Fuel Blend Effects on the Operation and

Performance of Emission Control Systems on a Light-Duty Diesel Engine and Vehicle. M. Tatur1, H.Nanjundaswamy1, D. Tomazic1, and M. Thornton2, 1FEV EngineTechnology, USA; 2National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA.

9.30 Effect of Biodiesel Blends on Advanced Emission ControlSystems. A. Williams1, R.L. McCormick1, D. Pedersen1, J. Ireland1,C. King1, and H. Fang2, 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory,U.S. Dept. of Energy, USA, 2Cummins Inc., USA.

10.00 Break10.30 Effect of Biodiesel Fuel on Engine Lubricant

Performance. C.C. Devlin, C.A. Passut, R.L. Campbell, andT.C. Jao, Afton Chemical, USA.

11.00 Effects of 20% Biodiesel Blends on Heavy-Duty VehicleEmissions. R.L. McCormick, A. Williams, and J. Ireland, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy, USA.

11.30 Panel Discussion. All Presenters.12.00–13.00 Luncheon—S’Parks Restaurant, Strauss, Brahms, Mahler,

and Bruckner

Session 2: GlycerolPark Congress 2Co-Chairs: G. Suppes, University of Missouri, USA; and S. Ahmad,Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm OilBoard, Malaysia.8.30 Introduction of Session. G. Suppes, University of Missouri,

USA; and S. Ahmad, Advanced Oleochemical TechnologyDivision, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Malaysia.

8.35 New Chemical Products on the Basis of Glycerol. A.Behr, Universität Dortmund, Germany.

8.55 Conversion of Dihydroxyacetone to Lactic Acid. S. Lux1,V. Mertlitz1*, T. Hilber2, M. Siebenhofer1, and R. Marr1, 1GrazUniversity of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering andEnvironmental Sciences, Austria; 2BDI–BioDiesel InternationalAG, Austria.

9.15 Glycerol–A Hydrogen Source. N.S. Mhase, Fh-MüensterUniversity of Applied Sciences, Germany.

9.40 Industrial Biochemicals from Fermentation ofGlycerol and Soy Molasses. D.K.Y. Solaiman1, R.D. Ashby1*,B. Panilaitis2, D.L. Kaplan2, T.A. Foglia1 and W.N. Marmer1; 1Fats,Oils and Animal Coproducts Research Unit, Eastern RegionalResearch Center, ARS, USDA, USA. 2Dept. of BiomedicalEngineering, Tufts University, USA.

10.00 Break10.30 New Phase Conversion of Biodiesel Crude Glycerin to

Propylene Glycol. W.R. Sutterlin1, A. Tekeei2, B. Sawyer2, andG.J. Suppes2, 1Renewable Alternatives, USA; 2Dept. of ChemicalEngineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA.

10.50 Glycerin. B. Anderson, ED&F Man Biofuels/Westway FeedProducts, USA.

11.10 Glycerol Phase from Biodiesel Cycle: A PotentialFeed stock for Material and Energy Production. S.Miele1 and E. Bargiacchi2, Dept. of Agronomy andAgroecosystem Management, University of Pisa, Italy;2Consortium I.N.S.T.M., Italy.


and Bruckner

Session 3: New Feedstock SupplyPark Congress 3Co-Chairs: W.N. Marmer, USDA-ARS, USA; and R. Wilson, Oilseeds &Bioscience Consulting, USA.8.30 Introduction: Future Feedstocks for Biodiesel. W.N.

Marmer, USDA-ARS, USA.8.40 Genetic Enhancement of Vegetable Oil Feedstock

Supply and Quality for Biofuel Applications. R.F. Wilson,Oilseeds & Bioscience Consulting, USA.

9.00 Application of Molecular and Genetic Technologies toImprove Feedstock Supplies for Biodiesel Production.B.J. Calabotta and K. Burger, Monsanto International Co., USA.

9.20 Jatropha curcas: A Potential Source for Tomorrow’sBiodiesel. K. Becker, University of Hohenheim, Germany.

9.40 Improving Yield and Quality of Biodiesel from JatrophaCurcas by Optimized Seed Processing and OilPretreatment. W. De Greyt1, J. Maes1, B. Simons1, C.

6 Technical Program 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria


TECHNICAL PROGRAM

Balshaw2 and D. Miles1, 1Desmet Ballestra Group, Belgium, 2DeSmet Rosedowns, UK.

10.00 Break 10.30 Processing Pathways to an Improved Yield and Quality

of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats. W.De Greyt1, J. Maes1, F. Soragna2*and M. Kellens1, 1Desmet-Ballestra, Belgium, 2Desmet-Ballestra Oleo, Italy.

10.50 The Production of Biodiesel from Trap Grease, aPlentiful and Low-Cost Urban Lipid Source. E.B.Landsburg1, W.W. Berry1, E. Feldman1, M.J. Haas2, S. Kasprzyk1,B. Ratigan1, K.M. Scott2, and N. Adawi1, 1Philadelphia Fry-o-Diesel, Inc., USA; 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, AgriculturalResearch Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, USA.

11.10 Heterotrophic Fermentation of Micro-Algae for Bio -diesel Production. Q. Wu, X. Li, and X. Han, Dept. of BiologicalScience and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, China.

11.30 Biodiesel Production by the Direct Trans esterificationof the Lipids Resident in Biological Materials. M.J. Haas1,K.M. Scott1, A. McAloon1, W. Yee1, F.T. Barrows2, and W.N.Marmer1, 1USDA, ARS, USA, 2USDA, ARS, Hagerman FishCulture Experiment Station, USA.

11.50 Biodiesel Blends Based on an Optimal Choice of RawMaterials—Matching Costs with High QualityStandards. I. Debruyne, Ignace Debruyne & Associates,Belgium.


and Bruckner

AFTERNOON

13.00–14.00 Dessert and Coffee in Exhibition Hall

Technology ShowcaseLehar13.00 Latest Improvements of Desmet Ballestra Biodiesel

Technology. F. Soragna, Desmet Ballestra Oleo SpA, Italy.13.10 The Ideal Turnkey Solutions for Biofuel Applications. P.

Hödl, PerkinElmer, Austria.13.20 BioDiesel International AG (BDI)—the Real Multi-

Feedstock Technology. E. Ahn, BioDiesel International AG,Austria.

13.30 Improvement in Storage Stability of Biodiesel withBaynox® Antioxidants. A. Ingendoh, LANXESS DeutschlandGmbH, Germany.

13.40 The QTA® System for Biodiesel Analysis. B. Stefl, CognisCorporation, QTA, USA.

13.50 HF Full-Pressing Technology for Highest Oil Yields.H.C. Boeck, Harburg-Freudenberger Maschinenbau GmbH,Germany.

14.00 An Effective Solution to the Glycerin Glut. W.A.Summers, Benefuel Inc., USA.

AFTERNOON PARALLEL SESSIONS

Session 4: Government Policy and TaxSituations WorldwidePark Congress 1Co-Chairs: A. Weber, National Biodiesel Board, USA; and M.Wörgetter, BLT-Biomass Logistic Technology, Austria.14.00 U.S. Perspective. J. Jobe, National Biodiesel Board, USA.14.30 European Perspective. M. Wörgetter, BLT-Biomass Logistic

Technology, Austria.15.00 South American Perspective. H. Huergo, AGEA, Argentina.15.30 Break16.00 Asian Perspective. To be announced. 16.30 Global Consensus on Climate Change and Energy

Issues? Implications for the Future of the BiodieselIndustry. T.L. Brewer, Georgetown University, USA.

17.00 Panel Discussion. All Presenters.17.30–18.30 Exhibition Reception

Session 5: Fuel PropertiesPark Congress 2Co-Chairs: R.O. Dunn, Food & Industrial Oils Research, USDA, ARS,NCAUR, USA; and G. Knothe, Food & Industrial Oils Research,USDA, ARS, NCAUR, USA.14.00 Introduction of Session. R.O. Dunn and G. Knothe, Food &

Industrial Oils Research, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, USA.14.10 Low-Temperature Thermodynamics of Fatty Acid

Methyl Esters (FAME). R.O. Dunn, Food & Industrial OilsResearch, USDA, ARS, MWA, NCAUR, USA.

14.30 Effects on Fuel Properties of Various BiodieselComponents. G. Knothe, Food & Industrial Oils Research,USDA, ARS, NCAUR, USA.

14.50 The Nature of Some Insoluble Materials Recovered inBiodiesel Samples. P. Bondioli, N. Cortesi, and C. Mariani,Stazione Sperimentale Oli e Grassi, Italy.

15.10 Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel: Methods and Results.F. Dejean and F. Lacoste, Analysis Dept., ITERG, France.

15.30 Break16.00 Local and Innovative Biodiesel—Selected Properties

of Different FAME. J. Rathbauer, R. Zeller, and K. Bachler, FJ-BLT, Austria.

16.20 Evaluation of Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel, DieselFuel and Their Mixtures Using Pressurized DifferentialScanning Calorimetry ( PDSC) Method. C.C. Conconi1,P. Grassato1, W. Capelupi1, L.C.F. Canale2, and G.E. Totten3,1DaimlerChrysler do Brazil, Ltda., Brazil, 2Universidade de SãoPaulo, Brazil, 3Portland State University, USA.

16.40 Insolubles Formation in Soy-, Cottonseed-, andPoultry Fat-Biodiesel Blends Observed after LowTemperature Storage. H. Tang1,2, A. Wang 1,2, J. Wilson1, S.O.Salley3, and K.Y.S. Ng1,2,3; 1National Biofuel Energy Laboratory,NextEnergy, USA, 2Alternative Energy Technology Program,Wayne State University, USA, 3Dept. of Chemical Engineering,Wayne State University, USA.



Session 6: New Production TechnologiesPark Congress 3Co-Chairs: M. Mittelbach, University of Graz, Austria; and S. Saka,University of Kyoto, Japan.14.00 Introduction of Session. M. Mittelbach, University of Graz,

Austria; and S. Saka, University of Kyoto, Japan.14.10 A Comparative Study on Mechanical Expression of Oil

from Oil Seeds (including Jatropha curcas L.) with andwithout Enzymatic Pretreatment. R.K. Pandey, D.K.Gupta, D. Nandini, and P.K. Paswan, Dept. of Post HarvestProcess and Food Engineering, College of Technology, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, India.

14.30 Design of a Deacidification Process of High AcidityBiodiesel Feedstocks with Liquid-Liquid MethanolExtraction. H. Gürbüz, A. Sirkecioglu, N. Yavasoglu, G.Ahunbay, and S. Türkay*, Chemical Engineering Dept., IstanbulTechnical University, Turkey.

14.50 Effect of Substrate Composition in the Efficiency of aContinuous Lipase Catalyzed Alcoholysis of SunflowerOil. I. Jachmanián, M. Dobroyán, B. Irigaray, J.P. Veira, I. Vieitez,M. Moltini, N. Segura, and M.A. Grompone, Laboratorio deGrasas y Aceites, Departamento de Alimentos, Facultad deQuímica, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.

15.10 Development of Anionic Resin Exchange Catalysts forBiodiesel Production. M. Kim1,2, K. Wadu-Mesthridge1,2, A.Wang1,2, J. Wilson1, S.O. Salley3, and K.Y.S. Ng1,2,3*, 1NationalBiofuel Energy Laboratory, NextEnergy, USA, 2AlternativeEnergy Technology Program, Wayne State University, USA,3Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Wayne State University, USA.

15.30 Break16.00 Experiences with New Catalysts for Production of

High Quality Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and AnimalFats. E. Ahn and T. Hilber, BDI–BioDiesel International AG,Austria.

16.20 Reactive Extraction of Biodiesel from Rapeseed UsingMethanol, Ethanol, and Methanol/Ethanol Mixtures. A.P.Harvey, J.G.M. Lee, and R. Zakaria*, School of ChemicalEngineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, UK.

16.40 The Use of Polymeric Resins in Biodiesel Processing.R.M. Banavali, R.T. Hanlon, G. Pierce, and A.K. Schultz*, Rohmand Haas Company, LLC, USA.

17.00 Biodiesel Production without Producing Glycerolfrom Oils/Fats with Using Supercritical CarboxylateEsters. S. Saka and Y. Isayama, Graduate School of EnergyScience, Kyoto University, Japan.


WEDNESDAY, 7 NOVEMBER 2007MORNING PARALLEL SESSIONS

Session 7: Quality AssuranceSpecificationsPark Congress 1Co-Chairs: O. Costenoble, NEN–Netherlands Standardization Institute,The Netherlands; and S. Howell, National Biodiesel Board, USA.8.30 ASTM and CEN Biodiesel Specification Status and

Global Harmonization Efforts. J. Fischer1, S. Howell2, andO. Costenoble3, 1Archer Daniels Midland, Germany, 2NationalBiodiesel Board, USA, 3CEN/TC 19 StandardizationCommittee on Fuels.

9.00 Biodiesel Fuel Survey Results for the USA, B100 andB20. T.L. Alleman and R.L. McCormick*, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy, USA.

9.30 International Biodiesel Fuel Survey Results. B. Schwarz,SGS Fuel Germany GmbH, Germany.

10.00 Break 10.30 BQ-9000: A National Biodiesel Accreditation

Program. L. Tong, MARC-IV Consulting, USA.10.50 Quantitative Studies of the pHLip Test for Detecting

Dissolved Contaminants in B100 Biodiesel. R. vonWedel, BioSolar Group/CytoCulture International, Inc., USA.

11.10 Methods for Determination of Biodiesel Quality andBlend Level. T.A. Foglia, K.C. Jones, M.J. Haas, and W.N.Marmer, Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, USA.

11.30 Panel Discussion. All Presenters12.00–13.00 Luncheon

Session 8: Engine Performance andEmissions–Part IIPark Congress 2Co-Chairs: R. McCormick, U.S. Dept. of Energy, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory, USA; and J. Krahl, Fachhochschule Coburg,University of Applied Sciences Coburg, Germany.8.30 Impacts of Biodiesel on Combustion and Emissions of

NOx and Particulate. A. Boehman, J. Song, J. Szybist, K. Al-Qurashi, and Y. Zhang, Pennsylvania State University, USA.

9.00 Shock Tube Studies of Biodiesel Fuel Sidechains. K.Brezinsky, R. Sivaramakrishnan, S. Garner, and B. Culbertson,University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.

9.30 Combustion of Ethanol in Biodiesel Blends. R.W. Dibbleand H. Mack, University of California Berkeley, USA.

10.00 Break 10.30 The Performance of B20 Biodiesels from a Variety of

Sources in HCCI Combustion. B. Bunting, S. Eaton, J. Szybist,J. Storey, and S. Lewis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA.

11.00 Strong Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine EmissionsUsing Vegetable Oil as Fuel. J. Bünger1, T. Brüning1, J. Krahl2,A. Munack3, Y. Ruschel3, O. Schröder3, B. Emmert4, E. Hallier4, M.Müller4, and G. Westphal4, 1Research Institute forOccupational Medicine of the Institutions for StatutoryAccident Insurance and Prevention (BGFA), Institute of theRuhr University Bochum, Germany, 2University of AppliedSciences Coburg, Germany, 3Institute for Technology andBiosystems Engineering, Federal Agricultural Research Centre(FAL), Germany, 4Dept. of Occupational and Social Medicine,University of Göttingen, Germany.

8 Technical Program 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

11.30 Panel Discussion. All Presenters.12.00–13.00 Luncheon

Session 9: Life Cycle and SustainabilityAnalysisPark Congress 3Co-Chairs: J. Duffield, USDA, USA; and G. Reinhardt, IFEU-Institute forEnergy & Environmental Research, Germany.8.30 Introduction of Session. J. Duffield, USDA, USA; and G.

Reinhardt, IFEU-Institute for Energy and EnvironmentalResearch, Germany.

8.45 Updating the Energy Balance for Producing SoybeanBiodiesel in the United States. J. Van Gerpen and D.Shrestha, University of Idaho, USA.

9.10 Energetic Feasibility Associated with the Production,Processing, and Conversion of Beef Tallow to aSubstitute Diesel Fuel. R.G. Nelson, Kansas StateUniversity, USA.

9.35 Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment: A Tool to AssessChemical Technologies from Biofuels to Pharma -ceuticals. J. Dewulf and H. Van Langenhove, Research GroupENVOC, Ghent University, Belgium.

10.00 Break 10.30 Life-Cycle Assessment of Palm Oil Biodiesel. N.

Rettenmaier, IFEU-Institute for Energy and EnvironmentalResearch, Germany.

10.55 GHG Calculation of Biofuels in the InternationalDebate: Bottlenecks and Perspectives. G. Bergsma, CEDelft, The Netherlands.

11.20 Certification of Biofuels: State of the Art andPerspectives. A. Friedrich, Federal Agency for Environment,Germany.

11.45 Panel Discussion. All Presenters.12.00–13.00 Luncheon

Session 10: General Topic SessionBrucknerChair: M. Norris, Agricultural Utilization Research Institute, USA.8.30 Characteristics of Material Collected from Plugged

Filters in Blended Fuel Systems Containing PetroleumDiesel and Soy Based Biodiesel. R. Patzer1, A. Handojo1, M.Norris1, and M. Youngerberg2, 1Agricultural Utilization ResearchInstitute, USA, 2Minnesota Soybean Growers Association, USA.

9.00 Biodiesel Projects under the Kyoto Clean Develop -ment Mechanism (=CDM). C. Plöchl, Energy ChangesProjektentwicklung GmbH, Austria.

9.30 Palm Oil as a Source of Food and Biofuel: Impact onSustainability and Competitiveness. M.B. Wahid andK.W. Chan*, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Malaysia.

10.00 Break 10.30 Food, Feed, and Fuel from a Sustainability

Perspective. E.E. Dumelin, Switzerland.11.00 Production of Fractionated Cold Flow Biodiesel by

Urea Fractionation. B.Y. Tao, Purdue University, USA.11.30 Panel Discussion. All Presenters.12.00–13.00 Luncheon

AFTERNOON

13.00–14.00 Dessert and Coffee in Exhibition Hall

Technology Showcase Lehar13.00 AMBERLYSTTM BD20 Technology: A Solid-Catalyst

Process for Converting High Free-Fatty Acid Feed -stocks to Biodiesel by Esterification. M. Pell, Rohm andHaas France S.A.S., France.

13.10 Modern Biofuels Technology from Austria. N. Ergün,ENERGEA Umwelttechnologie GmbH, Austria.

13.20 The Benefit of At-Line and In-Line Analysis by FT-NIRand FT-IR Spectroscopy for the Biodiesel Industry. C.Werner, Bruker Optics GmbH, Germany.

13.30 Filling the Void in Biodiesel Quality Testing. R. Young,Paradigm Sensors, USA.

13.40 Determination of Oxidation Stability. A. Dokalik, INULAGmbH, Austria.

13.50 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration in Biodiesel. R. Daumke,EP Minerals GmbH, Germany.

Closing Plenary SessionPark Congress 1 and 214.00 Biodiesel Development in India: Appraisal and Tasks. J.

Parikh, Integrated Research and Action for Development(IRADe), India.

14.30 South American Perspective. L. Ramos, Federal Universityof Parana, Brazil.

15.00 Closing Keynote: Oils and Fats: Supply, Demand, andBiodiesel. F. Gunstone, Scottish Crop Research Institute,Scotland.

15.45 General Discussion. All Presenters.16.00–16.15 Closing Comments. M.J. Haas, USDA, ARS ERRC,

USA.


Biodiesel Congress PresentationsThe PowerPoint presentations will be available forviewing on the congress website in late December2007. After the congress, registered delegates willreceive an e-mail with the specific web address andpasscode needed to access these presentations.Please note that AOCS may only post the presenta-tions from the authors who have given their consent,so all presentations may not be available on this site.

Life Cycle and Sustainability1. Used Rape Oil as Base for Lubricating Oils. B. Buczek1 and

P. Stawarz2, 1Cracow University of Economics, Faculty ofCommodity Science, Poland, 2ORLEN OIL Sp. z o.o., Poland.

2. Life Cycle Assessment of Soybean Biodiesel Coupled to aSugarcane-Ethanol Plant. S. Pereira de Souza1 and C. Andreoli2,1Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil. 2Embrapa Soja, Brazil.

3. A Life Cycle Assessment of Potential Biodiesel Crops inthe UK. S.J. O’Mahony and N.K. Tovey, University of East Anglia, UK

4. Sustainability Assessment for Biomass ValorisationProjects: Application to First Generation BiofuelsProduction. A.-L. Fevre1,2, J.-M. Brignon1 , and N. Buclet2, 1INER-IS (Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques),France; 2UTT (Université de Technologie de Troyes) France.

Feedstock Supply1. Evaluation of Tea Seed Oil for the Production of

Biodiesel. P. Ilhan and S. Türkay, Istanbul Technical University,Chemical Engineering Dept., Turkey.

2. Effects of the Production Processes on the Compositionof the Turkish Rapeseed Oil. S. Ersungur, M. Göktug Ahunbay,and S. Türkay*, Istanbul Technical University, ChemicalEngineering Dept. Turkey

3. Risk Assessment for the Biodiesel Production fromPossibly BSE Contaminated Fat. M. Mittelbach1, B. Pokits1,H. Müller2, M. Müller1, and D. Riesner2, 1Institut für Chemie, Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Austria, 2Institut für PhysikalischeBiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.

4. Purification of Used Frying Oil for Production ofBiodiesel. B. Buczek, Cracow University of Economics, Facultyof Commodity Science, Poland.

5. Screening of Tropical Microalgae for Cellular Lipids foruse as a Biodiesel Feedstock. J. Obbard, S. Balasubramaniam,M. Montefrio, and T.T.Y. Doan, Tropical Marine Science Institute,National University of Singapore, Singapore.

6. Production and Characterization of Biodiesel Madefrom Jatropha Oil. J.-D. Choi, J.-Y. Park, S.-C. Park and J.-S. Lee*,Bioenergy Research Center, KIER. Republic of Korea.

7. Production and Using of Biodiesel in Albania, AConcrete Opportunity for Increasing of EnergyEfficiency, Protection of Environment and Developing ofSeveral Important Branches of Economy. S. Dhima,Ministry of Economy, Trade and Energy, Albania.

8. Direct Free Fatty Acids Esterification in Waste CookingOils: Role of Ion-Exchange Resins. N. Özbay, N. Oktar*, andN. Alper Tapan, Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering &Architecture, Chemical Engineering, Turkey.

9. Synthesis and Properties of Biodiesel and Its Additivesfrom Hempseed Oil. M. Jure, I. Mierina, R. Serzane, M. Strele,I. Vanaga and T. Paeglis, Faculty of Material Science and AppliedChemistry, Riga Technical University, Latvia.

10. Biodiesel from Aloe vera. P.S. Nagar1, S. Desai2, B. Patel1 and M.Daniel1, 1Department of Botany, 2Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Science, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India.

11. Fill Her Up: Testing 100% Biodiesel in AgriculturalTractors. G.R. Cauffman1 and P. Trella2, 1College of AgriculturalSciences, Penn State University, USA; 2New Holland AgriculturalTractors, USA.

12. Effects of Catalyst Concentration and Alcohol MolarRatio on the Transesterification of Unrefined Peanut Oil.A.L.M.T. Pighinelli1, K.J. Park1, and A.M. Rauen Miguel2, 1School ofAgricultural Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNI-CAMP), Brazil; 2 Institute of Food Technology (ITAL), Brazil.

13. Enhancement of Oil Recovery from Jatropha Curcas L.(Ratanjot) on a Hydraulic Press Using Enzymatic Pre-Treatment. D. Nandini and R.K. Pandey, Post Harvest Processand Food Engineering Department, College of Technology,Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyPANTNAGAR, India.

14. An Inexpensive Feedstock for Biodiesel Production fromFishery Processing Discards and By-Products. A.N.A. Aryee1,F. van de Voort1, M.O. Ngadi2,and B.K. Simpson1, 1Dept. of FoodScience and Agricultural Chemistry, 2Dept. of BioresourceEngineering, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Canada.

New ProductionTechnologies1. Effect of MTBE as a Co-Solvent on Transesterification of

Sunflower Oil. L. Rodríguez, Á. Pérez, M.J. Ramos, A. Casas, andC.M. Fernández, Chemical Engineering Dept., Institute forChemical and Environmental Technologies University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

2. VO(acac)2: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systemfor Transesterification of Soybean Oil. M. Martinelli1, C.S.P.Zarth1, J.L.S. Sonego3, M.E.B. Gomes2, 1Instituto de Química,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2Instituto deGeociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,3Faculdade de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia,Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

3. Biodiesel Made with Sugar Catalyst—A Novel GreenProduction Method? B.A. Nebel, J. Auvinen, and M. Mittelbach,Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Austria.

4. Biocatalysis by Immobilized Lipases like an AlternativeTechnology to Produce Biodiesel. L. Fernández, E.Rosenbaum, and G. Pérez, Chemical Engineering Dept., ComahueUniversity, República Argentina.

5. A New Concept for Production of Biofuels: A BiorefineryBased on an Integrated Study of Optimizations inCultivation, Collection and Production of Rape forBiodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas, and Biohydrogen. L. Fjerbæk,Knowledge Centre of Membrane Technology, Institute ofChemical, Bio and Environmental Technology, University ofSouthern Denmark, Denmark.

6. A New Pretreatment Method for Biodiesel FuelProduction from Trap Grease. H. Kuramochi1, K. I. Choi1, M.Osako1, K. Maeda2,K. Nakamura3, and S. Sakai4, 1Research Centerfor Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institutefor Environmental Studies, Japan, 2School of Mechanical SystemEngineering, Environmental Energy Engineering Group, Universityof Hyogo, Japan, 3Kyoto City Office, Japan, 4EnvironmentPreservation Center, Kyoto University, Japan.

7. Purification of Biodiesel with Magnesium SilicateAdsorbent Treatment. B.S. Cooke, The Dallas Group SpecialtyAdsorbents, USA.

8. Selective Hydrogenation as a Valuable Tool for theProduction of High Quality Biodiesel. N. Ravasio1, F.Zaccheria1, P. Bondioli2, and L. Della Bella2, 1CNR-ISTM andUniversity of Milano, Italy, 2Stazione Sperimentale Oli e Grassi, Italy.

10 Poster Presentations 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

9. Continuous Process for the Production of Biodiesel in aLiquid-Liquid Film Reactor. P.C. Narváez, S.M. Rincóna, andF.J. Sánchez, Departamento de Ingeniería Química UniversidadNacional de Colombia, Colombia.

10. An Overview of Biodiesel Process IntensificationResearch at Newcastle University (UK). A.P. Harvey andJ.G.M. Lee, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

11. Alternative Resources and Processes for the Productionof Biodiesel. R. Verhe1, C. Echim1, C. Stevens1, W. DeGreyt2, andS. Claeys3, 1Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering,Department of Organic Chemistry, Belgium; 2Desmet-BallestraZaventem, Belgium; 2Socfinco-Brussels, Belgium.

12. Exploring Innovative Catalytic Systems for BiodieselProduction. S. Sharma, Institute of Technology, Banaras HinduUniversity, India.

13. Pretreatment of Vegetable Oil Using Ion-Exchange Resinand Biodiesel Production. Y. Ki Hong1, Yun Suk Huh2, Won HiHong2, Sung Woo Oh3, 1Dept. of Chemical and BiologicalEngineering, Chungju National University; Korea; 2Dept. ofChemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea AdvancedInstitute of Science and Technology, Korea; 33m SafetyDevelopment Co. Ltd., Korea.

14. Ethyl Ester Obtained from Turkish Originated CanolaOil and Fuel Ethanol as an Alternative Diesel Fuel. A.Isler, M. Tuter, and F. Karaosmanoglu, Istanbul Technical University,Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Turkey.

15. Design and Fabrication of a Multifunction BiodieselProcessor. A. Zenouzi and B. Ghobadian, Tarbiat ModaresUniversity, Iran.

16. Design, Fabrication, and Evaluation of a Patent BiodieselProcessor. A. Zenouzi and B. Ghobadian, Tarbiat ModaresUniversity, Iran.

17. Design of New Technology and Equipment for Productionof Biodiesel. A.I. Torubarov, M.L. Stepanskyi, E.N. Glukhan, and V.B.Kondrat’ev, State Scientific and Research Institute of OrganicChemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT), Russia.

18. Mathematical Modelling and Technological Assessmentof New Biodiesel Production Process from UnrefinedVegetable Oil. E.N. Glukhan1, D.A. Sadovnikov1, A.I. Torubarov1,and A.A. Agafonov2, 1State Scientific and Research Institute ofOrganic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT), Russia;2Federal Agency of Industry, Moscow, Russia.

19. Calcium Oxide—Supported Potassium Iodide as aHeterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. G.Karavalakis, G. Anastopoulos*, S. Stournas, E. Lois, F. Zannikos, andD. Karonis, Fuels & Lubricants Laboratory, School of ChemicalEngineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece.

20. In-Situ Transesterification of Cynara Cardunculus Seedsto Obtain Biodiesel. F. Avellaneda V., J. Salvadó, J. Pasqualino, andD. Navarlatz, Universidad Rovira I Virgili, Wood BiopolymersGroup, Spain.

21. Mathematical Modelling of Oil Expression from JatrophaCurcas L. (Ratanjot) on a Hydraulic Press: Effect ofMoisture Content. P.K. Paswan and R.K. Pandey*, Post HarvestProcess and Food Engineering Dept., College of Technology, G.B.Pant University of Agri. & Tech. PANTNAGAR, India.

22. Mathematical Modelling of Partial Oil Expression fromGroundnuts: Effect of Moisture Content. R.K. Pandey andD.K. Gupta, Dept. of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering,College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture andTechnology, India.

Fuel Properties1. Application of in situ Measurement Techniques in

Crystallization of FAMEs in Biodiesel. H. Gürbüz and N.Taylan, Chemical Engineering Dept., Istanbul Technical University,Turkey.

2. The Role of Natural Antioxidants in IncreasingOxidative Stability of Biodiesel. Z. Rabiei, S. TahmasebiEnferadi, and G.P. Vannozzi*, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie eAmbientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Italy.

3. Oxidative Stability of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs)in Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel. A. Wang1,2, H. Tang1,2, B. Clark1,2, J.Wilson1, S.O. Salley3, and K.Y. Simon Ng1,2,3, 1National BiofuelEnergy Laboratory, NextEnergy, USA; 2Alternative EnergyTechnology Program, Wayne State University, USA; 3Dept. ofChemical Engineering, Wayne State University, USA.

4. Catalytic Effects of Transition Metals on the OxidativeStability of Various Biodiesels. B. Clark1,2, A. Wang1,2, J.Wilson1, S.O. Salley3, and K.Y. Simon Ng1,2,3, 1National BiofuelEnergy Laboratory, NextEnergy, USA; 2Alternative EnergyTechnology Program, Wayne State University, USA; 3Dept. ofChemical Engineering, Wayne State University, USA.

5. Exhaust Emissions and Performance in a StationaryEngine Using Blends of Diesel and Soybean Methyl Ester.O.E. Piamba1,4 R.G. Pereira1, C.D. Oliveira2, and C.E. Fellows3,1Federal Fluminense University, Mechanical Engineering Dept.,Brazil; 2Institute of Chemistry, Federal Fluminense University,Brazil; 3Institute of Physics, Federal Fluminense University, Brazil;4National University of Colombia-Bogota, Colombia.

6. Experimental Evaluation of Engine Performance UsingDiesterol. B. Ghobadian, H. Rahimi2, M. Khatamifar2, and G.Najafi1, 1Tarbiat Modares University, Iran; 2Mega Motor Company,Iran.

7. Biodiesel Emissions Profile from a Passenger VehicleOperated in Driving Cycles. G. Karavalakis1, E. Tzirakis1, E.Bakeas2, A. Spanos3, F. Zannikos1, and S. Stournas1, 1Laboratory ofFuels and Lubricants Technology, School of Chemical Engineering,National Technical University of Athens, Greece; 2Laboratory ofAnalytical Chemistry, Chemistry Dept. National and KapodistrianUniversity of Athens, Greece; 3Emissions Analysis Laboratory,Hellenic Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications, Greece.

8. Comparison of Characteristics of Biodiesel from VariousEdible and Nonedible Oils of Indian Origin. S.P. Chaurasia,Chemical Engineering Department, Malaviya National Institute ofTechnology, India.

9. Kinetics of Biodiesel Fuels and Surrogates Combustion.P. Dagaut, G. Dayma, S. Gaïl, and C. Togbe, CNRS, France.

10. Impurities in B20 That Cause Fuel-Filter PluggingDuring Cold Weather. R.W. Heiden, R.W. Heiden Associates,LLC, USA.

Quality AssuranceSpecifications1. Critical Evaluation of NIR-Spectrometry as an Analytical-

Method in Biodiesel Production. Z. Christian and M.Mittelbach, Institute for Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria.

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Poster Presentations 11

2. Optimization of Cold Temperature Properties ofBiodiesel Blends. A. Fraiß, B. Bergler, S. Schober, and M.Mittelbach, Institute for Chemistry, Karl-Franzens UniversityGraz, Austria.

3. Evaluation of Partially Hydrogenated Methyl Esters ofSoybean Oil. B.R. Moser, M.J. Haas, J.K. Winkler, M.A Jackson,S.Z. Erhan, and G.R. List, USDA, NCAUR, ARS, USA.

4. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Hydroxy Ethers asPotential Biodiesel Additives. B.R. Moser and S.Z. Erhan,USDA, NCAUR, ARS, USA.

5. Determination of Sulfate in Denatured Ethyl Alcohol byDirect Injection Ion Chromatography and SuppressedConductivity. J. Gandhi, Metrohm Peak Inc., USA.

6. Water Content Determination in Biodiesel Accordingto EN ISO 12937. R. Schlink1 and B. Faas2, 1Metrohm AG, CH-9101 Herisau, Switzerland; 2Deutsche Metrohm GmbH & Co.KG, D-70794 Filderstadt, Germany.

7. Determination of the Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel(fatty acid methyl esters, FAME). U. Loyall, B. Zumbrägel,and M. Kalcher, Metrohm AG, Switzerland.

8. Titrimetric Analysis of Biofuels. C. Haider and G. Spinnler,Metrohm AG, Switzerland.

9. Recent Modern Technologies for Assessing Biodiesel FuelQuality. O.P. Chaturvedi and S. Mande, TERI University, India.

10. Identification of Major Glycerols and Polar Compoundsin Waste Vegetable Oil and Trap Grease. K.-I. Choi, H.Kuramochi, and M. Osako, Research Center for Material Cyclesand Waste Management, National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies, Japan.

11. Quality Survey of Retail Biodiesel Blends on MichiganMarket. A. Wang1,2, H. Tang1,2, B. Clark1,2, J. Wilson1, S.O. Salley3*,and K.Y. Simon Ng1,2,3, 1National Biofuel Energy Laboratory,NextEnergy, USA; 2Alternative Energy Technology Program,Wayne State University, USA; and 3Dept. of ChemicalEngineering, Wayne State University, USA.

12. Multiple Property Determination of Biodiesel with NearInfrared Spectroscopy. A. Hiermer1, C. Schnell1, and C. Lühr2,1Buchi Labortechnik AG, Switzerland; 2Buchi LabortechnikGmbH, Germany.

13. Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel - Methods, Tools, andTechniques for Assessing the Extent of Degradation. S.M.Cline, Eastman Chemical Company, USA.

14. The Use of Liquid Scintillation Counting Technology forthe Determination of Biogenic Materials in Fuel. R. Edler,PerkinElmer LAS GmbH, Germany.

15. Specifications and Quality Control of Biodiesel inRomania. B.S. Gaivoronski1, I. Ticu2, V. Moisescu3, C.M. Petrusca4,G. Balan5, and M. Bernardini6, 1Bioterpena Sistem S.R.L., Romania;2Degussa Romania, Romania , 3MASTER S.A., Romania, 4Autoelite,Romania, 5ULTEX S.A., Romania, 6C.M. Bernardini, Italy.

16. Comparative Quality Studies on Various Plant Oil Estersfrom Romania. B.S. Gaivoronski1, I. Ticu2, V. Moisescu3, C.M.Petrusca4, G. Balan5, and M. Bernardini6, 1Bioterpena Sistem S.R.L.,Romania; 2Degussa Romania, Romania, 3MASTER S.A., Romania,4Autoelite, Romania, 5ULTEX S.A., Romania, 6C.M. Bernardini, Italy.

17. Applying Genetic Algorithms to FTIR Spectrograms forBiodiesel/Diesel Blend Ratio Measurement. T. Roder, S.Tadepalli, and M. Polczynski, Marquette University, College ofEngineering, USA.

18. Ester Content Determination in Biodiesel by HPLC-SEC. F. Lacoste, F. DeJean*, and E. Brenne, ITERG, France.

19. A Comprehensive Study of Improved Oxidation andStorage Stability of Various Biodiesel (B-100) FuelFeedstocks. I. Abou-Nemeh, Novus International, Inc., USA.

20. Application of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Free Fatty Acids in FishOils for Use as Biodiesel Feedstock. A.N.A. Aryee, F. van deVoort, and B.K. Simpson, Dept. of Food Science & AgriculturalChemistry, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Canada.

21. Determination of Biodiesel Origin Using E-Nose andArtificial Neural Networks. L. Fermino, A. Francisco Siqueira,and D. Savio Giordani, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

22. A Networked InfraRed Spectroscopy Analysis System forBiodiesel Analysis Ensures Accuracy and Consistency. B.Stefl and N. Wang, Cognis Corporation, USA.

23. The Benefit of at-line and in-line Analysis by FT-NIR andFT-IR Spectroscopy for the Biodiesel Industry. A.Niemöller1 and H. Li2, 1Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany, 2BrukerOptics Inc., USA.

24. Determination of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid MethylEsters in Biodiesel. S. Schober and M. Mittelbach; Institute forChemistry, Dept. of Renewable Resources, Karl-FranzensUniversity Graz, Austria.

25. Some Remarks to the Standard EN 14 214 for FAME. J.Paligova1, A. Kleinova1, J. Mikulec2, and J. Cvengros1, 1SlovakUniversity of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and FoodTechnology, Slovakia; 2Slovnaft VURUP, Slovakia.

26. Biodiesel Typification by Desorption Sonic Spray andElectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Finger -printing. R.R. Catharino1, R. Haddad1, C.M. Garcia1, U.Schuchardt1, M.N. Eberlin1, G.F. de Sá2, J. Marques Rodrigues2, andV. de Souza2, 1ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Instituteof Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Brazil, 2BrazilianInstitute of Metrology (Inmetro), Brazil.

Glycerol1. Heterogeneously Catalysed Transesterification Technical

and Economical Evaluation. S.S. Mohite and M. Trzop,Fachhochschule, Germany.

2. Use of Crude Glycerol as an Aviation Deicer/Anti-Icer. S.Erhan1, J. Sullivan2, and B.Y. Tao2, 1USDA National Laboratory,USA; 2Purdue University, USA.

3. Glycerol—Electricity and Hydrogen Generation viaMicrobial Fuel Cells. P.G. Selembo, B.E. Logan, and J.M. Perez,Sr., Chemical Engineering Dept. The Pennsylvania StateUniversity, USA.

4. Oxidation of Glycerol. M. Ernst1, P. Stehring1, T. Hilber2, M.Siebenhofer1, and R. Marr1, 1Graz University of Technology, Dept.of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Austria,2BDI – BioDiesel International AG, Austria.

5. Bacterial Production of Biodegradable Plastics fromBiodiesel Process Waste Glycerol. G.D. Boyd, M.R. Martino,and C.T. Nomura*, Department of Chemistry, State University ofNew York – Environmental Science and Forestry, USA.

6. An Effective Solution to the Glycerin Glut. W.A, Summers,Benefuel Inc., USA.

12 Poster Presentations 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

The Exhibition, held in the Klimt Ballroom, opens the door toexcellent business and networking opportunities for both thedelegates and the exhibitors. The Exhibition Hall will host coffeebreaks, dessert buffets, and receptions.

The Technology Showcase, 13.00–14.00, Tuesday andWednesday in the Lehar Room, is the opportunity for the del-egates to learn about innovative technology in the biodieselindustry from the exhibitors. Please refer to the technical pro-gram pages for Technology Showcase presentations.

Exhibition HoursMonday, 5 November, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.00–19.00Tuesday, 6 November 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.00 –18.30Wednesday, 7 November 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.00 –14.00

Exhibitorsamafiltergroup AlkmaarB.V.Stand(s): 11P.O. Box 396Alkmaar 1200 AJ, The Netherlandswww.amafiltergroup.comamafiltergroup offers a complete range ofproducts, services, and support for theproduction of bio-diesel. The group’s capa-bilities are backed by decades of innova-tive experience in providing filtration solu-tions in the vegetable and chemical indus-try. amafiltergroup continues to developproducts, enabling its customers to com-ply with the strictest environmental regu-lations, industry demands and increasingcomplexity. We offer a complete design,testing, commissioning and service togeth-er with full support.

ASD Inc.Stand(s): 72555 55th StreetBoulder, CO 80301 USAwww.asdi.comASD Inc., represented by LZS-CON-CEPT Handels-und Service GmbH, isunsurpassed in solving some of theworld’s most challenging materials meas-urement problems with customer-focused solutions, service, and support ofthe highest quality and integrity. We col-laborate with industrial professionals,analytical researchers, and remote sensingscientists to provide the most reliable,high-performance analytical instrumenta-tion for real-time materials measure-

ment, exactly where it is needed, on-siteor at remote locations. Established in1990 and based in Boulder, Colorado,USA, ASD Inc. has customers world-wide.

Aspectrics, Inc. Stand(s): 35 6900 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 401 Pleasanton, CA 94566 USAwww.aspectrics.comAspectrics 2750 Biodiesel Analyzer is acompact and easy to use Biodiesel QCpackage capable of at-line and on-lineanalysis of biodiesel samples. The 2750Biodiesel Analyzer can measure incom-ing feed stock quality, in process sam-ples, finished product quality (B100),glycerin and recycled methanol. TheAspectrics QC Package includes theAspectrics RealTime Monitor™ soft-ware. Aspectrics RealTime Monitor™interface displays sample concentrationvalues in reallays sample concentrationvalues in real time, plots the results in anSPC format and allows the user to setout of range warnings.

AxensStand(s): 3689, bd Franklin Roosevelt, BP 5080292508 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex,Francewww.axens.netAxens is one of the world’s foremosttechnology and service providers to therefining, petrochemical and gas process-ing industries. All our activities are

linked to improving customer perform-ance. Axens provides process technolo-gy, basic engineering design, pre-com-missioning, operator training and otherservices, as well as catalyst and adsor-bent supplies with the sole objective ofimproving plant operations and prof-itability. Axens’ image is one of referencetechnology—quality products that arecommercially proven, dependable, reli-able and cost effective. Axens, a pioneerin the biodiesel industry since 1992, hasdesigned and licensed over 2,500,000ton/yr of biodiesel capacity.

Benefuel Inc.Stand(s): 10Technology Showcase Presentation: Tuesday, 6 November, 14.00655 Montgomery Street, Suite 540San Francisco, CA 94111 USAwww.benefuel.netBenefuel, Inc. is a new-generation fuelproduction and distribution companythat uses cutting-edge solid catalysisprocessing and continuous quality mon-itoring technologies to cut costs,improve quality, and curtail waste prod-ucts associated with the biofuels refin-ing process. Benefuel’s key technologyinnovation—the perfection of a solidcatalyst refining process—revolutionizesbiodiesel production by eliminating thedemand for water, expanding the rangeof oil feedstock options, and increasingthe value of the glycerine byproduct.

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Exhibition 13

BDI—BioDieselInternational AGStand(s): 32/33/34Technology Showcase Presentation: Tuesday, 6 November, 13.20Parkring 18A-8074 Grambach/Graz, Austriawww.bdi-biodiesel.comBDI–BioDiesel International AG is oneof the world’s leading suppliers of com-plete biodiesel production plants. Theservices the company provides includeplant planning, construction and start-up,and subsequent after-sales service.BDI—BioDiesel has in-depth experiencewith the production of biodiesel andowns an extensive patent portfolio thathas resulted from its in-house researchand development activities. The companyconsiders itself to be among the leadinginternational technology suppliers onthe market for the production of multi-feedstock plants that can manufacturebiodiesel on the basis of different rawmaterials, such as vegetable oils, wasteedible oils, and animal fats.

Bruker Optik GmbHStand(s): 17/28Technology Showcase Presentation: Wednesday, 7 November, 13.20Rudolf-Plank Strasse 27D-76275 Etlingen, Germanywww.brukeroptics.comBruker Optics is a leading instrumenta-tion company offering a complete line ofhigher performance FT-IR, NIR, Raman,and bench-top NMR spectrometers.

Büchi Labortechnik AGStand(s): 19Meierseggstrasse 40CH-9230 Flawil, Switzerlandwww.buchi.comBüchi is a leading, worldwide supplier ofkey technologies such as evaporation andseparation for research laboratories, aswell as near infrared spectroscopy andreference methods for quality controlpurposes. Our goal is to sustain a highlevel of competence in product develop-ment, manufacturing, and applicationaround these technologies. We believethat providing high-quality products andresponsive service will support the inno-vation and effectiveness of our cus-

tomers. We know that understanding thecustomer’s situation forms the basis forsuccessful cooperation. All our productscomply with our philosophy of “Qualityin your hands.” We strive to developproducts and solutions that are solid,cleverly designed, convenient and easy touse, in order to fulfill customer needs tothe highest degree.

C.M. BernardiniStand(s): 15Via Appia KM 55,900Cisterna Di Latina (LT) 04012, Italywww.cmbernardini.itC.M. Bernardini is one of the world’sleaders in designing and supplying equip-ment and plants for the oil and fat indus-try in the areas of extraction, refineryoleochemicals, and biodiesel. More than1400 units have beensupplied underBernardini’s name.

Cognis Corporation, QTAStand(s): 37Technology Showcase Presentation: Tuesday, 6 November, 13.404900 Este Avenue B. 53Cincinnati, OH 45232 USAwww.qta.comThe QTA® System for biodiesel analysisallows for analyses to be conducted inless than two minutes, with no samplepreparation. Capabilities include reducedspecifications for B100, as well as inprocess samples, incoming oil, crude glyc-erin, and recycled methanol. All tests arecorrelated to EN and ASTM test meth-ods, and an unlimited number of tests canbe conducted for a flat monthly fee.

Crown Iron WorksCompanyStand(s): 262500 West County Road CRoseville, MN 55113 USAwww.crowniron.comCrown Iron Works provides completedesign and supply services for oilseedand vegetable oil processing worldwide.Specializing in extraction, refining,biodiesel, and oleochemical technology,we have worked to develop advancedprocessing technology to improve yourbottom line. Our engineered approachto reliable system design makes life eas-

ier for processing professionals whodesire increased capacity, lowersteam/utility usage, and improved fin-ished product quality.

Desmet Ballestra Oleo SpAStand(s): 38Technology Showcase Presentation: Tuesday, 6 November, 13.00Via Dei Castelli Rottali 21Pomeria (Rome) 00060, Italywww.desmetballestraoleo.comDBO is the branch of the DesmetBallestra group dedicated to the devel-opment and promotion of oleochemi-cals and biodiesel technologies. DesmetBallestra is today a group with approxi-mately 450 millions EURO turnoverand, in addition to the leading position inbiodiesel business, is worldwide themajor supplier of plants for seed, oilextraction, and oil refining, as well assurfactants, soaps, detergents, glycerine,and oleochemicals. Desmet Ballestra hasover 850 employees with subsidiaries inall the major markets. In biodiesel busi-ness Desmet Ballestra is the major sup-plier, with over 85 plants installed/underinstallation worldwide for a total capac-ity of over 11,000,000 tpy.

EnergeaUmwelttechnologie GmbHStand(s): 22Technology Showcase Presentation: Wednesday, 7 November, 13.10Inkustrasse 1-7/4/1A-3400 Kolsterneuburg, Austriawww.energea.at

EP Minerals GmbHStand(s): 6Technology Showcase Presentation: Wednesday, 7 November, 13.50Rehr hofer Weh 115D- 29633 Munster, Germany www.epminerals.comEP Minerals is a worldwide manufactur-er and supplier of diatomaceous earth(DE), perlite and cellulose fiber. Enteringthe DE market in 1945, EP Minerals hassince become been the fastest growingproducer of DE products and hasbecome the second largest producer inthe world. To this day, EP Minerals con-tinues to deliver the highest quality filter

14 Exhibition 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

aids, high capacity absorbents, and func-tional additives for paints, catalyst sup-ports, polyethylene film and many othermarkets.

Grace DavisonStand(s): 12In der Hollerhecke 1D- 67545 Worms, Germany www.grace.com/About/

Businesses/BioFuel/Grace Davison is a core business of WRGrace & Co., one of the world’s leadingspecialty chemical companies. GraceDavison specializes in silica, silica aluminatechnology, chromatography columns forbiofuel analysis, and catalysts for improv-ing yields in oil and gas refining. Our sili-ca gels are used as purification aids,where they help to remove phospho-lipids, trace metals, and free fatty acids inaddition to aiding moisture removal. Ourzeolitic and silica adsorbents are used forthe drying and purification of biofuels, bythe control of pore sizes and hence preferentially removing undesirable com-ponents. Head quartered in Worms,Germany, the Grace Davison Europe sitehouses our production, R&D, and techni-cal customer support.

Harburg-FreudenbergerMaschinenbau GmbH,Edible Oil TechnologyStand(s): 21Technology Showcase Presentation: Tuesday, 6 November, 13.50Seevestr. 1D-21079 Hamburg, Germanywww.harburg-freudenberger.comHarburg-Freudenberger MaschinenbauGmbH is a German-based supplier ofcomplete plants for the edible oil indus-try, starting from raw material throughseed processing, mechanical oil extrac-tion, and solvent extraction to all stagesof refining and degumming to the fin-ished product. HF also supplies individ-ual machines for the oil productionprocess, such as roller mills, screwpresses, conditioners, and other plantcomponents for all aspects of oil and fatprocessing.

Hiller GmbHStand(s): 13Schwalbenholzstr. 2D-84137 Vilsbiburg, Germanywww.hillerzentri.deOur solid bowl decanters are availablein 2-phase (solid-liquid separation) and3-phase (solid-liquid-liquid) designs,explosion-proof to different standardsand with a broad variety of customized

features such as CIP-systems, inert gasflushing, or gas tight design. HILLERdecanters are successfully operating incountless applications and in all majorindustries. Prominent examples rangefrom fermentation broth in pharmaceu-tical production, to whole stillage fromethanol production, from bio-diesel pro-duction to paint-additive classification,plus many more in oil and gas produc-tion or environmental protection.


INULA GmbHInstrumentelle AnalytikStand(s): 18Technology Showcase Presentation: Wednesday, 7 November, 13.40Löwenburggasse 2A-1080 Vienna, Austriawww.inula.atINULA GmbH has been a competentpartner in instrumental analysis forseven decades. In 2003, INULA becamea member of the Metrohm group.Beside Metrohm products, INULA has awell assorted analytical product mixcovering titration, ion chromatography,online and atline analysis, centrifugation,elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and vis-cometry. INULA ensures close-knit con-tact with a widespread customer baseand beneficial synergies. Custom-designed analytical counselling, on-siteand in-house demos, training, mainte-nance, and repair help establish a goodreputation with our customers.

J. Rettenmaier & SöhneStand(s): 9Holzmühle 1D-73494 Rosenberg, Germanywww.jrs.de

LANXESS DeutschlandGmbHStand(s): 8Technology Showcase Presentation: Tuesday, 6 November, 13.30Geb. B108, Raum 477D-51369 Leverkusen, Germanywww.lanxess.comLANXESS, a global player in chemicals, isa reliable, proven and respected expertin the field of chemistry. With sales ofapproximately EUR 6.94 billion in fiscalyear 2006 and 16,481 employees,LANXESS is a leading supplier of chem-icals to customers around the world.The business activities of the LANXESSGroup, headquartered in Leverkusen,Germany, are performed by a total of 14operating business units that make upthe Performance Rubber, EngineeringPlastics, Chemical Intermediates, andPerformance Chemicals segments.

Mettler Toledo Stand(s): 1Suedrandstrasse 17A-1230 Vienna, Austriawww.mt.comMETTLER TOLEDO specializes in thearea of precision instruments for profes-sional use. In addition to a wide productarray, we offer the most comprehensiverange of services in our industry on aglobal level. With more than 10,000employees, we generate annual sales ofover USD 1 billion. Mettler-ToledoInternational Inc. has been listed on theNew York Stock Exchange since 1997.

Paradigm SensorsStand(s): 14Technology Showcase Presentation: Wednesday, 7 November, 13.307255 West Appleton Avenue, Suite200Milwaukee, WI 53216 USAwww.paradigmsensors.comParadigm Sensors, a Wisconsin-based(USA) company, was founded to takeadvantage of the exponential growth ofbiodiesel fuel with its impedance spec-troscopy (IS), hand-held monitor, devel-oped with intellectual property fromMarquette University. Robert Young,founder and president of ParadigmSensors, has had successful previousexperience in new technology in themedical device field of Johnson & Johnsonand holds seven U.S. and internationalpatents in sensor technologies.

PerkinElmer VertriebsGmbHStand(s): 39/40Technology Showcase Presentation: Tuesday, 6 November, 13.10Brunner Strasse 59/Bau 42A-1230 Vienna, Austriawww.perkinelmer.comPerkinElmer is a global technologyleader driving growth and innovation inHealth Sciences and Industrial Sciencesmarkets to improve the quality of life.Combining operational excellence andtechnology expertise with an intimate

understanding of its customers’ needs,PerkinElmer provides products andservices to customers who requireinnovation, precision, and reliability. Thecompany is a leading provider of scien-tific instruments, consumables, and serv-ices to the pharmaceutical, biomedical,environmental testing, and generalindustrial markets.

Petrotest InstrumentsGmbH & Co. KGStand(s): 4Ludwig-Erhard-Ring. 13D-15824 Dehlewitz, Germanywww.petrotest.comPetrotest® is a world-leading manufactur-er of automatic, semi automatic, and man-ual petroleum test equipment. Based inGermany near Berlin, we supply the mostcomprehensive sales program in the mar-ket, such as flash point testers, bitumentesters, distillation units, and texture ana-lyzers. Petrotest® products are veryknow-how intensive and demand a teamof specialists in each discipline.

Rohm and Haas EuropeApS–France succorsaleStand(s): 2/3Technology Showcase Presentation: Wednesday, 7 November, 13.00La Tour de Lyon, 185 Rue de Bercy75579 Paris Cedex 12, France www.amberlyst.comRohm and Haas AMBERLITE™BD10DRY™ biodiesel purification tech-nology is a simple and cost-effectivesolution for removing residual catalyst,soap, and glycerol traces from crudebiodiesel. The technology boasts highyield, reduced labor and operating costs,and facilitated methanol recovery.Thanks to its small footprint, it is easy tointegrate into any existing plants. Itrequires no filters or filtering acces-sories. Biodiesel produced with AMBER-LITE™ BD10DRY™ technology is ofexceptional purity and easily meetsglobal specifications.

16 Exhibition 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

Stanhope-Seta Ltd.Stand(s): 5London StreetChertsey, Surrey, KT16 8AP, UKwww.stanhope-seta.co.ukStanhope-Seta specializes in the design and manufacture ofquality control test equipment for biofuels and petroleumproducts in accordance with national and international specifi-cations, such as EN14214, EN590, and EN228. Equipmentstrictly conforms with EN, IP, ISO, ASTM, and CEN methods. Abroad range of instruments includes cost-effective test solu-tions for flash point, viscosity, corrosion, cloud point, filterblocking tendency, particle counting, ash, oxidation, derivedcetane number, and carbon residue.

Westfalia Separator Food Tec GmbHStand(s): 20Werner Hartzig StrasseD-59302 Oelde, Germanywww.westfalia-separator.comWestfalia Separator Food Tec designs and manufactures cen-trifugal separators and decanters for customized solutions ofrecovering and processing a wide range of oils, leading processtechnology for vegetable oil processing such as press oil clari-fication, degumming, neutralization, alcoholic neutralization,washing, dewaxing, dry fractionation, soapstock splitting, andapplications in the oleochemical industry such as biodiesel,glycerine, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and wet fractionation.

Zematra B.V.Stand(s): 27Mandenmakerstraat 1883194 DG Hoogvliet-rtThe Netherlandswww.zematra.comZematra is a specialist in the field of analytical instruments formeasuring and checking the properties of products from the(petro) chemical industry, food industry and paint/coatingsindustry. Applying advanced technology on the basis of exten-sive knowledge and experience, a top quality product line andan enthusiastic team of highly qualified professionals. These arethe ingredients for our well-maintained Full Service Concept.Whatever your problem may be, the Zematra team will be ableto find the solution.

Dallas GroupBooth(s): 16374 Route 22, P.O. Box 489Whitehhouse, NJ 08888, USAwww.dallasgrp.comDallas Group, manufacturer of MAGNESOL® D-SOL, is the rec-ognized leader in oleo-chemical purification technology. TheMAGNESOL® Dry-WashTM Method ensures biodiesel qualityand guarantees meeting strict specifications. MAGNESOL® Dry-WashTM adsorbents are used in place of a water wash and signif-icantly reduce contaminants while increasing oxidative stability.


Media PartnersThe organizing committee would liketo thank the following organizationsfor promotion assistance for theInternational Congress on Biodiesel:The Science and The Technologies.Stop by and visit the Media Partners’Display in the Park Congress Foyer.

Biodiesel America8033 Sunset Blvd, #154Hollywood, CA 90046 USAwww.BiodieselAmerica.orgBiodieselAmerica.org serves you with awealth of resources of information,products, and opportunities aroundbiodiesel. Our maps allow you to accessbiodiesel refueling stations and useddiesel cars for sale. Our website linkreviews give you insight into the topcompanies and organizations involved inbiodiesel, alternative energy, and

American energy independence. Ourproducts bring you biodiesel expertisefrom the leaders of the biodiesel indus-try and are packaged in accessible for-mats like video, audio, and eBooks.

Biodiesel Magazine308 2nd Ave North, Suite 304Grand Forks, ND 58203 USAwww.BiodieselMagazine.comIn its fifth year of publication, BiodieselMagazine is the only trade magazinededicated solely to the biodiesel indus-try. Biodiesel Magazine is committed toeditorial excellence and high-qualityprint production and distribution. Themagazine is known throughout thebiodiesel industry for its authoritativeplant construction lists, compelling pro-files, and engaging features on produc-tion, fleet vehicle use, research, science,technology, marketing, and policy—all ofwhich frames your advertising and sup-ports your message.

Biofuels InternationalHorseshoe Media Ltd.Marshall House, 124 MiddletonRoadMorden, Surrey SM4 6RW, UKwww.biofuels-news.comBiofuels International is the leading globalpublication in the market. Designed toappeal to those who wish to learn andbe kept abreast of this increasinglyimportant area, the bi-monthly magazineencompasses, biodiesel, bioethanol, andbiomass. Every issue includes in-depthnews analysis and features on relatedsubjects, including distribution, handling,storage, equipment and second genera-tion technology.

ep Overviews Publishing,Inc.P.O. Box 835Chester, Nova Scotia, Canada, B0J 1JOwww.epoverviews.comep Overviews publishes balanced andconcise daily e-mail reports on signifi-cant developments in the Bioenergy and Biofuels, Hybrid and CleanTransportation, and Renewable andSustainable Energy sectors. Our daily, orweekly, reports are time-and-cost effec-

18 Media Partners 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

tive business tools for tracking eventsthat shape your industry and opportuni-ties that influence your business.

Household and PersonalCare TodayViale Brianza 2220127 Milan, Italywww.teknoscienze.comPersonal Care, Cosmetics, Detergency—These are the topics of Household andPersonal Care Today. Funded in 2003 as asupplement to Chimica Oggi/ChemistryToday, it gained immediate recognition soit soon became a new independent quar-terly publication distributed worldwide. Inaccordance with the scientific style of itspublisher Tekno Scienze, Household andPersonal Care Today accounts the innova-tions that the research brings about peo-ple’s care of their own lives such as skincare, home care, and well-being.

inform (InternationalNews on Fats, Oils, andRelated Materials)P.O. Box 17190Urbana, IL 61803-7190 USAhttp://www.aocs.org/press/inform/inform, the monthly business and scien-tific publication of the AOCS, isaddressed to professionals interested inthe science and technology of fats andoils, surfactants, detergents, proteins,oleochemicals, and related substances.An international network of specialistsin industry, academia and governmentreports the latest developments inAOCS-related disciplines and providesbook reviews and reports from confer-ences around the world.

Kingsman BiodieselSociété J. Kingsman33, rue du vieil abreuvoir78100 Saint Germain en Laye,Francewww.kingsman.comKingsman is a privately-owned companybased in Paris with representativeoffices in Sao Paulo, Brisbane, New York,and London. In over 15 years, we havebuilt a world-class reputation in thereporting, market analysis, and physical

brokerage of sugar. Our independenceand reliability is widely recognized with-in the industry. We are rapidly develop-ing expertise in ethanol and biodieselmarkets, with the aim to provide themost comprehensive, trustworthy, andindependent market intelligence.

Oleochemical Magazinewww.office-ys.biz/web-oleochemical

Oleoline.comHB International S.A.S.26 bis rue de L’Ermitage95160 Montmorency, Francewww.oleoline.com Oleoline is an e-marketplace dedicatedto glycerine, fatty acids, and oleochemi-cals in general. Membership is by invita-tion, which enables Oleoline to guaran-tee the performance of all the membersof this portal. Companies have beeninvited based on the 15 years of experi-ence of HBI, the world’s leading oleo-chemical brokers.

Oils & Fats InternationalDMG World Media (UK) Ltd.Westgate House, 120-130 StationRoadRedhill, Surrey RH1 1ET, UKwww.oilsandfatsinternational.comThe Oils & Fats International (OFI) port-folio comprises publications, exhibitions,and websites which together offerunparalleled communications, coverage,and connections. The portfolio is target-ed for decision makers, specifiers, buy-ers, and buying influencers in the highlydiversified and globalized edible oils andfats marketplace. The OFI exhibitions—currently OFI Middle East, OFI LatinAmerica, OFI China and OFI Asia offerface-to-face interaction, education, com-munication, and business opportunity.The number and spread of these showsexpand each year. Oils & Fats Internationalis the flagship publication, generally rec-ognized as the only market-leading pub-lication dedicated to edible oils and fats.It boasts news, biographies, trading andshipping information, and storage andtechnology round ups, as well as regularfeatures. The circulation is constantlymaintained to ensure high-quality circu-

lation data. Other publications includespecial themed issues such as biofuels,and non-English-language issues. TheOFI portfolio offers an unrivalled wealthof expertise and experience, breadth ofcoverage and international audience.

Oil Mill GazetteerP.O. Box 17190Urbana, IL 61803-7190 USAwww.iomsa.orgOil Mill Gazetteer, a publication of theInternational Oil Mill SuperintendentsAssociation with subscribers worldwide,has been around since 1894—one of thelongest-lasting publications you will findin any field. A foundation of the magazine,and a mandate of its originators, was thatthe magazine be an information tool forthe Superintendents Association. TheGazetteer has held true to this mandatefor more than 100 years and has contin-ued to be a great source of informationfor the world’s oilseed processors, and inparticular, those with the superinten-dent’s areas of responsibility. Regularcontent includes oilseed news pertinentto the worldwide processing industry,company and personnel news, industrymeetings, and feature articles covering abroad variety of topics, including plantand equipment maintenance, safety, envi-ronmental concerns, government regula-tions, and crop projections.

Soyatech, Inc.1369 State Highway 102Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USAwww.soyatech.comFor more than 20 years, Soyatech’sproducts and services for the globalsoybean and oilseed industry have fos-tered growth in food, feed, and renew-able energy markets. Drawing on itsdeep industry knowledge, Soyatech pro-duces an industry-leading Soya & OilseedBluebook directory, news services, Soya& Oilseed Summits, plus syndicated andcustom research, as well as consultingtrusted by clients including Fortune 500companies, major research institutions,and the media. The recently re-engi-neered www.Soyatech.com offers awealth of information and industryresources.

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Media Partners 19

Oral PresentationAbstractsThe speaker is the first author listed or is otherwise indicated withan asterisk (*).

MONDAY, 5 NOVEMBER 2007AFTERNOON

Plenary Session

Opening Keynote: Overview of Global Supply,Economic Perspective, and Trends in Feedstocks. T.Mielke, Oil World, Langenberg 25, 21077 Hamburg, Germany.

New forecasts of world biodiesel production and capacities in2007 and 2008 as well as the growing imbalance between supply anddemand will be presented. Overcapacity will further aggravate in 2008.The global supply, demand, and price outlook for all the major oilseedsas well as vegetable and animal oils and fats will be discussed. Particularfocus will be given to rape oil, soya oil and palm oil, the three majorsources for biodiesel production. Latest developments of demand forfood and biofuels, the heavy reduction of vegetable oil stocks and theskyrocketing prices will be presented. In the 2007/08 season, worldstocks of grains and oilseed will decline sharply, resulting in increasingcompetition for acreage in 2008 and 2009. Oilseed prices will have torise relative to wheat and other grains to encourage a shift in favourof oilseed plantings in 2008. Mielke will also present his latest forecastsfor world demand for and stocks of oils and fats and will discuss thedevelopment of food and feed demand as well as the increasingrequirements of the biodiesel industry worldwide.

Asian Perspective: Overview of the Biodiesel Industryin Asia. Mohd. Basri Wahid, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6,Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor,Malaysia.

The global biodiesel industry, primarily led by Europe and theUnited States, has realized significant growth over the past decade. Inrecent years, intense interest to develop domestic biodiesel industryis also witnessed in several countries in Asia. This paper highlights thedevelopments and direction of the biodiesel industry in selected Asiancountries, with special reference to technological advances in the pro-duction and commercialization of palm biodiesel in Malaysia. Thepaper also discusses the potential role of palm oil—readily availableand widely used in the region—in aiding the future growth of thebiodiesel industry in Asia.

European Perspective: Overview of the BiodieselIndustry in Europe. Raffaello Garofalo, European BiodieselBoard, Ave. de Tervuren 363, 1150 Brussels, Belgium.

Abstract not available at press time.

Biodiesel in the US—Growing the Fuel Supply. J. Jobe,National Biodiesel Board, P.O. Box 104898, Jefferson City, MO65110-4898 USA.

Biodiesel and production and sales in the US have grown by 200-300% per year for the past three years in a row. That growth indemand has fueled significant investment in new production capacitywith more than one hundred new plants becoming operational overthe past two years. That kind of explosive growth has fueled dynamicchanges in the industry. Joe Jobe, the CEO of the National Biodiesel

Board since 1999 will present the latest information about the direc-tion of the U.S. biodiesel industry, public policy initiatives, trade andfeedstock issues, fuel quality and enforcement efforts, and more.

TUESDAY, 6 NOVEMBER 2007MORNING PARALLEL SESSIONS

Session 1: Engine Performance andEmissions—Part ICo-Chairs: R. McCormick, U.S. Dept. of Energy, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, USA; and J. Krahl,Fachhochschule Coburg, University of Applied SciencesCoburg, Germany.

Development Trends in Diesel Engine Technology.Theodor Sams, AVL List GmbH, Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020Graz, Austria.

Reduction of pollutant emissions and fuel consumption will havethe highest priority in diesel engine development for passenger carand heavy duty vehicle application in the following decade.

The development topics therefore will be: detail and systemdevelopment to reduce CO2-emissions; simplification or partly elimi-nation of aftertreatment systems; improvement of charging systemsespecially in view of; transient behaviour of the engine or vehicle.

The passenger car diesel engine has to compete with the morecost effective turbo-charged gasoline engine. For this engine categorythe minimization of cost is an additional issue. Different technologyapproaches will be discussed and assessed to meet the requirementsof 2015.

Biodiesel Fuel Blend Effects on the Operation andPerformance of Emission Control Systems on a Light-Duty Diesel Engine and Vehicle. Marek Tatur1, HarshaNanjundaswamy1, Dean Tomazic1 and Matthew Thornton2, 1FEVEngine Technology, Auburn Hills, Michigan 48326, USA;2National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, USA.

Raising interest in Diesel powered passenger cars in the U.S. incombination with the government stated policy to reduce dependen-cy on foreign oil, leads to the desire of operating Diesel vehicles withbiodiesel blended fuels.

The proposed presentation will document the impact of thebiodiesel on engine-out emissions as well as the overall system performance in terms of aftertreatment calibration and the resultingefficiency.

The testing platform is a light-duty HSDI Diesel engine thatallows meeting Euro 4 in a 3,750 lbs sedan vehicle. It employs 2ndgeneration common-rail injection system with peak pressure of 1600bar as well as cooled high-pressure EGR.

The presentation will discuss the emissions and fuel economyresults of 3 different fuels (U.S. certification fuel as base fuel, B5, andB20) without any changes to the engine management system. The sig-nificance of the impact of PM formation with the different fuels is neg-lected as the test vehicle is equipped with a DPF. Main focus is ongaseous emissions as well as fuel economy.

The second part alludes to the necessary changes on the enginemanagement side to maintain or improve the engine-out emissionsand performance. The impact of those changes with respect to emis-sions, performance and fuel economy in the test cell as well as in thevehicle will be described in great detail.

20 Oral Presentation Abstracts 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

The largest portion of the presentation will discuss the processof implementing a NOx adsorber and SCR system and calibrate tooptimum performance. Also here the differences of the control andaftertreatment effectiveness between the different fuels will be out-lined and discussed in detail. The paper will describe both vehicle andengine dynamometer results for the different steps in the develop-ment program.

Effect of Biodiesel Blends on Advanced EmissionControl Systems. Aaron Williams1, Robert L. McCormick1,Dan Pedersen1, John Ireland1, Charles King1, and Howard Fang2,1National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department ofEnergy, Golden, Colorado 80401,USA; 2Cummins Inc., USA.

The objective of this research was to experimentally quantify theimpact of biodiesel fuel blends on the performance of DPF and SCRtechnology. In the first phase of this work, engine dynamometer testsof a petroleum-based, ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) blended withsoy-biodiesel at 5% and 20% were conducted using a 2004 compliantCummins ISB, which was retrofitted with a passively regenerated DPF.Results show that, the DPF balance point temperature (BPT) waslower by 45°C for B20 and 112°C for B100, compared to the ULSDfuel. Biodiesel also causes a measurable increase in the regenerationrate of the DPF, even at the 5% blending level. The data show no sig-nificant differences in NOx emissions for these fuels at the steady-state test conditions and generally lower exhaust temperatures withbiodiesel blends, suggesting that inherent differences in soot reactivi-ty are primarily responsible for the observed differences in BPT andregeneration rate. Soot from the various fuels was characterized bydetermining the elemental and organic carbon content, amorphouscarbon/graphitic carbon ratio by Raman spectroscopy, carbon/oxygenratio by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and reactivity in oxygen bythermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results indicate a much more dis-ordered soot structure containing higher levels of oxygen as biodieselis blended into the diesel fuel. The soot produced from biodieselblends is also much more reactive in oxygen than diesel soot. It is con-cluded that the lower BPT and higher DPF regeneration ratesobserved for biodiesel fuels occur because the soot generated fromthese blends is more reactive. In the next phase of this work an SCRsystem was added downstream of the current DPF retrofit. Furtherengine dynamometer testing is being conducted to understand theimpact of biodiesel blends on the SCR de-NOx technology.

Effect of Biodiesel Fuel on Engine LubricantPerformance. Cathy C. Devlin, Charles A. Passut, Robert L.Campbell, and Tze-Chi Jao, Afton Chemical, 500 Spring Street,Richmond, VA 23219, USA.

Biodiesel fuels are a promising new renewable, alternate fuelsource. However, their effect on diesel engine oil lubrication is large-ly untested at present. There is some indication that the use ofbiodiesel fuels will degrade diesel engine oil performance such that oildrain intervals will need to be reduced. One potential solution tomaintaining desired drain intervals is through the use of appropriateoil additive chemistry. A properly formulated diesel engine oil for usewith biodiesel fuel must be capable of dispersing soot to minimizesoot-induced viscosity increase of the oil and prevent wear. To exam-ine soot-handling, we report ASTM D7156 Mack T-11 engine testresults using 20% soy methyl ester in ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (B20).We also characterize the soot generated from these tests for hard-ness and size and compare it to soot formed from other fuels. Finally,we examine the compatibility of soybean biodiesel fuel with useddiesel lubricants.

Effects of 20% Biodiesel Blends on Heavy-Duty VehicleEmissions. Robert L. McCormick, Aaron Williams, and JohnIreland, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S.Department of Energy, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.

The objective of this study was to determine if testing entirevehicles, vs. just the engines, on a heavy-duty chassis dynamometerprovides a better, more realistic measurement of the impact of B20on regulated pollutant emissions. Engine dynamometer studiesreviewed in a 2002 report from EPA show a 2% increase in oxides ofnitrogen (NOx) emissions for B20. We reviewed more recently pub-lished engine testing studies and found an average change in NOx forall recent B20 studies of -0.6%±2.0% (95% confidence interval).Restricting the average to recent studies of B20 with soy biodieselyields an average NOx impact of 0.1%±2.7%. The EPA review alsoincludes summary of a smaller vehicle testing dataset that shows nosignificant impact of biodiesel on NOx. We reviewed several recentlypublished vehicle (chassis) testing studies and found an averagechange in NOx of 1.2%±2.9% for B20 from soy-derived biodiesel.

Eight heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested, including three tran-sit buses, two school buses, two Class 8 trucks, and one motor coach.Four met the U.S. 1998 heavy-duty emissions requirement of 4 g/bhp-h NOx and four met the 2004 limit of 2.5 g/bhp-h NOx+HC. Drivingcycles that simulate both urban and freeway driving were employed.Each vehicle was tested on a petroleum-derived diesel fuel and on a20 volume percent blend of that fuel with soy-derived biodiesel. Onaverage B20 caused PM and CO emissions to be reduced by 16% to17% and HC emissions to be reduced by 12% relative to petroleumdiesel. Emissions of these three pollutants nearly always went down,the exception being a vehicle equipped with a diesel particle filter thatshowed very low emissions of PM, CO, and HC; and there was no sig-nificant change in emissions for blending of B20. The NOx impact ofB20 varied with engine/vehicle technology and test cycle ranging from-5.8% to +6.2%. On average NOx emissions did not change(0.6%±1.8%). If the results of this study are combined with the soyB20 chassis results from earlier studies, the average change in NOx is0.9%±1.5%, based on data for 15 vehicles. Based on the studiesreviewed and new data reported here, there does not appear to be adiscrepancy between engine and chassis testing studies for the effectof B20 on NOx emissions. Individual engines may show NOx increas-ing or decreasing, but on average there appears to be no net effect,or at most a very small effect on the order of ±0.5%.

Session 2: GlycerolCo-Chairs: G. Suppes, University of Missouri, USA; and S.Ahmad, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division,Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Malaysia.

New Chemical Products on the Basis of Glycerol. ArnoBehr, Universität Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, D-44227Dortmund, Germany.

In the production of biodiesel from natural fats and oils, glycerolis an important by-product. About 10 weight-% of the starting fatmaterial results in glycerol. From year to year the amount of biodieselis increasing rapidly. Hence, the production of glycerol is also increas-ing very quickly: In Europe, the amount of biodiesel produced in 2010can be estimated as 7-8 million tons per year. Therefore, an increaseof the production of glycerol till an amount of 800.000 t/a seems tobe probable. This is by far more than the present total world con -sumption of glycerol.

At present glycerol has already a great number of applications. Acertain amount of glycerol is used directly, for instance in pharmaceu-ticals, cosmetics, soaps, in sweetening of beverages or in moistening of

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Oral Presentation Abstracts 21

tobacco. Further applications are possible after chemical functionaliza-tion of glycerol. Typical examples are the formation of esters, like thetriester with acetic acid, the nitration to glycerol trinitrate or thereaction with di-or tricarboxylic acids yielding in alkyd resins.However, these usual markets are saturated and the great surplus ofglycerol stemming from the biodiesel production can not be absorbedby these traditional markets. New chemical products—both bulk andfine products—on the basis of glycerol have to be developed.

Intensive research has to be carried out to find new derivativeswith new applications and new markets. Especially catalytic one-stepprocesses starting from glycerol are a very promising approachbecause they can easily and quickly be realized in the chemical indus-try. Some of these potential new outlets of glycerol will be presented:• The catalytic synthesis of glycerol alkyl ethers, for instance the reac-

tion of glycerol with isobutene yielding the glycerol-tertiary-butyl-ethers GTBE, which can be used as additives in diesel fuels.

• The catalytic reaction to glycerol alkenyl ethers by the conversionof glycerol with dienes, for instance with 1,3-butadiene. The prod-ucts, the so-called telomers of gly cerol, can be used as feedstock forthe production of detergents.

• The catalytically directed preparation of short-chained glycerololigomers which can till now only be produced as broad mixtureswith different molecular weights und variable structures.

• The catalytic production of glycerol polymers, a new class ofhydrophilic hydroxy polyethers which can be functionalized at theremaining hydroxy groups with lipo philic substituents.

• The catalytic synthesis of short-chained carboxylic acids, dicar-boxylic acids and hydroxy carboxylic acids on the basis of glycerol.These products can be formed by selective oxidation or carbonyla-tion of glycerol. A certain number of homogeneous and heteroge-neous transition-metal catalysts are already known which assistthese types of reactions.

• Other aims are directed on the catalytic reduction, dehydration ordehydroge na tion of glycerol. Typical targets are 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol or acroleine.

• Further developments look for cyclic products starting form glyc-erol. Some examples are cyclic glycerol carbonates or acetals.

This presentation will give a comprehensive overview about the mod-ern catalytic potential to convert glycerol into novel useful chemicalswith interesting markets.

Conversion of Dihydroxyacetone to Lactic Acid.Susanne Lux1, Verena Mertlitz1*, Thomas Hilber2, MatthaeusSiebenhofer1, and Rolf Marr1, 1Graz University of Technology,Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, A-8010 Graz, Austria; 2BDI–BioDiesel International AG, A-8074Graz/Grambach, Austria.

Increased production of Biodiesel has led to a break-down of theglycerol market. The by-product glycerol has nearly no contributionto overall process economics anymore.

Aerobic conversion is an efficient route for glycerol upgradingexcept that isolation of dihydroxyacetone from fermentation brothsis difficult. Conversion to carboxylic acid, aldol condensation and aldoladdition are state-of-the-art reactions of hydroxy ketones.Conversion of dihydroxyacteone to lactic acid is preferred underalkaline operation conditions. Compared with the isolation of dihy-droxyacetone itself, separation of lactic acid from reaction broths isless stringent.

The conversion rate of dihydroxyacetone to lactic acid dependson the basicity of the reaction mixture. High solubility of the base isdisadvantageous and thus down stream processing very costly. Becauseof limited water solubility conversion of dihydroxyacetone with limeslurry is a low cost process route. Process development has thereforefocused on investigation of the lime based conversion process.

Glycerol—A Hydrogen Source. Nilesh S. Mhase, Fh-Münster University of Applied Sciences, Fh-Münster,Wilmeresch 2 B, Steinfurt 48565, Germany.

Glycerol is the major by product of the esterification processwhich is used for biodiesel production. It is possible to producehydrogen from aqueous solutions of glycerol. The process used forgenerating hydrogen is APR (Aqueous-Phase Reforming) process. TheAPR process is a simple one-step reforming process that can gener-ate purified hydrogen. The raw glycerol can be mixed with water andthe resulting aqueous solution can be fed to the APR process thatgenerates hydrogen in a single reactor. It is one of the cost effectiveprocess. The resulting hydrogen can be purified and utilized as arenewable chemical reagent necessary to produce ammonia,methanol and hydrogenated food oils as well as a fuel for currentinternal combustion engines and future hydrogen fuel cells. The exitgas stream leaving the APR reactor could be utilized directly as a highenergy fuel gas to power internal combustion engines, gas-fired tur-bines, and solid oxide fuel cells.

Industrial Biochemicals from Fermentation ofGlycerol and Soy Molasses. Daniel K.Y. Solaiman1, RichardD. Ashby1, Bruce Panilaitis2, David L. Kaplan2, Thomas A. Foglia1

and William N. Marmer1, 1Fats, Oils and Animal CoproductsResearch Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA,600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA;2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4Colby Street, Medford, MA 022155, USA.

The current and projected growth of biodiesel industry world-wide will continue to result in an abundant surplus of various coprod-ucts associated with the production of this biofuel. The repercussionresulted from the glycerol glut is well known and felt throughout theoleochemical industry. In the U.S., the increased demands for soy oil(for biodiesel production) and soy proteins (for health-conscious con-sumers) have also driven up the surplus of soy molasses, a coproductin soybean processing. There is thus a pressing need to find uses forthese coproducts to add value to the overall production process andto alleviate potential disposal problems. Our laboratories engage inthe research and development of biological processes that utilizethese coproducts to produce value-added industrial chemicals. In thispresentation, we will discuss the results of our studies on the use ofglycerol and soy molasses as fermentative substrates to producebiodegradable polymers (poly(hydroxyalkanoates) and gamma-polyg-lutamic acid) and microbial biosurfactants (sophorolipids and emul-sans). The outcome of this research is expected to help improve theeconomics of biodiesel production and to make biobased productsavailable to the consumer public.

New Phase Conversion of Biodiesel Crude Glycerin toPropylene Glycol. William R. Sutterlin1, Ali Tekeei2, B.Sawyer2, and Galen J. Suppes2, 1Renewable Alternatives, 410 S.6th Street, Suite 203, N. Eng. Bldg., Columbia, MO 65211-2290,USA; 2Department of Chemical Engineering, W2033, Universityof Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.

Glycerin is a byproduct of the biodiesel industry and the supplyof glycerin has increased with the growth of the biodiesel industry.This has lead to an oversupply and hence, a decline in the price ofglycerin. The process of converting glycerin into propylene glycol hasreceived lots of attention. Previous work and presentations haveevolved around a refined glycerin as the feedstock and has involvedeither batch reactions or reactive distillation designs. This presenta-tion will go into the detail of how a crude glycerin contaminated withsalts and soaps can be directly converted into propylene glycol with-out the need for purification of the initial crude glycerin feedstock ina continuous mode of operation.


Glycerin. Bill Anderson, ED&F Man Biofuels/Westway FeedProducts, USA.

As the Renewable Fuels Sector in the world continues to expandand we move towards exceeding a Billion Gallons of Biodiesel pro-duction worldwide as well as 12 to 15 times that amount of ethanolthere are many dynamics that come into play. The markets are imma-ture and the industry is continuously changing and developing. Theseshifts create challenges and opportunities throughout the arena ofRenewable Fuels. One thing is for certain, as volumes of Biodieselcontinue to grow, so goes the volume of the byproduct generated.Long-term, the byproduct from the transesterification process knownas crude glycerin or glycerol should serve as a very useful platformsubstrate to use as a base in developing higher value products. Thiswill take some time to develop and implement the link between con-cept and industrial scale-up. In the interim, the agriculture sector canutilize crude glycerin in several areas which can move large volumesof varying qualities. These uses include feed, fertilizer and alternativeland application opportunities such as dust and ice control. The key isto balance the volume challenge of the short to medium-tern produc-tion with that of the longer term value opportunity while not creat-ing an overload disposal problem for the exponential growth of ayoung, vibrant and environmentally friendly industry.

Glycerol Phase from Biodiesel Cycle: a PotentialFeedstock for Material and Energy Production. SergioMiele1 and Enrica Bargiacchi2, 1Dept. of Agronomy andAgroecosystem Management, University of Pisa, Via S. Micheledegli Scalzi, 2 – I-56124 Pisa, Italy; 2Consortium I.N.S.T.M., ViaGiusti 9, I-50121 Firenze, Italy.

Emerging vegetable oil hydrogenation technology (so called“green diesel”), which will become commercially established at exist-ing refineries within the next 2-3 years (i.e. ENI’s 250,000 t/y plant inLivorno, projected start-up in 2009), will significantly reduce the prob-lem of glycerol phase from conventional biodiesel (FAME) productionprocesses in the near future. However, presently, increasing amountsof crude glycerol from the FAME industry has determined a severemarket glut and the necessity to investigate innovative uses. A newSolvay’s process, EPICEROLTM, uses hydrochloric acid and co-productglycerol to produce epichlorohydrin (ECH), a chemical intermediatemainly used in manufacturing epoxy resins, elastomers, fire-resistantmaterials, plastic foams, etc. A first industrial unit in Tavaux (France),with an initial 10 kt capacity, is expected to be operational in the sec-ond-half of 2007. Also Dow Epoxy is expected to start up in 2010 a150,000 MTPY ECH plant in China, based on glycerol feedstock. Co-product crude glycerol, after methanol stripping, can also be conve-niently used in combined heat and power plants, based on anaerobicdigestion technology. Addition of 5-10% crude glycerol tocorn/sorghum silage feedstocks reduces the ingredient’s overall costs,boosting biogas production, with no negative side effects. Addition ofhigher percentages is under investigation, however they are consid-ered to be potentially negative for the total chloride content of theresulting digested phase. This destination is convenient because ofincreasing costs of cereal feedstocks and low costs of dedicatedequipment to manage crude glycerol at the plant location.

Session 3: New Feedstock SupplyCo-Chairs: W.N. Marmer, USDA-ARS, USA; and R. Wilson,Oilseeds & Bioscience Consulting, USA.

Genetic Enhancement of Vegetable Oil FeedstockSupply and Quality for Biofuel Applications. Richard F.Wilson, Oilseeds & Bioscience Consulting, 5517 Hickory LeafDrive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.

Soybean, palm, canola, sunflower, peanut and cottonseed oilsaccount for about 90% of the world supply of edible oils, which cur-rently is estimated at about 126.9 million metric tons (MMT). Globalconsumption of edible oils, primarily in food applications, is estimatedat 126.2 MMT in 2007. In retrospect, global end-stocks for total edi-ble oils have been relatively low over the past decade. Thus, it wouldappear that future availability of edible oils for biofuel applications willdepend on changes in the relative distrbution of use and/or an accer-ated rate of global edilble oil production, which has grown only about5.2 MMT per year since 1997. Assuming that reduced demand for edi-ble oil consumption in foods is not a likely possibility, edible oil pro-duction might be enhanced by increasing oilseed crush. However, theproportion of oilseeds that are crushed has averaged about 81 + 2%of annual world production since 1997, which indicates that an equi-librium level already has been reached. So, ensuring an adequate sup-ply of edible oil feedstocks for biofuels becomes a function of worldoilseed production, which has increased only about 12.8 MMT peryear since 1997. Given the the apparent world-wide limitation on landsuitable for oilseed production, genetic enhancement of oilseed pro-ductivity may be the best means to achieve the quantity and quality ofedible oils needed to accomodate both food markets and the poten-tial demand for biofuels. In addition to improved crop yielding ability,oil concentration and the fatty acid composition of oilseeds may beenhanced through advanced genomics and biotechnology. Focusing ongenomics, new tools derived from the DNA sequence of oilseedgenomes not only have improved understanding of how oil synthesisis regulated, but also have enabled more efficient and effective recom-bination of desirable genes through breeding. For example, increasesin oil concentration from 20 to 30% of seed mass in soybean or from40% to 60% of kernal weight of peanut have been achieved, and the-oretically result in a 1.5-fold increase in oil produced per hectare.Genomic manipulation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid com-position also has utility in enhanced ignition and flow properties ofbiofuels. Furthermore, genetic ehancement of protein quality mustaccompany these innovations in oil synthesis to sustain value andmarkets for meal co-products. Examples include improved digestibiltyand metabolizable energy values for soybean meal. Given the escalat-ing demands on global agriculutre in an energy driven environment,the implementation of the products of genetically enhanced oilseedson an economic scale is a necessary step toward developing the levelof agricultural capacity that will be required in generations to come.

Application of Molecular and Genetic Technologies toImprove Feedstock Supplies for Biodiesel Production.Beth Calabotta and K. Burger, Monsanto International Co., USA.


Jatropha curcas: A Potential Source for Tomorrow’sBiodiesel. Klaus Becker, University of Hohenheim,Fruwirthstr. 12, Verfügungsgebäude 129 Stuttgart, Germany.

The decrease in mineral oil reserves and environmental damageassociated with mineral oil use is motivating most oil-importing coun-tries to develop alternative sources of energy. The utilization of mostof the so called new sources of oil for biodiesel production is in itsinfancy. Among various oil producing plants, Jatropha curcas is the most


promising. It belongs to the family Euphorbiaceace and is approximate-ly 70 million years old. The genus name Jatropha is derived from theGreek iatròs (Doctor) and trophè (food). The plant (shrub or tree)grows readily in poor stony soil and is resistant to drought and dis-eases. It reaches a height of 3–6 m and is suitable to reclaim erodedland. Contrary to other energy plants, Jatropha does not compete forcrop land and thus does not interfere with food security. It even growsin the hot desert in Upper Egypt when irrigated with sewage water.

Because of its toxicity, the plant is not grazed by animals. Themain deterrent compounds are phorbol esters. There is a nontoxicvariety also, which to our best knowledge is found in Mexico only.Jatropha is a multipurpose plant of significant economic importance. Itis believed that 25–30 million ha are currently being established.Approximately 800,000 ha of Jatropha plantation exist in Myanmar.Other countries like India and China are in the process of plantingmillions of ha in the coming year.

The multipurpose uses of Jatropha are: i) biodiesel production, ii)reclamation of wasteland, iii) job creation in rural areas, iv) medicinalvalues, v) bio-pesticide production, vi) potential protein feed for highyielding farm animals including fish and shrimp, and vii) CO2 emissiontrading, which lately has generated interest in the plant as a cash cropin all the warmer countries.

The oil from Jatropha curcas seeds can serve as fuel for dieselengines, indicating its potential as a renewable energy source, which isreflected in its high quality matching the European norm 14214 forbiodiesel. Some important parameters of raw and transesterified jat-ropha oil are:

E DIN 51606Parameters Jatropha Jatropha oil biodiesel

oil (raw) (transesterified) standard

Density (g/cm3 at 20 °C) 0.920 0.879 0.875–0.890Flash point (°C) 236 191 >110Cetane No. (ISO 5165) 24–41 51 >49Viscosity (mm2/s at 30 °C) 52 4.84 3.5–5 (40° C)Sulphated ash (%) - 0.014 <0.03Methanol (%) - 0.06 <0.3

Improving Yield and Quality of Biodiesel from JatrophaCurcas by Optimized Seed Processing and OilPretreatment. Wim De Greyt1, Jeroen Maes1, BernardSimons1, Chris Balshaw2 and Dave Miles1, 1Desmet BallestraGroup, Brussels, Belgium, 2De Smet Rosedowns, Hull, UK.

The current high prices of the traditional biodiesel feedstocks(rapeseed oil, soybean oil, palm oil…) have put the biodiesel process-ing industry under serious pressure and have urged the need for new,preferably non-edible feedstocks that can become available in largequantities and at an acceptable cost price. Together with algae oil, jat-ropha oil is considered to be the most promising and sustainablebiodiesel feedstock for the future.

Jatropha oil is extracted from the seeds of jatropha curcas which isa drought resistant tree that grows on poor soils and wastelands whichcannot be used for the cultivation of traditional agricultural crops.

Jatropha seeds contain ± 30% oil and can be separated in a fiber-rich hull fraction (± 40% of the seed) and a kernel fraction in whichalmost all the oil is concentrated. Hence, the oil content of the ker-nel can be very high (± 50%).

Jatropha seeds are processed today mostly artisanally in smalllocal plants. The oil is recovered from the seeds with mechanicalexpellers that are able to extract 70-75% of the oil. As a by-product,partially deoiled jatropha meal with ± 10% residual oil is obtained.Due to the presence of toxins (phorbol esters), this product can notbe used as used in animal feed. It seems to have some potential as bio-fertilizer or can also be used as biomass for energy production.

Higher oil yields can be obtained either via a full or double

mechanical pressing or via pre-pressing followed by a solvent extrac-tion. Pilot scale trials have shown that more than 90% of the jatrophaoil can be extracted from jatropha seeds by combined pre-pressing ofpartially dehulled seeds followed by a solvent extraction of thepressed cake. The extracted meal has a low oil content (< 1%) andhigh crude protein concentration (but will only be applicable in ani-mal feed after proper detoxification.

Jatropha oil is a rather unsaturated with typically ± 35% linoleicacid, 40-42% oleic acid and 20-22% saturated fatty acids (15-17%palmitic and 5-7% stearic acid) resulting in an Iodine Value rangingbetween 95 and 105. Good quality crude jatropha oil has a rather lowphosphatide content (< 0.25%) and a free fatty acid content compa-rable to that of crude palm oil (3-5%). It has usually very low sulphurlevels (< 5 ppm) and contains no other critical impurities that caninterfere during the biodiesel production process. Pretreatment ofcrude jatropha oil prior to transesterification may consist of an aciddegumming process or silica treatment in combination with a physicaldeacidification.

Transesterification of properly pretreated Jatropha oil shouldgive a biodiesel that meets the international quality standards.Jatropha biodiesel has a CFPP value that will vary normally between0°C and -2°C which makes that it has slightly worse cold flow prop-erties compared to rapeseed and soy biodiesel, but still a far bettercold stability that biodiesel obtained from more saturated feedstockslike palm oil or tallow.

Processing Pathways to an improved Yield and Qualityof Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats. WimDe Greyt1, Jeroen Maes1, Francesco Soragna2*, and MarcKellens1, 1Desmet-Ballestra, Brussels, Belgium, 2Desmet-Ballestra Oleo, Rome, Italy.

In Europe and USA, rapeseed and soybean oil are traditionallyused for biodiesel production. It is generally recognized that othervegetable oils (e.g. palm oil) but also animal fats (e.g. tallow) willbecome in the near future important feedstocks as well. These oilsand fats may have a higher FFA content and more saturated fattyacids. These typical characteristics have an effect on the required pre-treatment, the final biodiesel production route as well as the poten-tial application area.

One of the objectives of the pretreatment is the removal of thephosphatides. This is necessary to obtain a biodiesel with sufficientlylow P-content, but also to avoid formation of emulsions during thetransesterification process. Phosphatides can either be removedtogether with FFA in the chemical neutralization stage or alternative-ly during acid degumming in case of physical refining.

In the base-catalysed transesterification process, only glycerides(mono-, di- or triglycerides) will be converted into fatty acid methyl-esters (FAME). For product quality and process economy reasons, itis absolutely necessary that the FFA content of the oil at the inlet ofthe transesterification section is low. In case of high FFA feedstockoils, FFA can be removed either via chemical neutralization or physi-cal stripping and the deacidified oils can then be converted directly inthe transesterification section. To increase biodiesel yield, FFA can alsobe converted into FAME via acid esterification. Different technologi-cal routes exist for this process option.

Compared to soy and rape biodiesel, cold flow properties (CFP) ofbiodiesel from palm oil and tallow will always be worse, due to the high-er degree of saturation of the FAME. Cold flow properties can beimproved by (1) addition so-called cold flow improvers (CFI), (2) dry frac-tionation of the biodiesel or (3) blending with biodiesel with good CFI.

Different CFI are commercially available and already applied today.These components are added in low concentrations (0.1-0.5%) and willbasically inhibit crystal growth and prevent the filters of the enginesfrom getting plugged at lower temperatures. The effect of the addition


of CFI on the cold flow properties is largely product-dependent.Addition of CFI will not always have the targeted effect on the CFP,which leaves blending and/or dry fractionation as remaining options.

Better CFP can also be obtained with liquid (super)oleins asfeedstock. However, when compared to palm oil methyl esters, thecold flow properties of palm super olein methyl esters are only slight-ly improved since the saturated fatty acid content in the latter is stillquite high. Fractionation of the FAME is a more efficient way toimprove CFP, but this process will only be economically viable if agood outlet can be found for the saturated FAME fraction.

Biodiesel with higher cloud point is valorized today mostly byblending it with biodiesel from liquid oils (soybean, rapeseed oils). Oilscan be blended prior to transesterification to give a final biodieselwith good CFP. This requires good product and process know-howfor the preparation of the correct blend composition. Alternatively,biodiesel fractions from different origin can be blended as well.

The Production of Biodiesel from Trap Grease, aPlentiful and Low-Cost Urban Lipid Source. Emily B.Landsburg1, W.W. Berry1, Elaine Feldman1, Michael J. Haas2,Steven Kasprzyk1, Brian Ratigan1, Karen M. Scott2, and NadiaAdawi1, 1Philadelphia Fry-o-Diesel, Inc., 1218 Chestnut St, Suite1003, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; 2U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern RegionalResearch Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.

In order to minimize the flow of lipids into urban sewage sys-tems, the majority of municipalities in the United States and othercountries mandate the installation of ‘grease traps’ in the drain linesof restaurants and similar facilities. These are regularly emptied, andtheir effluents (‘trap grease’) collected at central storage/disposalfacilities. Trap grease is compositionally variable over time and space.It is a thoroughly and stably emulsified lipid/water mixture that is typ-ically rich in water, contaminated by solid materials of various types,and has experienced extensive lipid hydrolysis. It is also extremely lowor negative in cost. Given this latter feature and its abundance inurban centers, where conventional biodiesel feedstocks may not bereadily obtained but diesel demand is high, trap grease represents anattractive feedstock for biodiesel production. However, due perhapsto its high water content, high FFA content, offensive odor, and uncon-trollable compositional heterogeneity, there has been little researchinto the use of trap grease as a feedstock for biodiesel. We haveundertaken the development of such a technology. As a result, we areable to successfully produce, from a variety of different trap greasefeedstocks, a product that meets all specifications of ASTM D6751 forbiodiesel. The technology developed also successfully produces in-specification grade biodiesel from other waste greases, and wouldalso function well in the production of biodiesel from refined fats andoils. Data will be presented on the characterization of trap grease, theprocesses for its conversion to fatty acid esters, and the results oftesting this product against the parameters of ASTM D6751.

Heterotrophic Fermentation of Micro-Algae forBiodiesel Production. Qingyu Wu, Xiufeng Li, and Xu Han,Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China.

An integrated method in the view of feedstock lipids supply forthe production of biodiesel from microalga Chlorella protothecoides wasintroduced. The algal strain for lipids production has been cultivated inour lab for 17 years. Through substrate feeding and process control inheterotrophic fermentation of C. chlorella, the final cell density reached15.5 g·L-1 in 5 L, and 14.2 g·L-1 in 11000 L stirred tank fermentorrespectively. Corn starch hydrolysate and waster organic water insteadof glucose were used as organic carbon source in the medium.Heterotrophic growth of the algal cells resulted in the accumulation of

high lipid content up to 55.2% of dry cell weight. The crude lipid wasefficiently extracted by n-hexane. Trans-esterification was catalyzed byimmobilized lipase or sulfuric acid and the highest rate of biodieselproduction reached up to 98%. The biodiesel we prepared was char-acterized by a high heating value of 42 MJ kg-1 and a low cold filterplugging point of -11°C. The properties of biodiesel from the algallipids were comparable to conventional diesel fuel and comply withthe limits of ASTM biodiesel standard. By 3 years efforts in our lab 4related pattern have been approved and 3 papers have been publishedin the studies on heterotrophic fermentation of micro-alga for thebiodiesel production. Now some new technologies (such asmixotrophic cultivation by using flue gas) are applied in our lab forreducing the cost and increasing the cell density (up to 40 g·L-1) in het-erotrophic fermentation of C. chlorella. The primary results suggestedthat heterotrophic fermentation of algal cells combined with photo-synthesis using flue gas is a novel and promising approach for micro-bial-diesel production and commercialization.

Biodiesel Production by the Direct Transesterificationof the Lipids Resident in Biological Materials. Michael J.Haas1, Karen M. Scott1, Andrew McAloon1, Winnie Yee1, FredericT. Barrows2, and William N. Marmer1, 1U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern RegionalResearch Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA; 2U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hagerman FishCulture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID, USA.

We have determined that it is possible to synthesize fatty acidmethyl esters from the lipids in biological materials by directly incubat-ing these materials in alkaline alcohol solutions. High levels of transes-terification can be achieved under mild temperatures and ambientpressures with relatively short incubation times. This approach elimi-nates the need for lipid isolation by solvent extraction or expelling,eliminates the use of extracting solvents, could reduce process stepsand costs, and considerably expands potential biodiesel production byallowing the use of lipid-bearing materials not currently used as such.Data will be presented illustrating the application of this approach tofatty acid methyl ester production from soybeans, canola, distillersdried grains with solubles (a byproduct of the fermentation of corn toproduce ethanol), and meat and bone meal (a product of the animalrendering industry). Factors impacting the degree of transesterificationachieved will be discussed, as well as an economic model of capital andprocess costs, and the results of animal (trout) feeding trials conduct-ed with the meal exiting the reaction.

Biodiesel Blends Based on an Optimal Choice of RawMaterials—Matching Costs with High QualityStandards. Ignace Debruyne, Ignace Debruyne & Associates,Haverhuisstraat 28, B-8870 Izegem, Belgium.

Biodiesel Standards such as EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 havebeen developed in close cooperation by the biodiesel and fuel produc-ers and handlers, and by car, engine and injection pump manufacturers.Biodiesel Standards are the current basis representing state-of-the-artperformance as well as quality criteria. Quality criteria in general arerepresented by the presence of a certain level of methyl esters as wellas the absence of contaminants and/or intermediate reaction prod-ucts. Quality and Performance characteristics overlap when it comesto cetane number, viscosity, oxidation stability, density, and cold flowproperties. Most of these characteristics are directly linked to engineperformance or fuel performance under specific conditions.

Every biodiesel blend should first of all have the quality charac-teristics right, i.e. comply with specifications on FAME content, andlevels of residual moisture, FFA, MG, DG free and total glycerol; thisis an absolute must. The Biodiesel Cost Optimizer model was developedwith as main objective matching raw material blends with the specif-


ic performance characteristics, while keeping the total cost of theblend as low as possible. Using the Biodiesel Cost Optimizer makes for-mulation of FAME blends to the Standard easy, convenient and verylucrative. Basically, the Biodiesel Cost Optimizer model looks at FAMEcomposition and relates this mathematically to Cetane Number, vis-cosity, Iodine Value, Oxidation Stability and Density of the blend.Indirectly, security can be built in for developing blends suitable forwinter biodiesel with low CFPP.

Oxidation Stability and CFPP are not linear relations though.Low cost raw materials tend to have low oxidation stability, whichautomatically will result in poor oxidation stability of the blend.Antioxidants are available to overcome this difference. CFPP is evenmore complex: a good model should be able to predict the start ofnucleation as well as the crystallization kinetics. This is not possiblesince minor components such as sterol glucosides in soy methylesters for example can severely affect the actual CFPP. Such contam-inants need to be removed by winterization and separation. For mod-eling it is sufficient to build a safety net for CFPP based on the actualFAME composition, more specifically the content of long chain satu-rated and Trans FAME. For B2 to B20 blends, a biodiesel compositionwith CFPP of -10°C will most of the times be acceptable for makinga final blend using fossil diesel having CFPP of -20°C and additives pre-venting any crystallization start or crystallization growth.

The Biodiesel Cost Optimizer offers the opportunity to select 11different raw materials simultaneously. This includes the common rawmaterials such as rapeseed oil, soybean oil and palm oil, as well as frac-tions or novel raw materials such as Jatropha and other more exoticnon-food oils that are currently developed. During the presentation,an in-deep review will be given, including specific blend samples andpossibilities.

TUESDAY, 6 NOVEMBER 2007AFTERNOON

Technology Showcase Session

Latest Improvements of Desmet Ballestra BiodieselTechnology. F. Soragna, Desmet Ballestra Oleo SpA, Italy.

Latest improvements, plant modifications and optimization bring-ing to higher production yield, better products quality and lower util-ities and chemicals consumptions.

The Ideal Turnkey Solutions for Biofuel Applications. P.Hödl, PerkinElmer, Austria.

We will show our competence in analytical science in generaland in the fields of biofuel in detail. We will give an overview howPerkinElmer can help at any step during the analysis of finished orunfinished BioFuel and how we provide support to the manufacturerand customer of these and other alternative fuels.

BioDiesel International AG (BDI) - the Real Multi-Feedstock Technology. E. Ahn, BioDiesel International AG,Austria.

BDI – BioDiesel International AG, an Austrian based engineeringcompany, specialises in the engineering of plants for the processing ofrenewable resources. The one business sector that is a mainstay of thecompany’s operations is the development of optimised processes forthe production of a biodegradable, environmentally friendly fuel forDiesel engines (“BioDiesel”) from vegetable and animal fats and oils.

During the last 20 years, BDI and its researcher have initiatedmany innovations in the field of BioDiesel production and therebyestablished BDI’s unique position as technological world-market leader.

The presentation will give an overview about the following topics:- BDI’s business activities- History of BDI and its unique BioDiesel process- Advantages of the BDI Multi-Feedstock technology- Future developments of BDI BioDiesel process

Improvement in Storage Stability of Biodiesel withBaynox® Antioxidants. A. Ingendoh, LANXESS DeutschlandGmbH, Germany.

Biodiesel without antioxidants is unstable and quickly becomesrancid. Rancidity is a type of oxidation by air in which short-chain fattyacids and insoluble polymers are formed. Both side products can causeengine damage by corrosion or through the formation of deposits. Ithas been shown that the content of natural antioxidant Vitamin E inrape seed oil biodiesel is mostly insufficient to ensure that the levelspecified in the EU standard of 6 h in the rancimat test at the fillingstation can be maintained. Test results are presented which show thecorrelation of rancimat value, Vitamin E concentration and shelf life ofbiodiesel. The new Baynox® synthetic antioxidants for rape seedbiodiesel, palm biodiesel and animals fats show and dramatic increasein rancimat values and increase in shelf life accordingly. Biodiesel pro-duced from soybean oil show less effects on Baynox® as expected. Thecourse was investigated and attributed to the higher content of multi-ple unsaturated fatty acid methylester in soybean biodiesel. This wasproved by testing rancimat values on pure Palmitic-, oleic-, linolic- andlinoleic methylesters.

The QTA® System for Biodiesel Analysis. B. Stefl, CognisCorporation, QTA, USA.

Screening of highly active antioxidants lead to the developmentof Baynox® plus, a second biodiesel antioxidant with strong activity insoybean and sunflower biodiesel. Test results in soybean biodieselfrom the market and vitamin E free biodiesel produced by distillationare shown and prove the superior activity of Baynox® plus. In thepresentation, the mechanism of oxidation and the mode of action ofantioxidants are discussed. Additionally some examples are presentedwhich show, where the yellow color of biodiesel really comes fromand how one can actually visualize the oxidation leading to rancidityand gum formation.

HF Full-Pressing Technology for Highest Oil Yields.H.C. Boeck, Harburg-Freudenberger Maschinenbau GmbH,Germany.

The latest two-step full-pressing systems supplied by HF for pro-cessing capacities of 200 to 500 t/d serve as case study to show howmodern process technology, press design and plant lay-out lead toexceptionally high oil yields combined with high overall efficiency.

An Effective Solution to the Glycerin Glut. W.A.Summers, Benefuel Inc., 655 Montgomery St., Suite 540, SanFrancisco, CA 94111, USA.

A new, solid phase catalytic process for the transesterification oftriglycerides (ENSEL™) improves the operating and capital efficienciesof producing biodiesel fuel and other fatty acids esters from a varietyof sustainable and renewable feedstocks. It also offers a means to pro-duce new materials, such as biodegradable lubricants for all marketsectors, including the sensitive marine lubricants market. Biodiesel pro-ducers using this new catalytic process also receive the added value ofhighly pure, anhydrous glycerin. In a global market saturated with poorquality glycerin from conventional biodiesel processing, Benefuel’sENSEL™ process for biodiesel adds another efficient and cost effec-tive process for converting glycerin into glyceryl polyethers in a sec-ond, process. These ethers are the only patented diesel fuel oxygenates


in the market. The combined, two-step ENSEL process offers biodieselproducers the opportunity to maximize the return on both capital andoperating costs by offering two products directly to the market:biodiesel fuels and diesel fuel oxygenates. However commercialprocess with the capacity to use highly pure, anhydrous glycerin maybe suitably added to the post-transesterification glycerin stream. Costand capital impacts of ENSEL will also be presented.

Session 4: Government Policy and TaxSituations WorldwideCo-Chairs: A. Weber, National Biodiesel Board, USA; and M.Wörgetter, BLT-Biomass Logistic Technology, Austria.

U.S. Perspective. Joe Jobe, National Biodiesel Board, USA.Abstract not available at press time.

European Perspective. M. Wörgetter, BLT-Biomass LogisticTechnology, Austria.


South American Perspective. Héctor Huergo, AGEA,Argentina.


Asian Perspective. Abstract not available at press time.

Global Consensus on Climate Change and EnergyIssues? Implications for the Future of the BiodieselIndustry. Thomas L. Brewer, Georgetown University, OldNorth Hall Room 326, Georgetown University, 37th and OStreets, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.

The presentation provides a global overview of attitudes con-cerning climate change and energy issues that directly affect thefuture of the biodiesel industry. It suggests that there is a virtual glob-al consensus. It focuses on Asian countries to complement the otherspeakers’ country/region specialties. It includes public opinion surveydata and information about government policies. The presentationconcludes that attitudes and policies about climate change and ener-gy will lead to greater support and protection for the industry andthat those policies will get increasing scrutiny in international forums.

Session 5: Fuel PropertiesCo-Chairs: R.O. Dunn, Food & Industrial Oils Research, USDA,ARS, NCAUR, USA; and G. Knothe, Food & Industrial OilsResearch, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, USA.

Low-Temperature Thermodynamics of Fatty Acid MethylEsters (FAME). Robert O. Dunn, Food & Industrial OilsResearch, USDA, ARS, MWA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.

The most common form of biodiesel is made by transesterifica-tion reaction of vegetable oil or fat with methanol. Although biodieselis attractive as an alternative diesel fuel or extender, depending on itsfeedstock it may be very susceptible to cause start up and operabili-ty problems during cold weather. Soybean oil-derived biodiesel is typ-ically composed of long-chain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with upto 15-20 wt% saturated esters (melting point (MP) exceeding 27ºC)mixed with unsaturated esters (MP less than -20ºC). This work inves-tigates physical properties associated with five pure FAME most com-monly found in soybean oil-derived biodiesel at low temperatures.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating and cooling curves

were analyzed for single, binary and ternary mixtures of high- andlow-MP FAME. Results were employed to develop a thermodynamicmodel based on freezing point depression theory to predict the crys-tallization behavior of more complex FAME mixtures.

Effects on Fuel Properties of Various BiodieselComponents. Gerhard Knothe, Food & Industrial OilsResearch, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria,IL 61604, USA.

Biodiesel is generally defined as the mono-alkyl esters of veg-etable oils or animal fats. As a result, the fatty acid composition ofbiodiesel corresponds to that of the parent oil or fat. Besides the fattyesters as the major components of biodiesel, minor components suchas free fatty acids as well as mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols are alsopresent. While most properties are largely influenced by the majorcomponents, in some cases the minor components possess significanteffects. A factor complicating the influence of the various componentsis that some components may have beneficial effects on one proper-ty while exhibiting disadvantageous influence on another. Importantfuel properties that are influenced by the various components arecetane number, exhaust emissions, viscosity, cold flow, oxidative stabil-ity and lubricity. Structural factors of fatty compounds influencingthese properties include degree of unsaturation, chain length andpresence of OH groups.

The Nature of Some Insoluble Materials Recovered inBiodiesel Samples. Paolo Bondioli, Nicoletta Cortesi, andCarlo Mariani, Stazione Sperimentale Oli e Grassi, ViaGiuseppe Colombo, 79 – 20133 Milano, Italy.

This paper represents the summary of the activity carried out dur-ing the last years in order to identify the nature of insoluble materialsthat sometimes may affect quality and performance of neat biodiesel.

An important step in sediments identification is represented by thechoice for the correct isolation and purification procedure: the mainscope of this unit operation is removing the pure biodiesel as much aspossible, in order to present at FT-IR analysis a purified product.

Some interesting case studies, such as the recovery and identifi-cation of waxes, lysophosphatides, filter aids, steryl glucosides andother molecules are here presented and discussed. For each case,starting from the purification step, through the FT-IR spectra till spe-cific chemical tests, the logical path for the solution of problem is pre-sented. Particular attention is paid at the presence of steryl gluco-sides, recently recovered from different biodiesel samples.

A simple analytical procedure, consisting of a sample preparationusing a micro-column followed by GC and GC/MS analysis using alphacholestanol as an internal standard is presented, along with someobtained results concerning the solubility limit of these compoundsand the impact of different oil refining techniques on the steryl gluco-side final content in biodiesel.

Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel: Methods and Results.Franck Dejean and Florence Lacoste, Analysis Dept., ITERG, 11rue Gaspard Monge – Parc Industriel Bersol 2, F 33600 PES-SAC, France.

Introduction: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from veg-etable oils, are used as biodiesel for diesel engines since 15 years inEurope. Like all fat products, biodiesel is subjected to deteriorationowing to oxidative reactions, so one of the main criteria for the qual-ity of biodiesel is its oxidative stability. Main parameters that promotebiodiesel oxidation are well known: oxygen, temperature, light andminor components such as metals (Cu & Fe), radicals, peroxides…According to the insaturation of the fat and to its antioxidant content,the oxidative stability of biodiesel samples may vary.

Methods and Results: This paper will give a summary of different


test methods used to assess the oxidative stability of biodiesel (EN14112, ISO 12205, ASTM D 4625, Oxygen bomb, …).

Most of these methods prescribe an ageing test that may involvetemperature, oxygen or metal addition. The measurement of thedegradation of the sample induced by theses different ageing testsdepends on the utilisation of the sample assessed. For food purposes,the sensory aspect is predominant, so the measurement is focused onthe end of the induction period which corresponds to a rapidincrease of the volatile oxidation product content. For petroleum sec-tor, the formation of sediment is the criteria mostly measured at theend of an ageing test.

Within the BIOSTAB European project, 3 test methods wereevaluated. They require the same instrument (Rancimat) but the age-ing conditions are different: low temperature to mimic storage condi-tion, temperature higher than 100°C for general oxidative stabilityevaluation and very high temperature for thermal oxidation. For asame set of samples, these 3 test methods do not give the sameresults in terms of oxidative stability.

Quality parameters such as peroxide value, anisidine value, poly-mer content are widely used for fats and oils quality control, and theycould also bring some help in the assessment of oxidation status ofbiodiesel samples.

Biodiesel oxidation is a very complex process that is why sever-al different test methods are necessary in order to get a global viewof the quality of a fat derivative product.

BibliographyBondioli P., Gasparoli A., Della Bella L., Tagliabue S., Eur. J. Lipid Sci.

Technol., 104, 777-784 (2002)Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Della Bella L., Tagliabue S., Toso G., Eur. J. Lipid

Sci. Technol., 105, 735-741 (2003)Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Della Bella L., Tagliabue S., Lacoste F;,

Lagardere L., Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 106, 822-830 (2004)Dijkstra A., Maes P.J., Meert D., Meeussen W., Oleagineux Corps Gras

Lipides (OCL), 3,5, 378-386 (1996)Dunn R.O., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 82, 5, 381-387 (2005)Du Plessis L.M., De Villiers J.B.M., Van Der Walt W.H., J. Am. Oil Chem.

Soc.,62, 4, 748-752 (1985)Lacoste F., Lagardere L., Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 105, 149-155 (2003)Mittelbach M., Gangl S., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, 6, 573-577 (2001)Knothe G., Fuel Process. Technol., 86, 1059-1070 (2005)Knothe G., Fuel Process. Technol., 88, 669-677 (2007)

Local and Innovative Biodiesel—Selected Propertiesof Different FAME. Josef Rathbauer, Rudolf Zeller, andKerstin Bachler, FJ-BLT, Rottenhauserstraße 1, AT 3250Wieselburg, Austria.

The “Local and Innovative Biodiesel” project aimed to contributeto the achievement of the goal to reach 5.75 % of Biofuels in theEuropean Union in the year 2010. About 25 different biodiesel sam-ples (from different feedstock) have been analyzed. For the feed stockselection breeding companies, scientists and Biodiesel experts all overthe world have been contacted. Several vegetable oils have beentransesterified in the Laboratory.

The fatty acid distribution is based on the natural composition ofthe analyzed raw materials. The Iodine values are in a range from 12to 189 – from Coconutfat-Methyl-Ester till Linseedoil-Methyl-Ester.Furthermore systematic investigations have been made with the boil-ing line of these FAME. Beside the viscosity and density the cold tem-perature behavior of these FAME i.e. Cold Filter Plugging Point, CloudPoint and Pour Point have been analyzed.

Evaluation of Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel, DieselFuel and Their Mixtures Using Pressurized DifferentialScanning Calorimetry (PDSC) Method. Charles CorrêaConconi1, Paulo Grassato1, William Capelupi1, Lauralice C.Franceschini Canale2 and George E. Totten3, 1DaimlerChryslerdo Brasil Ltda – São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil;2Universidade de São Paulo - São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil;3Portland State University-Portland, Oregon, USA.

The oxidation stability is an important property to be consid-ered for Biodiesel and its blends into diesel fuel, however theapproved standard methods for evaluation of this property, for B100(methyl ester or ethyl ester) and its related mixtures are different.According to the European Standards, B100 should be assessed by theEN 14214, test method EN 14112 (Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty AcidMethyl Esters -FAME), determination of oxidation stability by acceler-ated oxidation test, well known as Rancimat™ test. On the otherhand, straight diesel fuel and its blends with Biodiesel should be eval-uated, in Europe, by EN 590 test method DIN EN ISO 12205(Determination of the Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuels).

The figures obtained from both of these methods are not well-matched, reason why a new method has been developed with the useof PDSC (Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry), which makes itpossible to accomplish the test with less amount of sample, and in ashorter time. This new method will make it possible to directly com-pare the testing results among diesel fuel, biodiesel and their blends.

Future studies will make it possible to calculate through mathe-matical equations the maximum content of a particular biodiesel(diverse sources) in a diesel fuel’s mixture so that it could match thecurrent and future specification requirements for oxidation stability aswell as other fuel applications not covered by the regular Standards. Ontop of that the method can also be used to estimate the straight dieselfuel contribution in the test result of the diesel fuel/biodiesel mixture.

Insolubles Formation in Soy-, Cottonseed-, and PoultryFat-Biodiesel Blends Observed after Low TemperatureStorage. Haiying Tang1,2, Anfeng Wang1,2, John Wilson1, StevenO. Salley3, and K.Y. Simon Ng1,2,3, 1National Biofuel EnergyLaboratory, NextEnergy, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; 2AlternativeEnergy Technology Program, Wayne State University, Detroit,MI 48202, USA; 3Department of Chemical Engineering, WayneState University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.

The formation of insolubles in biodiesel blends may have seriousimplications for diesel engine fuel delivery system. Here we reportour findings on insoluble formation after low temperatures storage ofthree types of biodiesel (soy, cottonseed, and poultry fat) blends.Three series of biodiesel/ULSD blend samples were subjected tostorage at either 4 or -15°C for 20 hours. The time to filter and thefiltered precipitate mass were then measured. The 4°C storage result-ed in a longer filtration time and higher amount of insolubles for B20than B100. Moreover, there was a gradual increase in precipitate massfrom 1 to 8 hours storage for the B20; while for B100, a significantincrease was only observed after 3 days. The correlations of insolubleformation to the cloud point, pour point, and cold flow plug point willbe discussed. These findings are consistent with reports that oxidativestability degradation is more pronounced in B20 than in neat soy-based biodiesel (B100).


Session 6: New Production TechnologiesCo-Chairs: M. Mittelbach, University of Graz, Austria; and S.Saka, University of Kyoto, Japan.

A Comparative Study on Mechanical Expression of Oilfrom Oil Seeds (including Jatropha curcas L.) with andwithout Enzymatic Pretreatment. Ram Krishna Pandey,D.K. Gupta, Durgesh Nandini, and Pankaj Kumar Paswan, Dept.of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, College ofTechnology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,Pantnagar-263145, Dist U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India.

Oilseeds play an important role next to cereal grains in order tomeet human nutritional requirements. Oil in oilseeds is dispersed inthe form of droplets. Mechanical expression is the process of mechan-ically pressing liquid out of liquid containing solids. The mechanism ofoil expression with mechanical means involves disintegration andpressing. It is a load deformation process. The cell wall must be brokento allow the oil to be removed from impervious cells. So high pressureis required to squeeze the oil from oil seeds. It is possible to expressoil in the range of 80-85 percent by mechanical expression. The endproducts are free of dissolved chemicals. It is inherently a saferprocess. The inefficient extractability of some of the oil seeds like soy-bean attracts researchers and scientists to the application of enzymat-ic treatment in the field of mechanical expression. Enzymatic hydroly-sis – a bioconversion process – is one option for preconditioning theoilseeds as it opens up the oilcells by degradation of cellwalls. Recentlymany studies have indicated that microbial enzymes have high poten-tial for application in oilseed processing (Fullbrook, 1983; Kashyap,1990; Smith, 1993). Enzyme action leads to break-up of the complexlipo-polysaccharide and lipo-protein molecules of cell wall and cyto-plasm. This action releases the lipid fraction for recovery, which is oth-erwise not extractable and makes extra oil available for deoiling(Fullbrook, 1983). Research shows that enzymatic hydrolysis results inhigher oil yield, higher extraction rates and improved product charac-teristics. So a critical review is necessary in the field of mechanical oilexpression from oil seeds with and without enzyme treatment.

Conventionally oil is extracted from oil seeds by ghanies andmechanical expellers. Although it produces oil free of residual chemi-cals a large amount of oil was retained in the oil cake. In order to min-imize the disadvantages of these processes research was carried outon the effect of pressure, holding time, moisture content and bedthickness on oil recovery from different oil seeds like peanut, ground-nut, soybean, rapeseed, and sesame during hydraulic pressing ofoilseeds. Scientists optimized the process variables for oil expression(Pominski (1970); Ajibola (1989); Sarkar (1990); Smith (1993), Pandey(1997), Pandey and Gupta (1999, 2000 and 2003)). Also work hadbeen done in the field of oil expression using microbial enzymes.Optimization of the process variables like nature of enzyme, enzymeconcentration, moisture content during hydrolysis, incubation periodand incubation temperature on oil expression from different types ofoil seeds was carried out (Childs (1977); Kumar (1991); Smith (1993);Dominguez (1993)). Review shows that there is lack of research in thefield of application of different types of crude as well as pure enzymesin the field of oil expression, which needs a careful study. In order tominimize the experimental gap research is also required in the field ofapplication of enzymes to oil seeds like Jatropha Curcas. The mecha-nism of enzymatic action, reaction kinetics, and oil quality after enzy-matic reaction also needs emphasis.

Design of a Deacidification Process of High AcidityBiodiesel Feedstocks with Liquid-Liquid MethanolExtraction. Hale Gürbüz, Ahmet Sirkecioglu, NergülYavasoglu, Göktug Ahunbay, and Selma Türkay*, Istanbul

Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department,34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.

Depending on the kind and quality of feedstock to be used inbiodiesel production, a series of pretreatment process should beapplied to the oil in order to remove free fatty acids, phospholipids ,wax, water, and other solid impurities before the alkali catalyzedtransesterification reaction. One of the deacidification methods forhigh acidity oils is liquid-liquid extraction based on different solubiliesof fatty acids and triglycerides in various organic solvents, such asmethanol, ethanol and acetone. In this study, liquid-liquid extractionsof used frying oil and crude rapeseed oil with methanol were investi-gated, and the amounts of extracted FFAs, phospholipids and polarcompounds were determined for different extraction parameters forboth cross-current and countercurrent extractions . Based on theresults obtained a new process flow diagram was proposed for thedeacidification of high acidity feedstocks and simulated for thebiodiesel production.

Effect of Substrate Composition in the Efficiency of aContinuous Lipase Catalyzed Alcoholysis of SunflowerOil. Iván Jachmanián, Matías Dobroyán, Bruno Irigaray, JuanPablo Veira, Ignacio Vieitez, Mercedes Moltini, Nadia Segura, andMaria A. Grompone, Laboratorio de Grasas y Aceites,Departamento de Alimentos. Facultad de Química. Universidadde la República, Avda. Gral Flores 2124. Casilla de Correos1157, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.

In the present study, an immobilized lipase (Lipozyme TL-IM) wasused to catalyze the alcoholisis of sunflower oil (SFO). The catalystwas packed in a vertical fix bed reactor and the substrate, composedby an homogeneous mixture of (ethyl esters from SFO)/SFO/alcohol,was pumped through it. Different alcohols were used and also differ-ent substrate compositions were tested, in order to maximize cata-lyst efficiency.

When the reactor was charged with 17g lipase and feed with asubstrate composition 80/20/E (w/w/w, E = mass corresponding to100% stoichiometric excess alcohol to SFO) using a flow rate of 20g/h, esters content higher than 98% was achieved. This value decreasedto 90% after 11 h of continuous operation when the alcohol used insubstrate was methanol, and after 36 h when ethanol was used.

Efficiency decreasing could be attributed to the effect of alcoholon enzyme activity and to glycerine retention on catalyst surface.

Development of Anionic Resin Exchange Catalysts forBiodiesel Production. Manhoe Kim1,2, Kapila Wadu-Mesthridge1,2, Anfeng Wang1,2, John Wilson1, Steven O. Salley3,and K.Y. Simon Ng1,2,3*, 1National Biofuel Energy Laboratory,NextEnergy, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; 2Alternative EnergyTechnology Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI48202, USA; 3Department of Chemical Engineering, WayneState University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.

Biodiesel production process based on heterogeneous catalystsoffers a number of potential advantages including no neutralization,washing and drying steps, no waste water treatment, easier separationprocess, and higher purity glycerin byproduct; thus significantly reduc-ing the overall production cost. Most heterogeneous catalysts investi-gated are metal-oxide based, and usually required a higher operatingtemperature. A series of strong base ion-exchange resins has beendeveloped as heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterificationprocess. The effect of porosity, basicity, and crosslinking density on theconversion and composition of the resulting biodiesel will be dis-cussed. The conversion efficiency, composition profile, and productpurity was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and the oxidative stability was determined by Rancimat test.


Moreover, these ion-exchange resins have the capability to removetrace concentration of metal ions, which were found to accelerate theoxidation process of biodiesel. By optimizing desirable catalytic func-tionality, biodiesel with enhanced oxidative stability and high-purityglycerin can be formed.

Experiences with New Catalysts for Production ofHigh Quality Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and AnimalFats. Edgar Ahn and Thomas Hilber, BDI–BioDieselInternational AG, A-8074 Graz/Grambach, Austria.

Whereas traditional homogeneous catalysis in Biodiesel produc-tion offers a series of advantages, its major disadvantage is the factthat homogenous catalysts cannot be reused. Moreover, catalystresidues have to be removed from the ester product, usually necessi-tating several washing steps that increase production costs. Thusthere have been various attempts at simplifying product purificationby applying heterogeneous catalysts that can be recovered or areused in fixed-bed arrangements.

So far most of the proposed catalysts show quick decrease inefficiency after reuse or are negatively affected by common impuritiesout of the oily feedstock, which makes feedstock purification neces-sary resulting in higher production costs compared with commonalkaline catalyzed processes.

BDI has successfully developed a new catalyst for the productionof highest-quality Biodiesel which can be reused, avoids residues in theproduction phases and thus reduces production costs.

Experiences from industrial scale application of this new catalystwill be presented.

Reactive Extraction of Biodiesel from Rapeseed UsingMethanol, Ethanol, and Methanol/Ethanol Mixtures.Adam P. Harvey, J.G.M. Lee, and Rabitah Zakaria*, School ofChemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, NewcastleUniversity, NE1 7RU, UK.

Reactive extraction is the combined extraction of triglyceridesfrom seeds and conversion of that triglyceride directly to its alkylester in one step. Here, we report the results of a study of the reac-tive extraction of biodiesel from rapeseed, in which the major variablewas the alcohol used as the solvent/reactant.

The extent of reaction (by G.C.) and extract yield against timewere measured whilst varying the alcohol (methanol, ethanol and amixture of the two).

Macerated rapeseeds were agitated at constant temperature(60oC) with excesses of methanol, ethanol and mixtures of the two inthe presence of a sodium hydroxide catalyst. Using these conditionsthe process can reach maximum conversion in approximately 30 min-utes. The conversion to methyl ester achieved in this one step wasapproximately that required by the EU biodiesel standard (96.5%).

It was found that the combination of the two alcohols resultedin a higher rate of extraction than use of either 100% methanol orethanol, without loss in yield or conversion. Empirical kinetic relationswere determined for the process.

The Use of Polymeric Resins in Biodiesel Processing.Rajiv M. Banavali, Robert T. Hanlon, Greg Pierce, and Alfred K.Schultz*, Rohm and Haas Company LLC, Spring HouseTechnical Center, 727 Norristown Rd., Spring House, PA19477, USA.

Polymeric resins can be used in many facets of biodiesel produc-tion. Just one example is the use of such resins to purify biodiesel ofsalts, soaps, and residual glycerin. We have also created solid catalystsbased on polymer resins for use in biodiesel processing. Improvedconversions and product purity have been found when comparing

polymeric resin catalysts to traditional homogeneous catalysts.Discussion of these catalysts, along with results of catalytic activityand potential reaction mechanisms will be discussed.

Biodiesel Production without Producing Glycerol fromOils/Fats with Using Supercritical Carboxylate Esters.Shiro Saka and Yohei Isayama, Graduate School of EnergyScience, Kyoto University, Japan, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku,Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

Biodiesel is considered as an environmentally-friendly substitutefor fossil diesel, thus its demand has been recently increasing. In gen-eral, biodiesel is composed of fatty acid methyl esters produced bytransesterification of triglycerides with methanol. This reaction, how-ever, results in a formation of glycerol as an undesired byproduct, thusits production being expanded more than its demand. In this study,therefore, a novel biodiesel production process without producingany glycerol was proposed by using supercritical carboxylate methylesters, instead of methanol for transesterification.

Rapeseed oil was mixed with carboxylate methyl ester, such asmethyl acetate (Tc= 00oC, Pc=00MPa) and methyl formate, (Tc=00oC, Pc=00MPa) and treated under its supercritical condition (T=00oC, P=00MPa, 00min). As a result, it was found that triglycerideswere successfully converted into fatty acid methyl esters. In addition,triacetin was formed as another final product in the treatment withmethyl acetate.

To evaluate the products by this process, model compounds,methyl oleate and triacetin, were mixed and its fuel properties of themixture were studied. Consequently, it was found that triacetin itselfwas good in oxidation stability. Thus, addition of triacetin in the mix-ture could improve its oxidation stability. Furthermore, it has no neg-ative effect on pour point and cold filter plugging point, while on kine-matic viscosity, it became little higher. With these fuel properties, themodel fuel, a mixture of methyl oleate and triacetin (3:1 in moralratio), could satisfy the specification of biodiesel in EU and US stan-dards. Thus, the proposed new technology by supercritical carboxy-late esters will be useful to use both glycerol and fatty acids forbiodiesel production.

WEDNESDAY, 7 NOVEMBER 2007MORNING PARALLEL SESSIONS

Session 7: Quality AssuranceSpecificationsCo-Chairs: O. Costenoble, NEN - Netherlands StandardizationInstitute, The Netherlands; and S. Howell, National BiodieselBoard, USA.

ASTM and CEN Biodiesel Specification Status andGlobal Harmonization Efforts. Juergen Fischer1, SteveHowell2, and Ortwin Costenoble3, 1Archer Daniels Midland,Germany, Chairman of the CEN Joint-Working Group on FAMEtesting; 2National Biodiesel Board, USA, Chairman of the ASTMBiodiesel taskforce; 3Secretary of the CEN/TC 19 StandardizationCommittee on “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and relatedproducts of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”.

This is an introduction paper on worldwide biodiesel standardsand harmonization. After the standardization of biodiesel had a kick-offin Germany and France in the late nineties, a European fuel qualityspecification (EN 14214) soon followed. It was developed in CENTechnical Committee 19 based on market data and many interlabora-


tory studies of 2001/2002. On request of the European Commission itwas a FAME specification for both 100% fuel and for blends up to 5%in diesel fuel. At that time it was already acknowledged that some testmethods had problems in terms of precision, application or even werenot available at all. Hence the choice of iodine value as an indicator forproduct stability. Meanwhile, a group of experts under Mr. Fischer aretrying to update the test methods and suggest alternatives to the CENcommunity. He will give a short update of the work so far.

Shortly after the first work in Europe had finalized, the NationalBiodiesel Board initiated standardization in ASTM. After some years ofwork a blend component specification ASTM D6751 was established in2005 and ultimately accepted in the diesel specification (D975) for upto 10%. This specification uses some test methods of CEN origin andbuilds upon exchange of information between American and Europeanexperts. Mr. Howell, being the engine behind the D6751 developmentwill give a short update on the actual developments in ASTM.

Since the beginning of 2007, Brazilian, American and Europeanauthorities combined their initiatives towards an increase in bio-ener-gy. The European Council established an independent EU commitmentto reduce greenhouse gases by at least 20% by 2020 and PresidentBush gave the same targets in his State of the Union. Together withIndia, China and South-Africa an International Biofuels Forum was setup in February. To make biofuels a success story, they agreed that jointstandards were needed. For these ‘International HarmonizationEfforts’ they established two Task Forces of biofuel standardizationexperts. The aim of the Task Forces is to review existing documentarystandards and identify areas where greater compatibility can beachieved in the short and long term and submit a White Paper to theBrazilian, EC and US authorities by the end of 2007. Mr. Costenoblewill report on the activities of the Biodiesel Task Force, including theinitiatives at ISO level to establish global biofuel standards.

Biodiesel Fuel Survey Results for the USA, B100 andB20. Teresa L. Alleman and Robert L. McCormick*, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy,Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.

Surveys of the quality of biodiesel (B100) in the United Stateswere conducted in 2004 and 2006, and a survey of B20 quality wasalso conducted in 2004. A new B100 survey where samples are col-lected directly from biodiesel producers is currently in progress andpreliminary results will be presented.

In 2004, 27 biodiesel (B100) samples and 50 biodiesel blend(B20) samples were collected from blenders and distributors nation-wide. These companies tended to be petroleum terminal operators orwholesalers. Of the B100 samples collected in 2004, 85% met all ofthe requirements of ASTM D6751-03a (the version in effect at thetime of sampling). Samples failing one requirement generally exhibitedoutlier or failing results for a second requirement. While at the timeof sampling there was no specification requirement, nearly all of theB100 samples exhibited Na+K and Mg+Ca levels below 5 ppm, a levelthought to be acceptable for protection of fuel injection equipment.Additionally, at the time these samples were collected there was nooxidation stability specification for biodiesel in the U.S. In 2004 a typ-ical B100 sample exhibited 5 mg/100 ml of deposits on the ASTMD2274 accelerated stability test and less than 1 hour induction timeon the EN 14112 oxidation stability test.

For the B20 blends it was observed that 18 out of the 50 sam-ples collected were not nominally B20. It is believed that insufficientturbulence or splashing occurred during the preparation of theseblends. B20 samples showed high levels of peroxides, reinforcing theneed for an oxidation stability requirement for B100 and perhaps forB20. Many of the B20 samples exhibited low levels of water interfacialtension, indicating that water separators on engine fuel systems willnot perform as intended. The high peroxide levels may contribute tothe low interfacial tension.

In 2006, a second nationwide quality survey of biodiesel (B100)was conducted. Samples were randomly collected from terminals,with a higher concentration of fuels collected in the Midwest, wherebiodiesel production is highest. Samples were typically stored at thedistributors in aboveground tanks. The survey revealed the increasingprevalence of B99.9 in the marketplace as 6 of 37 U.S. samples wereB99.9 rather than B100. As a group, the samples had a failure rate of59% compared to the specifications in effect at the time they werecollected (D6751-03a for roughly half the samples and D6751-06 forhalf). Most often the samples failed by exceeding the allowable totalglycerin or by not meeting the minimum flash point specification.Several samples failed to meet requirements for multiple properties.The individual failure rates for total glycerin and flash point were 33%and 30%, respectively. EN 14112 oxidation stability averaged roughly1 hr and peroxide content averaged 157 ppm. The results of this studywere not production volume weighted, but do show a significant fuelquality concern for B100 produced and distributed during 2006.

International Biodiesel Fuel Survey Results. BerndSchwarz, SGS Germany GmbH, Fuel Technology Centre, D-67346 Speyer, Germany.

Many Standards are existing to secure the quality of fuels andmany important information are shared all over the world. But whatis the reality and what about the monitoring of these guidelines?Some key industries need more analytical items as mentioned in spec-ifications. To fulfill the industry needs, SGS provides world wide fueldata collected in the field.

With the appearance of Biofuel-Blends new challenges showedup to answer the question about the availability and quality ofBiodiesel-Blends in various countries. Over the last years, more andmore countries have Biodiesel blends available. Most results are col-lected from European countries and will give an overview of Biodieselcontent and types of Biodiesel used in Europe but also world wide.

Biodiesel blending also causes difficulties in analytical determina-tion. Especially about Oxidation stability (which one is the right one?)and type of Biodiesel used.

BQ-9000: A National Biodiesel Accreditation Program.Leland Tong, MARC-IV Consulting, 101 E. Main Kearney, MO64060, USA.

When attempting to successfully launch any new product, deliv-ering a high-quality, consistent product is essential to establishing con-sumer confidence and maintaining market growth. The NorthAmerican biodiesel industry is facing both of these challenges and hasresponded by creating the BQ-9000 program. The BQ-9000 programis a quality assurance certification program that is designed to growconsumer confidence in the biodiesel industry and implement theASTM standard for biodiesel. BQ-9000 combines well establishedquality management principles with sampling, testing, blending anddelivery requirements that minimize the occurrence of off spec prod-uct being produced or improperly blended. Compliance to the BQ-9000 program is verified through document and facility audits con-ducted by independent auditors. Since being first introduced inNovember 2002, 19 biodiesel producers and 9 biodiesel distributorshave become a part of the program.

Quantitative Studies of the pHLip Test for DetectingDissolved Contaminants in B100 Biodiesel. Randall vonWedel, BioSolar Group / CytoCulture International, Inc., 249Tewksbury Avenue, Point Richmond, CA 94801, USA.

The pHLip Test® is a visual field test kit for monitoring fuel qual-ity of B100 samples. The 10 minute test detects low concentrations ofat least five dissolved contaminants that are commonly associatedwith off-spec biodiesel. As such, the test serves as a ‘fire wall’ to pre-


vent the distribution of use of off-spec biodiesel prior to blendingwith diesel or its use as a neat fuel in diesel engines. The pHLip Test iscapable of detecting off-spec fuel that does not meet the ASTM D-6751 limit of 0.24% for total free and bound glycerin associated withincomplete transesterification of triglycerides to methyl esters. It canreadily detect mono-glycerides as wispy precipitates, often in combi-nation with sterol glucosides. The pHLip Test also visually detects lowconcentrations of residual hydroxide catalyst, acids associated withthe oxidative degradation of aged fuel, and soaps or free glycerin. Thepresentation will compare spectrophotometric (visual) test kit datadirectly with gas chromatographic and pH data for various dissolvedcontaminants in B100. The pHLip Test is distributed internationally asa diagnostic process monitoring tool for production, a confirmationtest for distributors, and a quality control check for fleet managers,end users and small producers of biodiesel.

Methods for Determination of Biodiesel Quality andBlend Level. Thomas A. Foglia, K.C. Jones, Michael J. Haas, andWilliam N. Marmer, Eastern Regional Research Center, ARS,USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used directly (B100)or more commonly as a blend in petrodiesel (from 2 to 20 vol %) asa diesel fuel. Before biodiesel is marketed as a diesel fuel, however, itmust meet certain fuel specifications such as those outlined in ASTMD6751or EN 14214 standards. One important criterion of biodieselquality is the residual (total) glycerol in the biodiesel, which is the sumof the free and bound (partial glycerides) glycerol. Currently, high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) is the accepted methodfor determining total glycerol in biodiesel. The HTGC method, how-ever, may not be applicable with biodiesel produced from certain feed-stocks (greases) since it speciates both fatty esters and partial glyc-erides. To address this problem, we have developed high performanceliquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for determining total glyc-erol in biodiesel fuels obtained from different feedstocks. Unlike GC,HPLC for the most part does not speciate partial glycerides, makingquantitation of bound glycerol more reliable. Thus HPLC may offer analternative to the HTGC method, another of whose weaknesses is itsinability to deal with fatty ethyl esters. The HPLC methods developedsubsequently were adapted for determining biodiesel blend levels inpetrodiesel. In parallel studies, non-chromatographic methods fordetermination of biodiesel blend levels also were investigated and theresults obtained compared to the HPLC results.

Session 8: Engine Performance &Emissions–Part IICo-Chairs: R. McCormick, U.S. Dept. of Energy, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, USA; and J. Krahl,Fachhochschule Coburg, University of Applied SciencesCoburg, Germany

Impacts of Biodiesel on Combustion and Emissions ofNOx and Particulate. André Boehman, J. Song, J. Szybist,Khalid Al-Qurashi, and Yu Zhang, Pennsylvania State University,C-211 CUL , University Park PA 16802, USA.

Elevated emissions of NOx with the use of biodiesel is an imped-iment to its growth as a transportation fuel, but there remain ques-tions about whether the “NOx effect” is dependent on engine type,vehicle drive cycle or engine operating conditions. In this work, a high-ly instrumented common rail diesel engine was operated on blend ofbiodiesel under a range of conditions to assess the NOx effect andthe combined influences of biodiesel blending and EGR on soot char-acteristics. The results show that NOx emissions rise under high load

and fall slightly under low load in the common rail engine, and that theinfluence of EGR and biodiesel both enhance the oxidative reactivityof diesel soot.

Shock Tube Studies of Biodiesel Fuel Sidechains.Kenneth Brezinsky, Raghu Sivaramakrishnan, S. Garner, and B.Culbertson, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department ofMechanical and Industrial Engineering, 824 W. Taylor St. MC251, Chicago IL 60607, USA.

As a first step towards our systematic study of the influence ofdouble bonds on NO formation from biodiesel surrogates we haveinitiated studies on the pyrolysis of n-heptane and 1- heptene whichcan represent the side alkyl chain for biodiesel surrogates.Experiments were performed with the high purity, stainless steel UICHigh Pressure Shock Tube (HPST). The HPST is operated in singlepulse fashion with experiments conducted behind the reflected shockwave. Stable species are sampled from these experiments and subse-quently analyzed by GC-FID, GC/MS techniques as in prior work.

The major stable species that were observed in the n-heptaneexperiments range from C2-C6 alkenes (ethene, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene and 1-hexene), C4-C6 dienes (1,3-butadiene, 1,3- pentadieneand 1,5-hexadiene), to acetylene, allene, propyne, ethane and benzene.Essentially the same product spectrum was observed with the 1-hep-tene experiments with the only difference being quantitative withincreased amounts of dienes observed from the unsaturated fuel. Itwas also observed that acetylene formation from 1-heptene is muchhigher than that from n-heptane at any given temperature. The impli-cations of these results on NO formation will be discussed.

Combustion of Ethanol in Biodiesel Blends. Robert W.Dibble and H. Mack, University of California Berkeley, USA.

Unlike ethanol in diesel blends, ethanol is soluble in biodiesel inall proportions. In this presentation we show combustion character-istics of ethanol in biodiesel blends. The focus is on how ethanol, withhigh octane number and relatively high volatility, impacts homoge-neous combustion of biodiesel. The Performance of B20 Biodiesels from a Variety ofSources in HCCI Combustion. Bruce Bunting, Scott Eaton,Jim Szybist, John Storey, and Sam Lewis, Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory, 2360 Cherahala Blvd., Knoxville, TN 37932, USA.

A series of five biodiesel fuels blended with #2 diesel were runin a simple compression ignition HCCI engine to evaluate perform-ance and combustion characteristics. The biodiesel fuels consisted ofmethyl ester blends derived from coconut, palm, rape, soy, and mus-tard oils respectively and were blended to 20 volume % in the basediesel fuel. Generally, all the blends operated satisfactorily in theHCCI engine. When compared to the base diesel fuel, fuel economywas lower in proportion to the lower energy content of the biodieselblends. The biodiesel blends were slightly more reactive than the basediesel fuel, requiring lower intake charge temperature for ignition andexhibiting more low temperature heat release. Combustion perform-ance between the various blends and the base fuel will be comparedbased on fuel specification and fuel chemistry differences.

Strong Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine EmissionsUsing Vegetable Oil as Fuel. Jürgen Bünger1, ThomasBrüning1, Jürgen Krahl2, Axel Munack3, Yvonne Ruschel3, OlafSchröder3, Birgit Emmert4, Ernst Hallier4, Michael Müller4, andGotz Westphal4, 1Research Institute for Occupational Medicineof the Institutions for Statutory Accident Insurance andPrevention (BGFA), Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum,Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany,2University of Applied Sciences Coburg, Friedrich-Streib-Straße


2, D-96450 Coburg, Germany, 3Institute for Technology andBiosystems Engineering, Federal Agricultural Research Centre(FAL), Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany, 4Dept.of Occupational and Social Medicine, University of Göttingen,Waldweg 37, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.

Diesel engine emissions (DEE) are mutagenic and classified asprobably carcinogenic to humans. Recently, the use of rapeseed oil asfuel for diesel engines is rapidly growing due to economic reasons. Wecompared the mutagenic effects of DEE from two different batches ofrapeseed oil (RSO, canola) with rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and acommon diesel fuel (DF). Particulate matter from the exhaust of aheavy-duty diesel engine was sampled onto PTFE-coated glass fibre fil-ters and extracted with dichloromethane in a Soxhlet apparatus. Thegas phase constituents were sampled as condensates. The mutagenic-ity of the samples was tested using the Ames test. Compared with DFand RME the RSO qualities significantly increased the mutageniceffects of the particle extracts by factors of 9.7 up to 59 in testerstrain TA98 and of 5.4 up to 22.3 in tester strain TA100 respectively.The condensates of the RSO fuels caused stronger mutagenicity up tofactor 13.5 than DF.

Session 9: Life Cycle and SustainabilityAnalysisCo-Chairs: J. Duffield, USDA, USA; and G. Reinhardt, IFEU-Institute for Energy & Environmental Research, Germany.

Updating the Energy Balance for Producing SoybeanBiodiesel in the United States. Jon Van Gerpen and DevShrestha, Department of Biological and AgriculturalEngineering, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 440904, 419Engineering Physics Building, Moscow, ID 83843, USA.

Biodiesel production in the United States is growing rapidly. Ithas increased from under 3.78 million liters (1 million gallons) in 1999to over 756 million liters (200 million gallons) in 2006. Despite itsrapid growth and several studies showing that it is a renewable ener-gy source, there has been a claim that the use of biodiesel does notreduce consumption of petroleum.

This presentation investigates the models used to calculate theenergy balance in biodiesel production to point out the reasons forthe contradictory results and compares their strengths and weak-nesses. Four commonly referenced models were compared for theirassumptions and results. The analysis revealed that the most significantfactors in altering the result were the proportions of energy allocat-ed between biodiesel and its co-products. The lack of consistency indefining system boundaries has apparently led to very differentresults. The definitions of energy ratio used among the models werealso found to be different.

When the model was updated with recent data from agricultur-al production, crushing and transesterification, the estimated energyratio was estimated to be 3.9. The increase in the ratio is due to thereduced energy use in farm operation and efficient crushing andtransesterification plants. This presentation discusses the details of theanalysis and points out the present improvements from past practices.

Energetic Feasibility Associated with the Production,Processing, and Conversion of Beef Tallow to aSubstitute Diesel Fuel. Richard G. Nelson, Kansas StateUniversity, 133 Ward Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-2508, USA.

This study investigates the resource availability, energetic efficien-cy, and economic feasibility of converting edible and inedible beef tal-low into biodiesel, a substitute diesel fuel. A resource assessment ofedible and inedible beef tallow generation in the United States was

performed for the period of 1997–2001. At that time, an average ofmore than 1.8 Mt (4 billion pounds) of edible and inedible tallow weregenerated each year in the 11 largest commercial cattle slaughteringstates, which would equate to more than 2.08GL (551 million gallons)of biodiesel (_1% of the total US distillate consumption).

Tallow is a by-product of our meat production and processingsystem, which complicates its energy and economic analysis. Althoughtallow is available in significant quantities at relatively low cost, it is notintentionally produced as a feedstock for biodiesel. Because of thisuncertainty, energetic (energy ratio) and economic (production costper gallon) feasibilities were estimated for three different systemboundaries: (1) conversion of tallow by a continuous-flow transester-ification process only with co-product (glycerin) credit, (2) renderingplant operations plus tallow transesterification, and (3) growth andmaintenance of the beef animal from conception through renderingand transesterification. Energy ratios varied from 17.29 to 0.81 with-in the three system boundaries based on various assignments of theco-product energy credit for glycerin.

Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment: A Tool to AssessChemical Technologies from Biofuels to Pharma -ceuticals. J. Dewulf and H. Van Langenhove, Research GroupENVOC, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,Belgium.

With respect to the environmentally friendly design of technol-ogy, emphasis is gradually shifting from emission control to criticalanalysis of resource consumption. The end-of-pipe approach andabatement techniques are increasingly complemented with upstreamprocess adjustments and input choices. This is illustrated by theincreased use of renewables: next to reduced greenhouse gas emis-sions and local pollution, decreased resource depletion and animproved security of supply are major advantages. It is in this context,that a suitable methodology to account for resource consumption inlife cycle assessment (LCA) – historically focused on emissions – isstill a subject of debate.

Industrial processes are—given that emissions are under con-trol—governed by two boundary conditions: economics and thermo-dynamics. The latter is able to assess both process efficiency andresource input. Consequently, it is suggested by several authors toapply thermodynamics—more specifically exergy accounting—toresource consumption in life cycle approaches. The concept raisedinterest for sustainability assessment purposes and to life cycle assess-ments, leading to exergetic life cycle assessment (ELCA).

In this presentation, the concept of ELCA, characterized by astrong emphasis on resource intake and efficiency, is shown and illus-trated. In a unique way, the approach is able to show the fingerprintof the resource consumption pattern taking into account all fuel andfeedstock inputs along the production chain. Next, it also demon-strates where efficiency in production chains is limited and where effi-ciency improvement is relevant. It is demonstrated for two specificcases: biofuel production and production of pharmaceuticals.

ReferencesDewulf, J.; Van Langenhove, H., Thermodynamic optimization of the life

cycle of plastics by exergy analysis. International Journal of EnergyResearch 2004, 28, (11), 969-976.

Dewulf, J.; Van Langenhove, H.; Van De Velde, B., Exergy-based efficien-cy and renewability assessment of biofuel production.Environmental Science and Technology 2005, 39, 3878-3882.

Dewulf, J.; Van Langenhove, H., Renewables-based technology: sustain-ability assessment. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, 2006; 384 p.

Dewulf, J.; Van der Vorst, G.; Aelteman, W.; De Witte, B.; Vanbaelen, H.;Van Langenhove, H., Integral resource management by exergy analy-sis for the selection of a separation process in the pharmaceuticalindustry. Green Chemistry 2007, 9, 785–791


Life-Cycle Assessment of Palm Oil Biodiesel. N.Rettenmaier, IFEU-Institute for Energy and EnvironmentalResearch, Wilckensstr. 3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Due to economic and political incentives, biofuels from plant oilshave greatly gained importance in the recent past. In Germany, forexample, 2.3 million tonnes of biodiesel were produced in 2006, most-ly from rapeseed oil. After years of tax exemption, implementation ofa gradually increasing taxation system began this year (2007); as a con-sequence, biodiesel producers have been choosing lower-priced rawmaterials such as soybean or palm oil. Palm oil is extracted from thepulp of the oil palm fruit and is a very versatile product which, up tonow, has served mainly nutritional purposes. A number of problemsarise in the context of oil palm cultivation.

IFEU has investigated the environmental effects of the use ofpalm oil biodiesel through several studies which were conductedaccording to the methodology of life cycle assessment (LCA). Themain focus lay on energy and greenhouse gas balances and the lifecycle comparison between palm oil biodiesel and conventional dieselfuel: all inputs and outputs of the production processes are regarded,including the occurring by-products. Furthermore, impacts on air, soiland water quality, human health and nature conservation, especiallybiodiversity issues, were assessed. This presentation highlights themost important results of IFEU’s studies on palm oil, among them themost decisive life cycle steps such as land use changes, productionpractices and utilization of the product as well as their specific influ-ence. Land use changes, for example, do not only have an impact onthe greenhouse gas balance but also on species diversity.

Based on the findings, recommendations are pronounced withregard to both existing plantations and processing facilities as well asthose which will be newly established in the future. Among othersthese recommendations include the following guidelines: (1) establish-ment of new oil palm plantations only on tropical fallow land includingstrict consideration of nature conservation aspects, (2) optimization ofplantation management according to sustainability criteria, (3) com-plete use of all by-products of the production process for the genera-tion of energy, including the methane emitted from the oil mill efflu-ents and (4) further development, implementation and efficient controlof environmental standards for palm oil and its production. Beyondthis, further research is necessary regarding a sustainable developmentof tropical fallows and system-related carbon inventories.

ReferencesHelms, H., Reinhardt, G.A. & Rettenmaier, N. (2006): ): Bioenergie aus

Palmöl: Ökologische Chancen und Risiken [Bioenergy from PalmOil: Environmental Chances and Risks]. EnergiewirtschaftlicheTagesfragen 56(11), 70-73

Reinhardt, G. A., Rettenmaier, N. & Gärtner, S.O. (2007): Palm Oil as aSource of Bioenergy (Chapter 2) & Environmental Effects of PalmOil Production (Chapter 4). In: WWF Deutschland (ed.): Rain Forestfor Biodiesel? Ecological Effects of Using Palm Oil as a Source ofEnergy, Frankfurt.

Reinhardt, G.A., Gärtner, S.O., Münch, J. & Rettenmaier, N. (In press,2007): Ökologische Auswirkungen von Palmöl zur Stromerzeugungund als Kraftstoff im Verkehr [Environmental Effects of Using PalmOil for Power Production and as Tranport Fuel]. In: WuppertalInstitut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie GmbH, Institut für Energie- undUmweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Forschungsstelle fürUmweltenergierecht: Sozial-ökologische Bewertung der stationärenenergetischen Nut zung von importierten Biokraftstoffen am Beispielvon Palmöl [Socio-Environmental Evaluation of Stationary EnergyProduction from Imported Biofuels Exemplified for Palm Oil](Chapter 5). Commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for theEnvironment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Berlin.

GHG Calculation of Biofuels in the InternationalDebate: Bottlenecks and Perspectives. G. Bergsma, CEDelft, Oude Delft 180, 2611 HH Delft, The Netherlands.

As studies have shown, the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction ofdifferent biofuels can vary significantly, depending on, for example,type of crop used, fertiliser use, the energy efficiency of the produc-tion process, etc. Since biofuels policies of the EU and of various EUmember states are (at least partly) aimed at GHG reduction, variousgovernments have indicated that they would like to at least ensure aminimum GHG reduction of the biofuels that are being sold, andpreferably also improve the GHG reduction performance over time.

To this end, a number of countries, notably the Netherlands, UKand Germany, are currently developing tools that can be used to calcu-late the greenhouse gas reduction of specific biofuels. Some govern-ments are planning to oblige oil companies or biofuel producers to usethis tool to report on the GHG reduction of the biofuels they sell.Others have announced that they intent to go one step further, and usethe tool to provide incentives for biofuels with higher GHG reduction.

In this presentation, the recent developments in this field areshown. There is quite some consensus about the GHG calculationmethodology to be used in the various GHG tools that are beingdeveloped. However, some differences still exist. Therefore, both thesimilarities and the differences between the various tools will beshown and illustrated, and the main discussion points will be highlight-ed. If the Dutch GHG tool is publicly available at the time of the con-ference, this tool will be demonstrated.

Certification of Biofuels: State of the Art andPerspectives. A. Friedrich, Federal Environment Agency,Germany.


Session 10: General Topic SessionChair: M. Norris, Agricultural Utilization Research Institute,USA.

Characteristics of Material Collected from PluggedFilters in Blended Fuel Systems Containing PetroleumDiesel and Soy Based Biodiesel. Rose Patzer1, AldoHandojo1, Max Norris1*, and Mike Youngerberg2, 1AgriculturalUtilization Research Institute, USA, 2Minnesota SoybeanGrowers Association, 360 Pierce Avenue, Suite 110, NorthMankato, MN 56003, USA.

A combination of factors has resulted in plugged filters in fuelsystems containing blends of biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Some ofthe contributing factors are the result of fuel that does not meet reg-ulatory specifications. Other factors include external and internalcontributions that do not relate to recognizable fuel quality issues.This research profiles some of the material collected from thoseplugged filters through chemical, instrumental, and microbial analysis.The profiled results directed research efforts toward isolation andidentification of the microbial species and further studies of theirdegrading capabilities on biodiesel and consequential contribution tothe plugged fuel filters. Concurrent research efforts include studyingand reporting of the compatibility of commercially available anti-gelling agents in biodiesel to identify their potential contribution tothis issue as well.

Biodiesel Projects under the Kyoto CleanDevelopment Mechanism (=CDM). Clemens Plöchl,Energy Changes Projektentwicklung GmbH, ObereDonaustraße 12/28, 1020 Vienna, Austria.


With the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, industrializedcountries have committed themselves to limit or reduce their emis-sions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) by 5.2%in relation to the base year of 1990 or 1995. The implementation ofthe Clean Development Mechanism (=CDM) as defined in Article 12of the Kyoto Protocol provides for industrialized countries to imple-ment project activities that reduce emissions in developing countries,in return for Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).

CERs generated by such project activities can be purchased byindustrialized countries and private institutions in order meet theiremissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Therefore the CDMcould provide a substantial additional economic incentive for emissionreduction projects.

However, of the 573 CDM projects now registered by March27th 2007 by the Executive Board (EB), which is the governing bodyof the Clean Development Mechanism, not one is a biofuel project. Inorder to qualify as CDM project activity a project must apply an exist-ing baseline and monitoring methodology1 for calculating and moni-toring the emission reductions achieved by the specific project. Thefirst of the currently 6 methodologies for biofuels under considera-tion by the EB was submitted in 2004.

The complexities for biodiesel CDM are manifold since projectdevelopers must ensure that consumption of biodiesel in the hostcountry can be monitored; avoid double counting of emission reduc-tions claimed by the producer and consumer of biodiesel; determinethe baseline fuel that would be consumed in the absence of the projectactivity; make conservative assumptions about uncertainties regardingthe greenhouse gas emissions caused during agricultural operations toproduce the biofuel, and ensure that there will no negative impacts ofcash crops for biofuels on food production and food security.

Until now only one methodology brought forward by projectdevelopers has found acceptance in the Executive Board “Productionof waste cooking oil-based biodiesel for use as fuel.”

1 3/CMP.1 Modalities and procedures for a clean developmentmechanism as defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protoco §44: “Thebaseline for a CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonablyrepresents the anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhousegases that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activ-ity. A baseline shall cover emissions from all gases, sectors and sourcecategories listed in Annex A within the project boundary.”

Palm Oil as a Source of Food and Biofuel: Impact onSustainability and Competitiveness. Mohd Basri Wahidand Chan Kook Weng*, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor,Malaysia.

Palm oil is used mainly as edible oil and its non-food use is rela-tively small of about 20%. However in recent years it is used as asource of biofuel as it is beneficial to the environment as it is renew-able compared with fossil fuel. In the past it is recognized if palm oilstock exceed a million t palm oil is perceived to be plentiful and priceswill fall. As a result of immediate removal and utilization of excessstock of palm oil by converting to biofuel, there is the advantage of aprice stabilization mechanism becomes operational. Biofuel from palmoil being green and clean resulting in lower air pollution by emittingless greenhouse gases will also be contributing to minimization of cli-mate change. The combined use of palm oil as food and energy sourcefor human and transport respectively open up further challenges onthe dynamics of its sustainability and improved competitiveness.

Being renewable, palm oil fulfills the three principles of sustainabledevelopment by being environmentally acceptable, well received social-ly by local communities and profitable in economic terms. To fight cli-mate change, the amount of greenhouse gases produced from globallyacceptable definition of sustainable oil palm production with the use ofgood agricultural practices, is small by meeting the energy needs from

both the excess palm oil and the accompanying solid biomass. Somelife cycle analysis of emission of greenhouse gases is provided. Besidessustainable energy development locally, export of biofuel provides theanswer to sustainable development of the transport sector, particularthe railways in Europe. Despite the technological advances, it is onlythrough the import of palm biofuel that is creating a more sustainabletransport system and providing a key to achieving targets of the KyotoProtocol and beyond. The use of biofuel will likely make railways to bethe most environmentally mode of land freight and passenger trans-port in terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.Finally, in effort to improve further the competitiveness and sustainabil-ity of palm oil in the food and energy sector, the prices of palm oil andfossil fuel are examined in the context of evolving a certificationscheme for the entire production and trade chain to ensure that thefood and energy indeed is green. A system of ‘book and claim’ to trackand trace palm oil initially before moving to segregation at later stages,would provide guarantee to consumers that the environment onwhich the very ecological base for oil palm growing is enhanced. To thisend, many advanced companies are already in the process of testingout the criteria of sustainable palm oil thereby providing a clear signalto consumers of no ‘business as usual’.

Food, Feed, and Fuel from a Sustainability Perspective.Erich E. Dumelin, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.

One of the biofuels policy goals is a sustainable production and useof bioenergy crops as part of a renewable energy mix in order to com-bat climate change. All feedstocks therefore need to be assessed fortheir effectiveness to achieve this goal, and this assessment is to bemade part of the sustainability standards for bioenergy feedstock crops.

Life cycle assessments (LCA’s) are the most common tool usedin these assessments and a fair number of these studies are reportedin the literature. The average GHG reduction reported in the studiesis around 50 % (compared to fossil fuels) with a wide range of varia-tion from around 20 – 70 %. Most studies look at feedstock produc-tion. Some also include processing.

The global production of biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) isestimated to become substantial, with more than 40 mln tonnes ofmineral oil equivalents by 2010; by 2015 it could reach more than 70mln tonnes with additional support from governments.

This will also mean substantial increases in land demand forbioenergy crops, which will mean serious competition with food andfeed. This demand will have to be met by three sources: (1) increasedproduction on existing land; (2) conversion of current agriculturalland to bioenergy crops; and (3) conversion of non-agricultural landto bioenergy crops.

The gains from increased production can be estimated based onhistoric growth rates. But unless major break through innovations willlead to much higher productivity increases than in the past, the con-tribution of increased productivity will not suffice to meet theincreased demand for bioenergy crops. This means a good part of thefuture demand for biofuels will have to be covered through convert-ing land to bioenergy crops, either from existing agricultural land orfrom non-agricultural land.

Based on the assumption that agricultural products will bedevoted to biofuels only after the demand for food and animal feed ismet, some authors expanded the traditional life cycle assessments ofbioenergy crops and included the aspects of previous non agricultur-al land use and the effect of changing to bioenergy crops on aboveground and soil carbon storage. As a result, most of the current firstgeneration biofuels actually have a negative GHG balance. Some ofthese studies will be analysed in more details and demonstrated whyGHG emission criteria in this wider sense must be included into sus-tainability standards for biofuels.

Some further indication will be given about the real potential ofbiofuels in general in the total energy market scenario.


Production of Fractionated Cold Flow Biodiesel byUrea Fractionation. Bernard Y. Tao, Purdue University, W.Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

There has been immense growth in the development of biodieselfuels (fatty acid methyl esters) in Europe and the United States overthe past 5 years to replace petroleum-based diesel fuels. One of thelimitations with biodiesel has been its tendency to crystallize/solidifyat cold temperatures. We have developed a low cost, high yield ener-gy, room temperature process to fractionate out the high melting sat-urated components of biodiesel resulting in fuels that remain liquidsdown to approx. -50 deg. C at high yields. This process has been devel-oped as a drop-in for existing biodiesel plants and is being evaluatedat pilot plant scale to evaluate the economics and engineering scaleup parameters.

In addition to the use of these biofuels in ground transportation,there is a significant potential application in the use of these fuels toreplace turbine jet aviation fuels. When incorporated into existing aviation fuel blends, cloud tempera-tures down to commercial fuel requirements of -47 deg. C. have beenobtained. Results from operational tests of these fuels in stationarycommercial turbine jet engines will also be reported.

Technology Showcase Session

AMBERLYSTTM BD20 Technology: A Solid-CatalystProcess for Converting High Free-Fatty Acid Feed -stocks to Biodiesel by Esterification. M. Pell, Rohm andHaas France S.A.S., France.

The average cost of biodiesel production has risen significantlywith the recent increase in prices of refined vegetable oils. Feedstockcan account for over 85% of the production cost of biodiesel andthere is clearly a need for enabling the use of more affordable highfatty acid oils and fats such as crude vegetable oils, soapstock, animalfats, recycled oils and greases.

The current technology for converting fatty-acid rich feedsrequires using a homogeneous liquid acid catalyst. The disadvantagesof this homogeneous process include the requirements for down-stream neutralization and purification as well as practical issues ofsafety and handling.

AMBERLYSTTM BD20 technology from Rohm and Haas is basedon a solid heterogeneous catalyst. The need for downstream process-ing is therefore reduced and the result is a clean process that runsunder mild operating conditions. AMBERLYSTTM BD20 technology hasbeen shown to be extremely effective at treating a variety of high fattyacid feedstocks. The process economics are very favorable comparedto the use of both refined vegetable-oil feedstocks and high-fat feedsprocessed with homogeneous catalysts.

Modern Biofuels Technology from Austria. NurhanErgün, ENERGEA Umwelttechnologie GmbH, Austria.

ENERGEA, an Austrian based company, has completed a six yearresearch and development programme. The CTER Biodiesel technol-ogy, which is patented, was tested successfully in 1999. The first indus-trial sized installation in Austria commenced production in thefall/autumn of 2001 followed by a 250,000 t/y plant in Teesside, UKand a few more overseas.

With its CTER - “Continuous Trans Esterification Reactor”ENERGEA was successful in optimizing the conversion of biogenicfats and oils - a method known since the thirties. The significantadvantage of this technology is the acceleration of the transformationprocess: within a few minutes high-quality standardized Biodiesel isproduced from biogenic fats and oils.

The Benefit of At-Line and In-Line Analysis by FT-NIRand FT-IR Spectroscopy for the Biodiesel Industry. C.Werner, Bruker Optics GmbH, Germany.


Filling the Void in Biodiesel Quality Testing. R. Young,Paradigm Sensors, USA.

Robert Young, President and CEO of Paradigm Sensors, will dis-cuss an overview of industry and current biodiesel quality testingcapabilities, and he will introduce Paradigm Sensors’ new handheldbiodiesel analyzer. He will stress three issues about the product:convenience, accuracy, and cost. He will also discuss the technologyas a prelude to Paradigm Sensors’ in-situ sensors that will be invalu-able for quality assurance.

Determination of Oxidation Stability. A. Dokalik, INULAGmbH, Austria.

Quality assurance is an important factor which defines the price.Compliance according to international standards is essential for everybiodiesel producer. EN 14112 rules the determination of oxidationstability. The required testing instrument could be the MetrohmBiodiesel rancimat 873 which is designed for unparalleled accuracy.

Diatomaceous Earth Filtration in Biodiesel. RalphDaumke, EP Minerals GmbH, Germany.

Biodiesel quality has become a key issue in the last year for theindustry. Diatomaceous Earth (DE) precoat filtration is an industryproven, economical, all natural, solution used to insure biodiesel ENquality standards are met. It is compatible with all biodiesel purifica-tion processes and is most commonly used with the “water wash”process as the final filtration due to its ability to remove particlesdown to 0.1 microns to insure all trace contaminants, including sterylglucosides are removed. Precoat filtration has also successfully beenused in the pretreatment process as well, to improve the quality ofthe feedstocks.

WEDNESDAY, 7 NOVEMBER 2007AFTERNOON

Closing Plenary Session

Biodiesel Development in India: Appraisal and Tasks.Jyoti Parikh, Integrated Research and Action for Development(IRADe), C-50 Chhota Singh Block, Asian Games VillageComplex, New Delhi 110011, India.

Biodiesel has emerged as a substitute of High Speed Diesel(HSD) worldwide in the last decade because of its multiple benefitsviz. energy security, employment generation, reduced burden of oilimports and lower local and global emissions. Jatropha (Jatropha cur-cas) is considered is one of the best species among large number ofoil yielding species identified in India, due to its multiple benefits andwide adaptability. The sensitivity analysis to assess the returns to farm-ers shows that they may get good returns (Rs 20,000/ha/yr) if theyield level is 5 t/ha and Rs 5/ kg to Rs 8/ kg seed price of Jatropha,comparable to other agricultural crops under rainfed conditions. Theeconomics of all components has strong effect on the economic via-bility of other systems as well as overall cost of production and thefinal price of biodiesel. Besides these, there are several technical issueslike availability of elite planting material, standardisation of agronomicpractices for various agroclimatic conditions, technology and scale of


International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Oral Presentation Abstracts 37oil processing, certification and warranty of vehicles and R& D needs.The marketing of biodiesel does not seem to be a problem but mar-keting and management of byproducts decline economic viability andneed to be addressed for start. Policy issues like identification ofwasteland and their availability for plantation, minimum supportprice/buy back guarantee of seeds and central and state governmenttax policies etc. are analyzed here critically for the success of biodieselprogramme in India.

South American Perspective. Luiz Pereira Ramos,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil.

The concept of producing biodiesel from renewable lipid sourcesregained international attention within the last few decades. In Brazil,the current biodiesel national program was launched in 2004 to eval-uate its technical, economic and environmental competitiveness inrelation to the commercially available diesel oil. According to the pro-gram timetable, all diesel oil used in Brazil will be mixed with 2%biodiesel by 2008, permitting its use in diesel engines without modifi-cation. In 2013 the mandatory percentage of biodiesel will rise to 5%,opening a minimum demand of nearly 2 million liters per year. Today,soybeans are the only oil-bearing material that could possibly supportthis national demand but many other options are been considered,such as sunflower, cottonseeds, Jatropha curcas, canola, palm, castor,among others. The biodiesel program is expected to lower pollution,promote family farming and social inclusion, and reduce the country’sdependence on imported diesel oil. In this context, this paper will pro-vide an update on the current status of the Brazilian NationalProgram as well as a critical overview of what is ahead in its develop-ment and implementation.

Closing Keynote: Oils and Fats: Supply, Demand, andBiodiesel. F. Gunstone, Scottish Crop Research Institute, 3Dempster Court, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9EU, Scotland.

To man’s basic need for food and water we add the almost equal-ly important demand for shelter (clothing and housing) and for ener-gy. For many centuries clothing was obtained from animals (furs, skins,wool, silkworms) or from plants (cotton). Energy came, first from ani-mals (hence the unit of horse power) and then from natural forces inthe form of wind or flowing water (windmills and water wheels) andof burning vegetation (mainly wood). Materials were mined (metals)or came from the forest or woodland (timber).

The availability of fossil fuel and the industrial revolution areclosely linked. During the 20th century mankind remained dependenton coal and developed an increasing dependency on oil and gas. Thesesolid, liquid, and gaseous fuels now supply our need for heating, light-ing, transport, and energy directly or through the production of elec-tricity as an easily portable and universal form of power.

In the 21st century we are perhaps at another tuning point in therelation between man and his environment. Dependence on the fos-sil fuels has come under scrutiny for reasons of cost, local availability,adequacy of supply, and the atmospheric consequences of burning fos-sil fuels in such large amounts. All this comes at a time when popula-tion increase (still likely to rise by another 3 billion before it levelsout) and rising incomes together produce an exponential demand forfood and for energy. Energy sources come in various forms but virtu-ally all of it comes from the sun. In non-renewable terms photosyn-thetic energy has provided the fossil fuels, in renewable terms it pro-vides winds, waves, and all agricultural products. Since biodiesel is partof this last group it is worth noting how inefficiently we exploit thephotosynthetic process. More solar energy strikes the earth in onehour than all the global fossil fuels provide in a whole year.

Traditionally the agricultural industry has provided food, feed,and fabrics. Now we must add a fourth – food, feed, fabrics, and fuel.Currently biofuels consist primarily of bioethanol from appropriatesources of carbohydrate and of biodiesel from a range of oilseeds andoil-rich fruits. Some years from now (how many?) these will be sup-plemented or superseded by second generation biofuels. Bothbioethanol and biodiesel are obtained for the most part from cropsthat could be used (and are needed) as food or from non-food cropswhich, though themselves not edible, nevertheless compete with foodcrops for land and water supplies.

Supply and demand influence stocks and prices and these topicswill be addressed as at 2007. Important factors are raising both sup-ply and demand but these are not in healthy balance and the effect isalready becoming apparent in escalating prices which will pull suppliesupwards and demand downward until some sort of balance isachieved. But at what cost? Biofuels—both bioethanol and biodieselare disturbing traditional markets. They are the gold rush of the pres-ent decade and like any other gold rush there will be some who strikeit rich and many who fail.

Poster AbstractsPoster presentations will be on display for the duration of theCongress. Visit with authors during program breaks.

Life Cycle and Sustainability1. Used Rape Oil as Base for Lubricating Oils.Bronislaw Buczek1 and Pawel Stawarz2, 1Cracow University ofEconomics, Faculty of Commodity Science, Sienkiewicza St. 5,31-510 Cracow, Poland, 2ORLEN OIL Sp. z o.o., Armii KrajowejSt. 19, 30-150 Cracow, Poland.

The properties of commercial rape oil applied for thermal treat-ment of food in the gastronomical enterprise and of the same oil afterthe process (used oil) were studied. From the point of view of theapplicability of this oil in lubrication processes it should be stated thatthe iodine value is decreasing, whereas the content of saturated fattyacids, density and kinematics viscosity at 40 and 100°C are increasing.The changes of the properties of rape oils during the frying processare so small that from the point of view of the lubrication require-ments these oils may be used for production of the lubricating oilsdesigned for totally open lubricating systems, where the temperaturesof work of the lubricant do not exceed 80°C.

Particularly advantageous seems to be the application of theused rape oil as an additive to mineral oil bases. For instance, thehydraulic oil with 30% rape oil, containing 62% monounsaturatedacids will fulfil the DIN 51524 standard, in respect to resistance tooxidation (at 95°C, 1000h). Moreover its acid value (AV) will notincrease more than to 2 mg KOH/g, while the acid number of the usedrape oil is equal to 0.66 mg KOH/g. The addition of rape oil of about60% content of C18:1 makes possible the limitation of the use of rhe-ology modifiers, because rape oils have the viscosity of about 200,while the hydraulic oil containing about 30% m/m of rape oils has theviscosity of about 135, and the mineral oil -95.

2. Life Cycle Assessment of Soybean BiodieselCoupled to a Sugarcane-Ethanol Plant. Simone Pereirade Souza1 and Claudinei Andreoli2, 1Universidade Federal doParaná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. 2Embrapa Soja, CP 231, Londrina,PR, CEP 86001-970, Brazil.

As the world’s largest producer of ethanol and second soybeanproduction, Brazil has embarked upon a strategy to promote and toencourage biodiesel production and consumption. Many countries aredesperately seeking alternative renewable fuels and in this regardethanol and soybean oil-based biodiesel are the leading alternatives.The objective of this work was to estimate the life cycle of biodieseland GHG savings in the United States and Brazil when the biodieselproduction is coupled to an ethanol plant. Three data were used –two from the USA, Hill et al. (2006) and Pimentel and Patzek (2005),and one from soybean production Embrapa/Brazil. The renewableenergy used to convert soybean oil into biodiesel was supplied by thebagasse of the cane. The use of bagasse yields 146%, 32% and 111%more energy than the conventional biodiesel production, respective-ly. Relative to the fossil fuels they displace, GHG emissions arereduced, on average by 32%. The energy of the bagasse from anethanol-plant was environmentally and economically efficient forbiodiesel production.

3. A Life Cycle Assessment of Potential BiodieselCrops in the UK. Susan J. O’Mahony and N. Keith Tovey,School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia,Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.

Current feedstock seed oils for biodiesel production requireextensive application of agricultural chemicals and can lead to soildegradation. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) provides an alternative feed-stock oilseed, and grows well in temperate climates with a loweragrochemical requirement than conventional oilseed crops. The hempplant also provides a range of co-products that have significant com-mercial value for fibre and pharmaceutical products. The life cycleimpact of biodiesel from hemp oil is assessed and compared withrapeseed oil biodiesel and fossil diesel reference systems, measuringthe impact on climate change of producing and using the differentfuels, with particular reference to the carbon dioxide and energy bal-ances. In addition, the potential of hemp as a biodiesel feedstock cropin the United Kingdom is explored from an economic perspective.

4. Sustainability Assessment for Biomass ValorisationProjects: Application to First Generation BiofuelsProduction. Anne-Lise Fevre1,2, Jean-Marc Brignon1, andNicolas Buclet2, 1INERIS (Institut National de l’EnvironnementIndustriel et des Risques), Parc Technologique ALATA. BP No.2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; 2Université de Technologiede Troyes, France.This project aims to develop a decision support system to assess thesustainability of research and development projects that are submit-ted to the “Industry and Agroressources” (IAR) French cluster. Thiscluster hosts biomass valorisation projects for the biofuels, biomole-cules and biomaterials sectors. It is based in the Picardie andChampagne-Ardenne regions.

The tool developed here is based on sustainability developmentindicators. Those indicators correspond to sustainability criteria rele-vant to the IAR cluster. They are used to analyse the submitted R&Dprojects characteristics. Our method follows a life cycle analysisapproach (“cradle to grave”).

This tool will enable the IAR cluster to select R&D projects thatare in accordance with its sustainability “vision” and objectives. It willbe tested on a biorefinery and biofuel production site. This will pro-vide the IAR cluster with a first specific biofuel sustainability analysisand give elements for further development.

Feedstock Supply1. Evaluation of Tea Seed Oil for the Production ofBiodiesel. Pinar Ilhan and Selma Türkay, Istanbul TechnicalUniversity, Chemical Engineering Dept., 34469 Maslak, Istanbul,Turkey.

The tea seed oil is a by-product of the tea industry. The tea plant(Camellia sinensis) , cultivated mainly for its leaves is a perennial, ever-green shrub, and produces large seeds which contain approximately 30% of oil.The seeds of the other genera of Camellia , C. sasanqua or japon-ica which are planted for their oils as well, have oil contents up to 60%. Camellia or tea seed oil is a high quality edible oil with a unique fla-vor and taste, and good storage stability. Being a high-oleic, medium-linoleic, and low linolenic acid oil, and having a high antioxidant content,tea seed oil is a “good” feedstock for biodiesel production as well. Inthis study, tea seed oil and its mixtures with sunflower, rapeseed, andsoybean oils were used as biodiesel feedstocks in order to determineits effects on the properties of biodiesel produced, showing that teaseed oil adjust not only the iodine values of the biodiesels but also theoxidation stabilities when mixed with the other oils.

38 Poster Abstracts 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

2. Effects of the Production Processes on theComposition of the Turkish Rapeseed Oil. SadetErsungur, M. Göktug Ahunbay, and Selma Türkay*, IstanbulTechnical University, Chemical Engineering Dept. 34469Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.

The major oilseeds cultivated in Turkey are sunflower and cotton-seeds. Almost all of the oils produced from these oilseeds are con-sumed for edible oil purposes. As a consequence of the recent increasein biodiesel production capacity, rapeseed production in Turkey hasincreased as well, especially over the past two years. Being a new oilcrop, a detailed study on the compositions of the rapeseed oil pro-duced by mechanical expression and solvent extraction was per-formed, and the effects of different seed pretreatment methods on thechemical properties of the oils, such as, oxidation stability, phospho-rous, free fatty acids and wax content, which are all very important fac-tors for a biodiesel feedstock, were determined. In this presentation,after presenting a brief description on the present biodiesel industry inTurkey, the compositions of rapeseed oils obtained will be discussedfrom the standpoint of there suitability as biodiesel feedstocks.

3. Risk Assessment for the Biodiesel Production fromPossibly BSE Contaminated Fat. Martin Mittelbach1,Bernd Pokits1, Henrik Müller2, Mario Müller1, and DetlevRiesner2, 1Institut für Chemie, Karl-Franzens Universität Graz,Graz, Austria, 2Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Animal fats have proved to be excellent sources for biodiesel dueto their high cetane number and good stability. Large amounts of fatfrom so-called high-risk material, possibly contaminated with infectiousprions, are available for biodiesel production. The grade of destructionof prions during the biodiesel production process, including pre-ester-ification with conc. sulfuric acid followed by KOH-catalyzed transester-ification, was studied. The starting material of the different productionsteps was spiked with purified and highly infectious prion rods, and thedestruction of these prions was determined by gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) and Western blot. During all experiments, no traces of pri-ons could be detected after the different reaction steps. Based on thesedata, a complete and unequivocal risk assessment regarding the indus-trial process of biodiesel production was carried out, leading to a cal-culated overall risk of 5.8 ? 10–15 ID50 units/person and year, whichmeans that a hypothetical BSE contamination from biodiesel is morethan 109 times lower than the background risk. The potential of the useof rendered fat in Europe will be discussed.

4. Purification of Used Frying Oil for Production ofBiodiesel. Bronislaw Buczek, Cracow University ofEconomics, Faculty of Commodity Science, 31-510 Cracow,Poland.

Almost all currently used technologies of conversion of veg-etable oils into the fuels for Diesel engines require the raw materialsof high quality, among the others of a high content of triglycerides. Theclassical method of obtaining methyl esters of fatty acids is based onthe alkaline catalyzed transesterification. It suffers many disadvan-tages. First of all this process proceeds too slowly and stops beforethe end. Moreover it can not be used in the case of substrates of ahigh content of free fatty acids, which neutralize the alkaline solutionand form soaps.

Recently new technologies have been introduced, which makepossible the conversion of used edible oils and waste animal fats tothe fuel appropriate for Diesel engines, following all requirements ofenvironmental protection and economical improvement. In all casesthese technologies require the substrates derived from oils or wastefats of definite physical and chemical properties.

The changes of the properties of the substrate made from theused rape oil after treatment with mixture of adsorbents (active car-bon, magnesium silicate) were studied in this work. The obtained resultsare compared with the quality requirements for the substrates used inthe Vogel & Noot technology of transesterification of oils and fats.

5. Screening of Tropical Microalgae for CellularLipids for use as a Biodiesel Feedstock. Jeffrey Obbard,Sivaloganathan Balasubramaniam, Marvin Montefrio, and ThiThaiYen Doan, Tropical Marine Science Institute, NationalUniversity of Singapore, 14 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 11923,Singapore.

Cultivated microalgae are an important source of food for humansand animals, and yield a wide range of chemical compounds, such as thephycocolloids, used in industry, food technology and pharmaceuticals.Algae have also been targeted as a source of lipid feedstock forbiodiesel production. Under optimized culture conditions, algae canproduce up to 20 times the amount of lipid-oils than the most produc-tive of terrestrial species, the oil palm Elaeis guineensis. Here, we high-light the work being undertaken at the Tropical Marine ScienceInstitute, Singapore to screen locally isolated strains of marine microal-gae for cellular lipid content using a Nile-red staining technique in con-junction with fluorescence spectrophotometry and flow cell cytome-try. We also present data on the potential of chemical stressors toboost cellular lipid content, together with comparative date on cellularlipid extraction methods. An overview of genomic and biomoleculartechniques for enhancing lipid yield in microalgae is also presented.

6. Production and Characterization of Biodieselmade from Jatropha Oil. Jong-Du Choi, Ji-Yeon Park, Soon-Chil Park and Jin-Suk Lee*, Bioenergy Research Center, KIER,71-2 Jang-dong Yuseong-ku Daejeon 305-343, Republic ofKorea.

As world-wide biodiesel production is increasing rapidly, strongconcerns over a stable supply of raw materials have been raised.Jatropha oil is considered to be a promising resource for biodieselbecause the oil is non-edible. Unlike other plant oils, however,Jatropha oil typically has a high free fatty acid (FFA) content.Accordingly, it should be pretreated to remove the FFA before thetransesterification using alkaline catalysts. The pre-esterification ofFFA using solid acid catalysts have been performed to convert the FFAto their corresponding methyl esters. The alkali transesterificationusing the pretreated oil also was carried out to produce the biodiesel.In this work, the effects of various operating parameters such as cat-alyst loading and the ratio of methanol to the feedstocks on the yieldsof the esterification and the transesterification steps reported. Thefuel properties of Jatropha methyl esters also have been characterizedin this work.

7. Production and Using of Biodiesel in Albania, aConcrete Opportunity for Increasing of EnergyEfficiency, Protection of Environment and Developingof Several Important Branches of Economy. StavriDhima, Ministry of Economy Trade and Energy, SkanderbejSquare, No.2, Tirana, Albania.

Despite the role and contribution of petroleum energy sourcesto the economic and social development of a country (in Albania theyaccount for up to 65% of the energy balance), and the fact that Albaniaimports > 50% of its oil products, which can increase in the future,and taking into consideration that these products are the main con-tributors to environmental pollution, it has been decided to considerthe possibility of producing and using alternative fuels such asbiodiesel in Albania.

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Poster Abstracts 39

The production and use of biodiesel in Albania, for which con-crete project-proposals are presented, will have a positive impact onseveral important branches of the economy, where except direct roleon security of alternative energy sources and on the improvement ofthe energy efficiency and environmental situation. Such activity alsowill influence the agriculture and forestry sector, and will bring intoproduction unproductive and/or set-aside land as well.

On this point of view, it is consider a real and profitable oppor-tunity for the Albanian economy, the before long development of bio-fuel activity and especially the cultivation of energy plants, productionand use of biodiesel, for which we are preparing and establishing thenecessary legal and technical framework.

8. Direct Free Fatty Acids Esterification in WasteCooking Oils: Role of Ion-Exchange Resins. Nalan Özbay,Nuray Oktar*, and N. Alper Tapan, Gazi University, Faculty ofEngineering & Architecture, Chemical Engineering, Department06570 Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey.

Since oil cost is the primary factor in biodiesel production [1],cheaper substitutes such as waste cooking oils (WCO) can be pre-ferred alternative feedstocks. Despite the economic advantage ofWCO, their high free fatty acid content (FFA) should be minimized byacid catalyzed esterification before conversion to biodiesel. Solidacidic catalysts have been used because of their benefits not only inselectivity but also they simplify biodiesel separation processes [2]. Inthis study, the activity of acidic ion-exchange resins [Amberlyst-15 (A-15), Amberlyst-35 (A-35), Amberlyst-16 (A-16) and Dowex HCR-W2]in esterification of the FFA in greases were compared in the temper-ature range of 50-60°C. The effect of amount of catalyst (1- 2 wt %)used on FFA esterification also was examined. It was observed that;FFA conversion increased with increasing reaction temperature andcatalyst amount. In addition, the catalytic activity (A-15>A-35>A-16>Dowex HCR-W2) of the resins closely parallel the magnitudetheir ion exchange capacity.

References1. Noordam, M., Withers, R., Producing biodiesel from canola in theinland northwest: an economic feasibility study. Idaho AgriculturalExperiment Station Bulletin No. 785, University of Idaho, College ofAgricultural, Moscow, ID, 1996.2. Tejero, J., Cunill, F., Izquierdo, J.F., Iborra, M., Parra, D., Scope and lim-itations of mechanistic inferences from kinetic studies on acidicmacroporous resins. The MTBE liquid-phase synthesis case, AppliedCatalysis A: General, 134, 21-36.

9. Synthesis and Properties of Biodiesel and ItsAdditives from Hempseed Oil. M. Jure, I. Mierina, R.Serzane, M. Strele, I. Vanaga and T. Paeglis, Faculty of MaterialScience and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Latvia.

Different derivatives of fatty acids (methyl esters, epoxidized andozonated oil/esters) were synthesized from the inexpensive butunused (in Europe) feedstock - hempseed oil. Hemp biodiesel has ahigher iodine value than rapeseed oil biodiesel.. Therefore, the oxida-tive stability of hemp biodiesel was evaluated by monitoring of perox-ide values and characterized by calculated theoretical Rancimat induc-tion period, which indicated that hemp biodiesel was comparable withrapeseed biodiesel. It was found out that addition of 0.1-0.2% of BHTor TBHQ to hemp biodiesel is enough to reach oxidative stability setby standard LVS EN 14214. In order to fulfill standard requirements,mixtures of hemp oil with more saturated oils (e.g., waste palm oilused for cooking) can be utilized for synthesis of biodiesel. The influ-ence of ozonated and epoxidized hemp oil and its methyl esters onoxidative stability, flash point, viscosity and cold flow properties ofbiodiesel also were studied.

10. Biodiesel from Aloe vera. P.S. Nagar1, S. Desai2, B. Patel1and M. Daniel1, 1Department of Botany, 2Department ofChemistry, Faculty of Science, Maharaja Sayajirao University ofBaroda, India.

Aloe vera has been used as a cosmetic and medicanal remedysince ancient times and has gained increasing popularity in recentyears. Today, mostly the Aloe gel from the center of the leaves isprocessed. The gel primarily consists of polysaccharides to whichmost medicanal properties are attributed. Despite its widespread use,reports on biodiesel from Aloe vera seed oil (AVSO) are lacking. Thepresent papers deals with: the composition of AVSO; the propertiesof AVSO; and the feasibility of making biodiesel from AVSO.

The percentage of Aloe vera seed oil varies between 20-22% ofthe seed weight. In the AVSO the unsaturated fatty acids are approx-imately 87% with saturated fatty acids accounting for approximately12% of the total fatty acids. The high unsaturated fatty acid content ofAVSO imparts the properties of low melting point and low viscosity.AVSO properties are quite similar to that of sunflower oil with linole-ic and oleic acid accounting for 90% of the unsaturated fatty acids.

11. Fill Her Up: Testing 100% Biodiesel in AgriculturalTractors. Glen R. Cauffman1 and Paul Trella2, 1College ofAgricultural Sciences, Penn State University, Pennsylvania, USA;2New Holland Agricultural Tractors, USA.

A collaborative biofuel demonstration project involving PennState’s College of Agricultural Sciences and machinery manufacturerNew Holland is attracting worldwide attention and appears to haveramifications for the makers and users of all types of diesel-poweredequipment. We are currently using straight biodiesel, B100, to powerthree New Holland tractors. The equipment is being used in standardfarm operations and with regular maintenance schedules, but withadditional intensive monitoring to learn as much as we can. The goalis to discover what owners of diesels can expect when they chooseto be independent of petroleum (without imported oil tankers). PennState Cooperative Extension will disseminate information generatedfrom the demonstration project.

Using straight biofuel to power the tractors is the culmination ofa process the College of Agricultural Sciences began about five yearsago, when Penn State began an aggressive program to reduce green-house gas emissions and reliance on imported oil. This year our entirediesel fleet, including tractors, trucks, buses and cars, is using B20. Wehave also converted our equipment fleet, including elevators through-out campus, to biobased hydraulic oil, saving clean-up costs and ben-efiting the environment.

12. Effects of Catalyst Concentration and AlcoholMolar Ratio on the Transesterification of UnrefinedPeanut Oil. Anna Leticia M.T. Pighinelli1, Kil J. Park1, and AnaM. Rauen Miguel2, 1School of Agricultural Engineering, StateUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6011, 13083-875Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Institute of Food Technology(ITAL), Avenida Brasil 2880 cep 13073-178 Campinas - SP,Brazil.

The broad Brazilian agricultural areas associated with the viableeconomical production of biodiesel, require a regionalization of grainproduction as well as a selection of readily available oilseed crops.Peanut is employed as a rotation crop in association with sugarcane,which is used as a raw material for ethanol production. The State ofSao Paulo is number one in peanut and ethanol production among theBrazilian states. Although ethanol is a cleaner alternative option, fortransesterification reactions methanol is preferred because of its high-er reactivity. The objective of this work was to study the transesteri-fication of unrefined peanut oil with ethanol and methanol. The unre-fined oil was obtained with the aid of a small mechanical expelling


equipment. The expelling and transesterification reactions were car-ried out supported by an adequate experimental design. The highestester yields obtained were 83.37% and 97.01% for ethanol andmethanol, respectively when using the following transesterificationparameters: 0.79% of catalyst concentration and a 9.84 of molar ratioof alcohol.

13. Enhancement of Oil Recovery from JatrophaCurcas L. (Ratanjot) on a Hydraulic Press UsingEnzymatic Pre-Treatment. Durgesh Nandini and RamKrishna Pandey, Post Harvest Process and Food EngineeringDepartment, College of Technology, Govind Ballabh PantUniversity of Agriculture and Technology PANTNAGAR,263145 (U.S.Nagar ), Uttarakhand, India.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of enzymaticpre-treatment on oil recovery from Jatropha curcas L. (Ratanjot) on ahydraulic press. The experiments were conducted using the full facto-rial design. Five levels of enzyme concentration, five levels of pressureand five levels of holding time were taken as independent parameters.The sample weight was kept constant for all the experiments. Theresults shows that at a pressure 19.09 MPa oil expressed (%) increas-es at a faster rate with increase in enzyme concentration up to about30 mg/100 g dm but thereafter there is a reduced rate of increase inoil expression. It may be due to the fact that above enzyme concen-tration is sufficient to break all the cellulose molecules present in cellmembrane. There was an increase in oil yield of about 0.6% when thesamples were treated with enzyme. The increase in oil yield goes onincreasing at a rate of about 0.97%, 1.31%, 0.8% and 0.5%by increas-ing the enzyme concentration. So at the enzyme concentration ofabout 50 mg/100 g dm the oil yield increase by 4.18% as compared tothe untreated samples. The oil expressed increases with increase inholding time and pressure. Slope of the lower part of the curve ismore as compared to the upper part indicating higher rate of oilexpression up to about 15 min. of holding time. The maximum oilexpressed at 10 mg/100 g dm enzyme concentration, 34.4 M Pa pres-sure and 25 min. holding time was about 87.484% of available oil.Similar trends were observed at other enzyme concentrations with amaximum oil recovery of about 88.323%, 89.469%, 90.159% and90.594% of the available oil.

14. An Inexpensive Feedstock for BiodieselProduction from Fishery Processing Discards and By-Products. A.N.A. Aryee1, F. van de Voort1, M.O. Ngadi2,andB.K. Simpson1, 1Department of Food Science and AgriculturalChemistry, 2Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGillUniversity (Macdonald Campus), 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste.Anne de Bellevue, H9X 3V9 Que., Canada.

Growing demand for oils and fats as a result of increasingbiodiesel production can be expected to dynamically affect the supplyof these feedstocks. To sustain biodiesel production will thereforerequire widening of the feedstock base to include not only food cropsbut also by-products and discards from livestock and fish processingplants. This study was conducted to assess the potential of fish pro-cessing discards as feedstock for biodiesel production via enzymatictransesterification. This approach is expected to expand the useful-ness of fish processing by-products and also create new and or alter-native uses. A suitable bioconversion process was developed toaddress the high variability of seafood by-products. The choice of fishsamples were based on their availability and predicted higher oil con-tent. The suitability of lipases in carrying out enzymatic transesterifi-cation was also investigated. Oil from fish processing discards holdsenormous potential as a great step forward towards broadening thefeedstock-base for biodiesel production, supplement realization of anenergy sustainable society, and improve environmental protection.

The availability of sufficient supplies of low-cost fish processing dis-cards will also provide competitive feedstock supply.

ReferencesMeher, L. C., Sagar, D. V. and Naik, S. N. (2006). Technical aspects of

biodiesel production by transesterification - a review. Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews. 10: 248-268.

The biodiesel handbook. (2005). Ed. Knothe, G., Krahl, J. and Gerpen,J. V. AOCS Press.

Zhang, R. and El-Mashad, M. (2007). Biodiesel and Biogas productionfrom seafood processing by-products; In: Maximising the value ofmarine by-product. (Shahidi, F. eds). Chapter 22: 460-482.

AcknowledgementsThe study was funded by the Natural Sciences & Engineering

Research Council of Canada (NSERC Discovery Grants).

New ProductionTechnologies1. Effect of MTBE as a Co-Solvent on Trans -esterification of Sunflower Oil. Lourdes Rodríguez, ÁngelPérez, María Jesús Ramos, Abraham Casas, and Carmen MaríaFernández, Chemical Engineering Dept., Institute for Chemicaland Environmental Technologies, University of Castilla-LaMancha, Avd. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.

Biodiesel produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils isa promising alternative fuel to diesel regarding the limited resourcesof fossil fuel and the environmental concerns. The transesterificationreaction is limited by the low solubility of the oil in the alcohol. In thiswork, the addition of a co-solvent to create a single phase has beenproposed, accelerating the reaction so that it reaches substantial com-pletion in a few minutes. In order to avoid an additional complexity ofrecovering the co-solvent, one with a boiling point near that of thealcohol has been used. MTBE is a good co-solvent for this purposebecause its boiling point is close to that of methanol and can be co-distilled with it. MTBE as a co-solvent allowed to reach a methyl estercontent of 96.9 % at 2 minutes, whereas in the transesterificationwithout co-solvent the methyl ester content at the same time wasnot within specifications, according to standard EN 14214.

2. VO(acac)2: Homogeneous and HeterogeneousSystem for Transesterification of Soybean Oil. MárciaMartinelli1, Cíntia Salomão Pinto Zarth1, Jorge Luiz SilveiraSonego3, Márcia Elisa Boscato Gomes2, 1Instituto de Química,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2Institutode Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91505-970, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil,3Faculdade de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia,Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua RivadáviaCorrea 825, 97573-011, Santana do Livramento, RS Brazil.

In the production of biodiesel catalytic homogeneous acid orbasic such as sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide, are widely used. Suchcatalysts generate a lot of watery residue from the neutralizationprocess, can confer undesirable characteristic to the final product andcausing corrosion in the engines. Homogeneous metallic complexescatalysts have been tested as alternative to eradicate these problems.The main goal in our research is to test metallic complexes for oleo-chemical reactions. In this work, we are interested on the reactivity ofVO(acac)2 complex for transesterification reaction on soybean oil andthe reactivity of this complex supported on celadonite clay, from


Ametista do Sul region at Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The conver-sion and selectivity obtained for the homogeneous system wereabout 15%. The work on the supported material and the comparisonbetween them will be discussed.

3. Biodiesel Made with Sugar Catalyst—A NovelGreen Production Method? Bernd A. Nebel, JoonasAuvinen, and Martin Mittelbach, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz,Austria.

The appearance of the article “Biodiesel made with sugar cata-lyst” in the “Nature” (M. Toda et al., (2005), 438, 178) prompted us toevaluate pros and cons of this promising method. The sugar catalystwas produced by pyrolysis of glucose and sucrose at a temperature of400°C. Afterwards a sulphonation step with sulphuric acid was car-ried out. The sugar catalyst was tested according to literature for theesterification of free fatty acids. The advantage is the cheap matrix ofthe catalyst out of different renewable feedstocks. However, the great-est disadvantage is the very huge amount of sulphuric acid which isneeded for the sulphonation step. This amount is significantly higherthan the direct use of sulphuric acid for esterification.

So all in all, it could be shown that the published method doesnot have any advantage over the common direct esterification withconc. sulphuric acid.

4. Biocatalysis by Immobilized Lipases like anAlternative Technology to Produce Biodiesel. LauraFernández, Enrique Rosenbaum, and Graciela Pérez, ChemicalEngineering Dept., Comahue University, Buenos Aires 1400-CP(8300)- Neuquén, Buenos Aires 1400 -CP (8300)- Neuquén,Argentina.

The ever increasing demand for fuel oil by emerging third worldcountries has made the production of clean burning alternative fuelssuch as biodiesel an imperative.

Typical technologies for biodiesel production use alkali-hydrox-ides as catalysts. Soap formation, however, is often encountered withthese processes. This often results in the need for large volumes ofwater during further biodiesel processing thus rendering this type oftechnology impractical in many locals. Technological advances in bio-transformation makes the use of immobilized lipases as a catalyst aviable option.

Lipase reactions were carried out using a batch reactor betweensunflower oil, absolute ethanol and Lipozyme IM®20. Process variablesaffecting biodiesel synthesis that were analyzed included: alcohol/oil(A/O) molar ratio; quantity of water added; lipase/substrate (E/S)ratio; method of alcohol addition; and reaction temperature.Triacyglycerol (TAG) conversion (XT), biodiesel yield, and percentageof secondary products produced with time also were evaluated.

For the selected reaction conditions of -3:1 as (A/O) molar ratio,absolute alcohol, 10% E/S ratio, six alcohol additions, at 55°C reactiontemperature- the best value of XT and yield were 100% conversionand 90%, respectively. The increased yields along with a higher qualityproduct are indicative of this biocatalytic process being a viable tech-nology for producing biodiesel

5. A New Concept for Production of Biofuels: ABiorefinery Based on an Integrated Study ofOptimizations in Cultivation, Collection andProduction of Rape for Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Bio, andBiohydrogen. Lene Fjerbæk, Knowledge Centre of MembraneTechnology, Institute of Chemical-, Bio and EnvironmentalTechnology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.

Biofuels are today in focus worldwide due to decreasing fossilfuel resources and higher reliance on countries who supply fossil

fuel.1,2 This combined with the need to reduce global warming fromCO2-emissions makes biofuels important, as biodiesel and bioethanolcan be used in the current transport sector. Present production prizefor rape seed biodiesel is 0,5 _/L, with a potential decrease to 0,20_/L.3 The current prize is the obstacle for increased production andmarket shares.

A whole crop biorefinery will optimize the production of biofu-els to lower product costs. Rape serves as model crop for productionof biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas and biohydrogen. New productiontechnologies such as enzymes as catalysts for biodiesel, membraneextraction for bioethanol and fermentation of pentoses for biohydro-gen are included in the study.The poster focuses on biodiesel where the present key step is theoptimization of transesterification above the cost of raw materials.4

1 Commission of the European Communities, Biomass Action plan,COM(2005) 6282 A. Demirbas, Progress and recent trends in biofuels, Progress EnergyCombus Sci 33 (2007) 1-183 E. van Thuijl, C.J. Roos, L.W.M. Beurskens, An Overview of BiofuelTechnologies, Markets andPolicies in Europe, ECN-C—03-008, January 20034 F. Ma, M.A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: A review, Bioresour. Technol.70 (1999) 1-15

6. A New Pretreatment Method for Biodiesel FuelProduction from Trap Grease. Hidetoshi Kuramochi1, Ki-InChoi1, Masahiro Osako1, Kouji Maeda2, Kazuo Nakamura3, andShin-ichi Sakai4, 1Research Center for Material Cycles andWaste Management, National Institute for EnvironmentalStudies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan,2School of Mechanical System Engineering, EnvironmentalEnergy Engineering Group, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha,Himeji, Hyogo 671-2201, Japan, 3Kyoto City Office, Teramachi-Oike, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto, Japan, 4EnvironmentPreservation Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi,Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

Trap grease generally contains large amounts of free fatty acids(FFAs) and moisture. FFAs and water must be removed from thegrease since these components serve as an inhibitor for biodiesel fuel(BDF) production. In this study, we proposed a solvent extractionmethod to remove water and simultaneously extract FFAs and triglyc-erides from trap grease. Using a trap grease model composed ofwater, palmitic acid and triolein, the dehydration degree and recoveryratio by the solvent extraction were examined. Furthermore, effectsof the extraction solvent on BDF yield and esterification rate in acid-esterification of the extracted palmitic acid and triolein mixture withmethanol were also examined. From a series of the examinations, thepretreatment proposed here was considered to be useful and power-ful as the pretreatment method for BDF production from trap grease.

7. Purification of Biodiesel with Magnesium SilicateAdsorbent Treatment. Brian S. Cooke, The Dallas GroupSpecialty Adsorbents, USA.

Adsorbent purification of mono-alkyl esters (biodiesel) with syn-thetic magnesium silicate (MAGNESOL®, Dallas Group of America,Inc.) was compared to the method of washing with water followed bydrying (water wash method). Mono-alkyl esters derived from crudesoybean, yellow grease and rapeseed feedstocks were utilized in thecomparison.

Methyl esters were produced in separate batches from crudesoybean oil and yellow grease feedstocks in the pilot plant reactor atthe Biomass Energy CONversion Facility (BECON) in Nevada, IA byIowa State University. The methyl esters were separated from the


glycerin and the excess methanol was flash evaporated. A portion ofthe yellow grease and the soybean methyl esters were then waterwashed and dried and another portion was treated and filtered withsynthetic magnesium silicate.

Methyl esters derived from rapeseed oil were provided byUniversity of Idaho. The esters had been separated from the glycerinand the excess ethanol was removed. A portion of the rapeseed ethylesters was water washed and dried and another portion was treatedand filtered with synthetic magnesium silicate. The water washing andadsorbent treatments were performed in the laboratory.

Soybean Methyl Esters: The resulting biodiesel from both sec-tions was able to meet the specifications that were tested. However,the adsorbent treated biodiesel contained a lower soap and sodiumcontent than the water washed and dried sample. The oxidative sta-bility of the washed and dried methyl ester was only 0.2 hours com-pared to 3.7 hours for the treated biodiesel.

Yellow Grease Methyl Esters: The adsorbent treated samplepassed all of the specifications that were tested, while the waterwashed sample did. Once again the magnesium silicate treatedbiodiesel showed a significant improvement in oxidative stability (4.3hours) when compared to the water washed and dried sample (0.2hours).

Rapeseed Ethyl Esters: The magnesium silicate treated biodieselshowed a significant increase in oxidative stability (2.25 hours) whencompared to the water washed and dried sample (0.49 hours).

8. Selective Hydrogenation as a Valuable Tool for theProduction of High Quality Biodiesel. N. Ravasio1, F.Zaccheria1, P. Bondioli2, and L. Della Bella2, 1CNR-ISTM andUniversity of Milano, via G. Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy,2Stazione Sperimentale Oli e Grassi, via G. Colombo 79, 20133Milano, Italy.

Future expansion of biodiesel production will require the use ofvarious types of feedstocks. The use of alternative feedstocks, howev-er, can affect the quality of biodiesel and biodiesel blends that mustmeet international standards such as EN 14214 or ASTM D 6751.

This paper presents a description of a process that starting withseveral high iodine value (IV) vegetable oils or animal fats allows forthe preparation of a good quality biodiesel [1]. The process consistsof a direct esterification or transesterification step followed by aselective hydrogenation step that reduces the IV of the final biodieselproduct while avoiding an increase in the formation of saturated fattyacids. The selectivity of this hydrogenation step greatly improves theoxidative stability of the methyl esters without adversely affectingtheir cold temperature properties.

[1] Bondioli, P.; Ravasio, N.; Zaccheria, F.; Dom. Ital. Brev. nr.MI2005A000723 (21/04/2005); PCT/IT2006/000258 (18/04/2006)

9. Continuous Process for the Production ofBiodiesel in a Liquid-Liquid Film Reactor. Paulo CésarNarváez, Sandra Milena Rincóna, and Francisco José Sánchez,Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional deColombia, Cra 30 Calle 45, Edificio 412 Oficina 212. Bogotá D.C., Colombia.

In this work the use of a liquid-liquid film reactor for the contin-uous production of biodiesel was investigated. Oil flow, alcohol:oilratio, concentration of NaOH, free fatty acid (FFA) content and waterconcentration, were the variables studied. The residence time distri-butions (RTD) for the oil and alcohol were determined. This reactorallows benefiting from the high activity and the low cost of alkalinehomogeneous catalysts, avoiding the separation problems, emulsionand gel formation, because it creates interfacial area in a non disper-sive way. Conversions up to 98% and productivities up to 11 m3 ofbiodiesel per hour and m3 of reactor volume were obtained, and

reduction was not observed still when the oil acid value was 6 mgKOH/g and the water content in the reaction mixture was 0.9 wt%.The experimental data of the RTD appear to be a good fit into a dis-persion model for a tubular reactor.

10. An Overview of Biodiesel Process IntensificationResearch at Newcastle University (UK). A.P. Harvey andJ.G.M. Lee, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Brief summaries will be given of a range of ongoing projects atthe School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials atNewcastle University, all of which are concerned with producingbiodiesel in a more intensive manner.

The projects are: 1) Use of oscillatory baffled reactors [OBRs] inbiodiesel production: development of a portable biodiesel plants,based on laboratory-scale trials of this technology; 2) Reactive extrac-tion of biodiesel from rapeseed and jatropha using homogeneous andheterogeneous catalysts: a process to produce biodiesel directly fromseeds by direct reaction of macerated seeds with mixtures of alcoholsand catalysts; 3) Development of heterogeneous catalysts forbiodiesel production: the results of a range of studies on various can-didate catalysts, including various supported bases and metal oxidesfor transesterification, and 4) Biodiesel production from algae: a proj-ect to develop and evaluate efficient, inexpensive reactors for algaeproduction for biodiesel

11. Alternative Resources and Processes for theProduction of Biodiesel. Roland Verhé1, Camelia Echim1,Christian Stevens1, Wim DeGreyt2, and Sven Claeys3, 1GhentUniversity, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department ofOrganic Chemistry, Belgium; 2Desmet-Ballestra Zaventem,Belgium; 2Socfinco-Brussels, Belgium.

The economical commercialization of biodiesel produced fromvegetable oils is facing obstacles especially concerning the high manu-facturing costs due to high cost of the virgin vegetable oils and thecost of production. At this moment the major raw materials used forbiodiesel are food grade canola oil in the EU, soybean oil in North-South America and palm oil in South-East Asia.

In order to reduce raw materials costs, less expensive resourcesare used such as waste cooking and frying oils, rendered animal fats,and recovered oils and side-streams.

Newer technologies have been developed to use crude andwaste oils for their conversion into biodiesel.

A two-step-one-reaction process has been developed involving acombination of alkaline transesterification and acid esterification forthe conversion of crude oils and lipids into biodiesel that meets themajority of the EU-standards. In this presentation an overview will begiven describing the alternative processes for the conversion of non-refined oils and waste oils as illustrated by a number of case studiessuch as crude palm oil, animal fats, soapstocks, fatty acids as well asthe use of animal fat-derived biofuels for electricity production.

12. Exploring Innovative Catalytic Systems forBiodiesel Production. Soumitra Sharma, Institute ofTechnology, Banaras Hindu University, D-27, First Floor, Saket,New Delhi-110017, India.

There is a level of difficulty in separating transesterification cat-alysts such as sodium ethoxide and sodium isoproxide used in pro-ducing biodiesel from oil feedstocks due to the solubility of thesebasic catalysts in the final biodiesel solution. The goal of this work wasto design heterogeneous solid catalysts and biocatalysts with highturnover numbers, minimal wastes, long lifetime, good reusability andselectivity. Good examples of this are nanoporous solid catalysts, pro-duced by covalently attaching a series of transesterification catalystsonto the pore surface of an organically functionalized mesoporous sil-


ica nanosphere material. Oil transesterification has also been carriedout in the presence of a series NaX faujasite zeolite and ETS-10 zeo-lite catalysts. In addition, enzymatic catalysis, including porcine pancre-atic, yeast or mould lipases also can be used to catalyze transesterifi-cation in hexane solvent.. The use of supercritical methanol at a tem-perature of 350?C and 30 MPa pressure (with 42:1 alcohol to oilratio) doesn’t require an external catalyst.

13. Pretreatment of Vegetable Oil Using Ion-ExchangeResin and Biodiesel Production. Yeon Ki Hong1, Yun SukHuh2, Won Hi Hong2, Sung Woo Oh3, 1Dept. of Chemical andBiological Engineering, Chungju National University; 123,Geomdan-ri, Iryu-myeon, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-702,Korea;2Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KoreaAdvanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea; 33m SafetyDevelopment Co. Ltd., 566-5, Pung-dong, Chungju, Chungbuk,380-160, Korea.

Biodiesel is fatty acid alkyl ester produced by chemical reactionbetween vegetable oil or animal fat and alcohol. It is of interested asthe clean alternative energy for petro-diesel. In this study, strongacidic ion exchange resin was induced in pretreament process ofbiodiesel in order to remove the FFA (free fatty acid) from vegetableoil having high acid value. More than 90% FFA was removed fromcooking soybean oil and rapeseed oil by the pretreatment usingstrong acidic ion exchange resin. The removal efficiency of FFA by dry-form resins was higher than that by wet-form resins. After pretreat-ment, the maximum conversion of triglyceride into fatty acid methylester was 98%. These results can be applicable for the pretreatmentof biodiesel feedstocks having high acidic value.

14. Ethyl Ester Obtained from Turkish OriginatedCanola Oil and Fuel Ethanol as an Alternative DieselFuel. Asli Isler, Melek Tuter, and Filiz Karaosmanoglu, IstanbulTechnical University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Maslak34469, Istanbul, Turkey.

Biodiesel is one of the most important commercial biofuels forvehicles as well as being an environmentally friendly product. Accordingto the existing EN standards, biodiesel is defined as fatty acid methylesters but fatty acid ethyl esters can be used as alternative diesel fuels.Using ethanol for biodiesel production may have environmental andeconomic advantages. After 2010 in parallel with the application of vehi-cles with flexible fuels, it is thought that ethyl esters will take part asbiomotor fuels, too. The objective of this study was to investigate thereaction conditions for Turkey originated canola oil-domesticbioethanol transesterification reaction and to determine fuel proper-ties for the ester product. In laboratory studies, the effect of the changein the catalyst amount and reaction temperature on the ester contentwas investigated. The reaction conditions determined were: oil/alcoholmolar ratio, 1 : 1:6; reaction time,1 h; catalyst amount, 1 wt% NaOH(weight of oil); and reaction temperature, 70°C.

The fuel properties of the canola ethyl esters were determinedaccording to the EN standards and it is presented as an acceptablealternative diesel fuel.

15 Design and Fabrication of a MultifunctionBiodiesel Processor. A. Zenouzi and B. Ghobadian, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran.

Practical production by researchers working in bio-diesel labora-tories who are carrying out research work on new methods ofbiodiesel production and/or modification can be laborious and time-consuming. Evaporation of excess methanol also is required in exist-ing methods, which is a process that may cause respiratory disorder

and high reagent loss. In addition, the quality of bio-diesel produced inthese methods may also be low. Keeping in mind the lack of equip-ment needed to produce small amounts of high quality biodiesel, inthis research work an innovative multifunction bio-diesel processorwas designed and fabricated. This reactor design can produce 1–3liters of bio-diesel in every batch under a variety of mixing and wash-ing methods. Production of bio-diesel with this apparatus is very easyand the reactor design is flexible. All the processes are controlled byelectronic keys, magnetic tabs, or electronic sensors. The reactor con-figuration is small and easy to use and it is portable. Just one reactoris used for the transesterification and subsequent process activitiessuch as biodiesel washing and glycerol settling steps. Manufacturingcosts are low with this design and the reactor is a transparent glassvessel, which allows visual observation of reaction and process steps.This reactor design also can be used as an educational/instructionalaid to teach the different methods of biodiesel production to novicesand students. The evaporation and loss of methanol is very low withthis design and the equipment can be a main part of any biodiesel lab-oratory and biodiesel work shop.

16. Design, Fabrication, and Evaluation of a PatentBiodiesel Processor. A. Zenouzi and B. Ghobadian, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran.

The increasing consumption of fossil fuels and the pollution result-ing from their combustion has attracted the attention of researchers ofvarious countries to develop alternative fuels, which also decrease pol-lution. One of these fuels is biodiesel which can be produced from plantoils and animal fats. In this research work a patented biodiesel proces-sor was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The alkali transesterificationmethod was found to be suitable for biodiesel production. The opti-mum amount of materials for biodiesel production was found to be 1.8gr potassium hydroxide, 33 ml methanol for every 120 gr of plant oil.The conducted tests revealed that for a 95 percent reaction to takeplace, 1 hr time was sufficient. For the produced biodiesel investigationto be recognized from NMR spectrum, the peak was in the range of3.6-3.7 ppm which is the standard peak for biodiesel. This investigationmade it clear that biodiesel does not include aromatics. Evaluation ofthe product biodiesel had the following specifications: flash point182°C, viscosity 4.15 cSt, cloud point -3°C, pour point 0°C, color 1.5,copper corrosion 1a, sulfated ash 0 wt% and sulfur 0.0018 wt% Thebiodiesel processor was designed after carrying out the initial testswith the aim of producing 80 liter biodiesel per batch. Since thisbiodiesel processor possesses some unique features and has beenpatented in Iran for the first time, it has been named as BDI-80 denot-ing Iranian made Biodiesel of 80 liter capacity. An economic compari-son evaluation of BDI-80 with a similar foreign brand called fuel meis-ter made it clear that an advantage of 90 Rials per liter biodiesel fuelproduction can be achieved by BDI-80.

17. Design of New Technology and Equipment forProduction of Biodiesel. Alexander I. Torubarov, Mark L.Stepanskyi, Elena N. Glukhan, and Vladimir B. Kondrat’ev, StateScientific and Research Institute of Organic Chemistry andTechnology (GosNIIOKhT), Shosse Entusiastov, 23, Moscow,111024, Russia.

Search of new technologies for biodiesel production allowingreducing the cost of raw materials due to reduction the requirementsto vegetable oil purity is an urgent question today. Another source ofpossible reduction of biodiesel prime cost is reduction the capitalexpenditure for creation of industrial plants and decrease of opera-tion costs. These factors are connected directly with a complexity ofthe manufacturing technology (a number of technological stages andquantity of equipment), quantity of wastes formed, and as well withnumber of service personnel.


At GosNIIOKhT a new process of biodiesel production wasdeveloped that include the following innovations: 1) new effective cat-alyst that significantly simplify hardware implementation of the processand the use of cheaper (untreated) rapeseed oil; 2) laboratory units forbiodiesel production in the form of tank and column reactors withmechanical mixing simulating batch and continuous reactors; 3) mathe-matical model of the process intending for scaling-up the process; 4)procedures for biodiesel analysis and testing methods; 5) approaches tothe environmental impact assessment of the process under investiga-tion. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support ofInternational Science and Technology Center, Grant No. 3221.

18. Mathematical Modelling and TechnologicalAssessment of New Biodiesel Production Processfrom Unrefined Vegetable Oil. Elena N. Glukhan1, DmitryA. Sadovnikov1, Alexander I. Torubarov1, and Alexander A.Agafonov2, 1State Scientific and Research Institute of OrganicChemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT), Shosse Entusiastov,23, Moscow, 111024, Russia; 2Federal Agency of Industry,Moscow, Russia.

A process flow-sheet for producing biodiesel from unrefinedvegetable oil, containing high free fatty acid concentrations, using newcatalysts developed at the State Scientific and Research Institute ofOrganic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT, Moscow) has beenanalyzed. The process simulation software ChemCad was used forprocess modeling and detailed operation conditions and equipmentdesigns for the process were obtained.

A comparative technological assessment of the process devel-oped was carried out to evaluate its technological benefits and limita-tions. Analysis showed that use of the newly-developed catalyst leadsto significant reduction in the number of technological stages forbiodiesel production when using vegetable oil with high content offatty acid content as the feedstock. This technological process provedto be technically feasible and is less complex than other alkali-cat-alyzed or acid-catalyzed processes. The authors would like toacknowledge the financial support of International Science andTechnology Center, Grant No. 3221.

19. Calcium Oxide—Supported Potassium Iodide as aHeterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. G.Karavalakis, G. Anastopoulos*, S. Stournas, E. Lois, F. Zannikos,and D. Karonis, Fuels & Lubricants Laboratory, School ofChemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens,Iroon Polytechniou 9, Athens 157 80, Greece.

In this study, the transesterification of three vegetable oils (cot-ton, sunflower, and soy) with methanol were examined in a heteroge-neous system, using CaO impregnated with potassium iodide as thesolid base catalyst. Potassium iodide was impregnated onto calciumoxide from an aqueous solution, followed by drying at 393 K for 16h. Prior to transesterifiaction, the catalysts were calcined in air at agiven temperature (typically 773°K) for 5 h. The catalysts obtainedwith different KI loading (15, 20, 30, 35, 40 wt %). According to theexperimental results, CaO loaded with potassium was demonstratedto be a strong solid-base catalyst for the transesterification of veg-etable oils with methanol. The catalyst with 20 wt.% KI loaded onCaO and after calcination at 773 °K for 5 h exhibited the best catalyt-ic activity for the transesterification reaction. When the reaction wascarried out at methanol reflux with a molar ratio of methanol to veg-etable oil of 6:1, a reaction time of 2 h, and a catalyst amount at 1.5%, the conversion to ester reached 93 %.

20. In-situ Transesterification of Cynara CardunculusSeeds to Obtain Biodiesel. Fredy Avellaneda V., Joan Salvadó,Jorgelina Pasqualino, and Devora Navarlatz, Universidad Rovira

I Virgili, Wood Biopolymers Group , Av. Paisos Catalans, # 26L214, Tarragona, Spain.

When biodiesel is produced from refined oils, the feedstock costcontributes more than 70% to the cost of the biodiesel. To decreaseit, the “in situ transesterification” is evaluated for biodiesel production.In this method, the FAME production occurs inside the seed (beingthe transesterification reaction favored by the presence of an excessof alcohol), avoiding the extraction, degumming, neutralization, oilwashings and pretreatment steps necessary for the production of agood quality biodiesel.

Due to the many advantages that Cynara Cardunculus presents,such as low cost of production, capability of growing in harsh climat-ic conditions, and no competition with the food market or chemicalindustry, makes it an ideal raw material for biodiesel production. Inour preliminary experiments applying the in situ method to Cynara car-dunculus seeds, the biodiesel yield was 36%, with a 75% FAME content.

The in situ transesterification reaction is an interesting alterna-tive to obtain biodiesel, which previously has not been investigatedwith Cynara cardunculus.

21. Mathematical Modelling of Oil Expression fromJatropha Curcas L. (Ratanjot) on a Hydraulic Press:Effect of Moisture Content. Pankaj Kumar Paswan and RamKrishna Pandey*, Post Harvest Process and Food EngineeringDept., College of Technology, G.B. Pant University ofAgriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263145 (U.S.Nagar ),Uttarakhand, India.

Jatropha curcas L. is an important bio-diesel crop and can be a majoreconomic activity providing income and employment opportunity to therural community. In present study a semi-automatic Carver laboratorypress (Fred S. Carver, Inc., USA) of 25 T capacity was employed as press-ing device. The line curves, surface plots and iso-oleum plots were devel-oped to analyze the effect of oil expression characteristics of Jatrophacurcas L. on a hydraulic carver press at various independent parametersi.e. pressure (5 levels, i.e. 19.09, 22.94, 26.76, 30.58 and 34.4 MPa), hold-ing time (5 levels, i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min.), and moisture content (5levels, i.e. 5.09, 7.08, 9.1, 11.07 and 13.05 % (d.b.)). The line curves, sur-face and iso-oleum curves were developed for these attributes. Studywas also conducted to statistically analyze the interaction of variousprocess parameters on oil expression.

Statistical analysis of the data indicated that moisture content,holding time, pressure and their interactions i.e. moisture content andpressure, moisture content and holding time as well as pressure andholding time has significant effect on oil expression from Jatropha cur-cas L. Pressure was the most effective factor on oil expression fol-lowed by holding time and moisture content. The oil expression wasinfluenced by pressing conditions as well as their interactions. Oilexpression in the range of 18.8 % to 83.3 % of available oil could beachieved. The oil expression generally increased with increase in mois-ture content from 5.07 to 9.1 % (d.b.) and decreased on furtherincreasing the moisture from 9.1 to 13.05 % (d.b.). The hydraulicpressing is an effective process for oil expression from Jatropha curcasas up to about 83.3 % of available oil can be expressed at 9.1 % mois-ture content, 34.4 MPa pressure and at 25 min holding time.

Empirical mathematical model representing oil expression interms of single and multiple responses of process parameter bestdescribed the surface plot and iso-oleum curve within the parameterrange investigated. Representative predicted three dimensionalresponse surface and iso-oleum curve for expressed oil, as a functionof two parameters at a time while maintaining the other parameter attheir center-point values described that the expressed oil firstincreased with increasing moisture content and then decreased, indi-cating the existence of an optimum within the parameter rangesinvestigated. Pressure and holding time, however, continually increased


the expressed oil at decreasing rate, indicating a possible optimumbeyond the investigated range.

22. Mathematical Modelling of Partial Oil Expressionfrom Groundnuts: Effect of Moisture Content. RamKrishna Pandey and D.K. Gupta, Dept. of Post Harvest Processand Food Engineering, College of Technology, G. B. PantUniversity of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145,Nagar , Uttarakhand, India.

In this study experimental data of partial oil expression fromshelled groundnuts at moisture content (4 levels, i.e. 5.3, 6.5, 7.7 and9.0 % (d.b.)) pressure (7 levels, i.e. 1.7, 3.4, 6.8, 10.2, 13.6, 17.0 and 20.4MPa), holding time (7 levels, i.e. 0.6, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 hundreds.)and bed thickness 2.6 cm was used. The hydraulic pressing was car-ried out in a standard 25 ton Fred S Carver Laboratory press. Thesurface plots and iso-value plots were developed for these attributes.The interactions of various process parameters were statisticallyanalysed and empirical mathematical models representing oil expres-sion in terms of multiple responses of process parameters weredeveloped using a computer. The prediction performance of empiricalmathematical models was compared on the basis of analysis of pre-diction errors in terms of E50 and E70. It was observed that the pre-diction error is more for holding time up-to 300 s which may be dueto the fact that the some time is required to stabilize the bed ofshelled groundnuts during partial oil expression. It was observed thatlog-log model of multiple responses had E50 of 6.9 % and E70 of 9.9% indicating that generally maximum error was less than 9.9 percent.This, therefore, indicates that if the model is used for scientific inter-pretations, the error of less than 9.9 % can be expected which arereasonable and hence, the model is suitable for scientific analysis. Itwas also observed that polynomial model of multiple responses hadE50 of 5.9 % and E70 of 9.9 % indicating that generally maximum errorwas less than 9.9 %. This therefore indicates that if the model is usedfor scientific interpretations the error less than 9.9 % can be expect-ed which are reasonable and hence the model is suitable for scientif-ic analysis. E70 value of log-log model and polynomial model are samebut the E50 value of log-log model is less than polynomial model there-fore the log-log model may yield less error as compared to polynomi-al model.

Fuel Properties1. Application of in situ Measurement Techniques inCrystallization of FAMEs in Biodiesel. Hale Gürbüz andNergül Taylan, Chemical Engineering Dept., Istanbul TechnicalUniversity, Ayazaga Campus, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.

One of the major problems in use of biodiesel is poor cold-flowproperties. Difficulties arise because of the unwanted crystallizationof saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at relatively high temper-atures. Crystallization in biodiesel starts at a particular temperaturedepending on the composition and the melting points of FAMEs.Utilization of additives (cold flow improvers) is the most convenientand economical way of improving cold-flow properties. To be able topredict the most appropriate additives for particular biodiesel com-positions understanding of complex crystallization behavior, especial-ly the mechanisms of nucleation, crystal growth and agglomerationand action of additives on these steps, is the crucial issue. Since thetemparature fluctuations during the separation of crystallized com-pounds from biodiesel will affect important crystal properties, such assize and habit of the crystals, in situ measurement techniques shouldbe used to monitor the crystallization in a nondestructive manner.Therefore, the aim of this work is to review and discuss the applica-

tion of in situ measurement techniques, such as differential scanningcalorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy, ultrasonic velocimetry, andfocused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) in the research ofFAME crystallization.

2. The Role of Natural Antioxidants in IncreasingOxidative Stability of Biodiesel. Zohreh Rabiei, SattarTahmasebi Enferadi, and Gian Paolo Vannozzi*, Dipartimento diScienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Udine, viadelle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy.

Increasing the stability of biodiesel against oxidative process wasinvestigated by adding natural antioxidants derived from industrial /agricultural wastes, which can be more advantageous from both aneconomic and safety point of view. Tocopherols, vegetal extracts, phe-nolic compounds, lycopene and other carotenoids from naturalsources were isolated by either saponification or methanolic extrac-tion. The isolated extracts were then added to B100 (biodiesel madeentirely from soy oil) and B80/20 (a mixture of 80 percent soy oilmethyl esters and 20 percent Colza methyl ester) in different ratios(0.5%, 1% and 2% w/w). The oxidative results were then compared toresults obtained using a synthetic antioxidant, namely α-tocopherol.The oxidative stability of biodiesel samples was determined to illus-trate the higher antioxidant capacity of the natural antioxidants usingtwo methods: Schal oven storage test and Rancimat method. The high-est protective effect was observed in the samples containing naturaltocopherols and phenolic compounds in 1% (w/w) concentration.

3. Oxidative Stability of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters(FAMEs) in Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel. Anfeng Wang1,2,

Haiying Tang1,2, Bradley Clark1,2, John Wilson1, Steven O. Salley3,and K.Y. Simon Ng1,2,3, 1National Biofuel Energy Laboratory,NextEnergy, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; 2Alternative EnergyTechnology Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI48202, USA; 3Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Wayne StateUniversity, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.

Biodiesel generally has a lower oxidative stability than petroleumdiesel. Biodiesel made from soybean oil, the major feedstock in theUSA, shows poorer oxidative stability than biodiesel produced frommany other vegetable oils. The oxidation behavior of biodiesel in ablend with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is different from thatobserved in the pure form (B100). We will present our researchresults regarding the following aspects: 1) The oxidative stability ofbiodiesel made from soybean oil, cottonseed oil and poultry fat; 2)The oxidative stability of individual fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)and biodiesel when blended with ULSD; 3) The effectiveness of vari-ous antioxidants on improving the oxidative stability of biodiesel andits blends, and the individual FAMEs; 4) The efficacy of various antiox-idants and chelating agents in enhancing the oxidative stability ofbiodiesel in the presence of trace amount of metal ions.

4. Catalytic Effects of Transition Metals on theOxidative Stability of Various Biodiesels. Bradley Clark1,2,Anfeng Wang1,2, John Wilson1, Steven O. Salley3, and K.Y. SimonNg1,2,3, 1National Biofuel Energy Laboratory, NextEnergy,Detroit, MI 48202, USA; 2Alternative Energy TechnologyProgram, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;3Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Wayne State University,Detroit, MI 48202, USA.

In the vegetable oils, oxidation can lead to the formation of highmolecular weight species. Similarly for biodiesel, this may cause prob-lems in automotive fuel delivery systems. We report the effects ofGroup IV transition metals on the oxidative stability of variousbiodiesels. For economic reasons, biodiesel is now manufactured from


different feed stocks including soy oil, cottonseed oil and poultry fat.Biodiesel is often blended with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), whichmay contain these transition metals. The induction period of biodieselwas determined by Rancimat® according to EN 14214. Eight group IVtransition metals: Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Mn, and V, were investigatedat various concentrations from 0.02 – 100 ppm. Although there areconsiderable differences in catalytic activity, these metals all reducedthe induction period of B100 and B20. The effect of antioxidants andchelating agents to counteract the metal effects will also be discussed.

5. Exhaust Emissions and Performance in aStationary Engine Using Blends of Diesel and SoybeanMethyl Ester. Oscar E. Piamba1,4, Roberto G. Pereira1, CesarD. Oliveira2, and Carlos E. Fellows3, 1Federal FluminenseUniversity, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Rua Passo da Pátria156, CEP 24.210-240, Niterói-RJ, Brazil; 2Institute of Chemistry,Federal Fluminense University, Brazil; 3Institute of Physics,Federal Fluminense University, Brazil; 4National University ofColombia-Bogota, Colombia.

The present work describes an experimental investigation con-cerning the use of blends of soybean oil-derived biodiesel inpetrodiesel for electric energy generation. The soy oil biodiesel wasproduced by transesterification of soybean oil with methanol in thepresence of an alkali base (KOH). The properties (density, flash point,viscosity, pour point, cetane index, copper strip corrosion, conradsoncarbon residue and ash content) of the diesel and soy oil biodieselwere determined. The exhaust emissions of gases (CO, CO2,CxHy,O2,NO, NOx and SO2) were measured using a gas analyzer. Aldehydes,acrolein and ketones also were measured by visible spectroscopy. Theresults show that for all the diesel-biodiesel mixtures tested, the elec-tric energy generation was assured without problem. It was observedthat the emissions of CO, CxHy and SO2 decrease in the case of thediesel–soy oil biodiesel blends and that the temperatures of theexhaust gases and the emissions of NO and NOx are similar to or lessthan those of diesel.

6. Experimental Evaluation of Engine PerformanceUsing Diesterol. B. Ghobadian, H. Rahimi2, M. Khatamifar2,and G. Najafi1, 1Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 2MegaMotor Company, Tehran, Iran.

Diesterol is a new specific term which denotes the mixture offossil diesel fuel (D), vegetable oil methyl ester called biodiesel (B) andplant derived ethanol (E). The mixture of DBE (i.e. diesterol) waspatented under the Iranian patent No. 39407, dated 12-3-2007 (21-12-1385). The main purpose of this research work was at first to com-pare performance of engine with neat diesel fuel and typical diesteroland secondly reduction of engine exhausts CO and HC emissions dueto application of diesterol due to increasing fuel oxygen content. Thediesterol properties such as pour point, viscosity, flash point, copperstrip corrosion, ash and sulfur content and cetane number was deter-mined in laboratory. The parameters considered for investigationincluded engine power, torque, fuel consumption and exhaust emis-sion and temperature for various mixture proportions. Experimentsshow that ethanol plays an important role on flash point of the blends.Sulfur content of bioethanol and sunflower methyl ester is very lowcompared with diesel fuel. The amount of sulfur content of diesel is500 ppm whereas that for ethanol and sunflower methyl ester is 0 and15 ppm respectively. The lower amount of sulfur content facilitatesthe use of fuel blends in diesel engines. For ethanol and sunflowermethyl ester combination this amount is less than 20 ppm. The maxi-mum power and torque produced using diesel fuel was 17.3 kW and67.7 Nm at 3600 and 2800 rpm respectively. The maximum power andtorque produced using diesterol was 2.7 and 3.0% respectively whichwas lower than diesel fuel. An average increase in bsfc for various

speed ranges was 3.7%. The experimental measurement and evalua-tion of volumetric percentage of CO and Part per million HC indi-cates that both pollutants reduced using diesterol. The complete com-bustion is the main reason for pollutant reduction using diesterolcompared to net diesel fuel. The exhaust gas temperature alsodecreased slightly. This phenomenon can be related to the partial oxi-dization of bioethanol and the lower calorific value of the fuel blendscompared to net diesel fuel.

7. Biodiesel Emissions Profile from a PassengerVehicle Operated in Driving Cycles. G. Karavalakis1, E.Tzirakis1, E. Bakeas2, A. Spanos3, F. Zannikos1, and S. Stournas1,1Laboratory of Fuels and Lubricants Technology, School ofChemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens,9 Iroon Polytechniou Str. Zografou Campus, 157 80, Greece;2Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Dept. Nationaland Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis,15771, Athens, Greece; 3Emissions Analysis Laboratory,Hellenic Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications, 6Aeroporias Str., Ellinikon, 16401, Athens, Greece.

The characteristics of emissions from a passenger vehicle fuelledwith a typical automotive diesel fuel and soybean methyl ester blendswere studied. Exhaust gases were produced by a turbocharged, indi-rect injection diesel engine (Euro II compliant), operating in the real-world Athens Driving Cycle (ADC) and in the certification NewEuropean Driving Cycle (NEDC) using a chassis dynamometer. A totalof four fuels were employed for the measurements of pollutant emis-sions. Methyl ester produced from soybean oil was used as the blend-ing feedstock into the reference diesel fuel to create blends at pro-portions of 5, 10, and 20% by volume. The aim of this study was toexamine the effect of diesel/biodiesel blends on regulated and unreg-ulated exhaust emissions and fuel consumption, and to address theemissions profile differences between the ADC and NEDC protocols.Regulated emissions were characterised by determining NOx, CO,and PM. THC and CO2 also were measured. Unregulated exhaustemissions were evaluated by determining the soluble organic fraction(SOF) of the particulate mass, together with qualitative analysis of thecarbonyl compounds (thirteen aldehydes and ketones) and otherchemical species present in the SOF.

8. Comparison of Characteristics of Biodiesel fromVarious Edible and Nonedible Oils of Indian Origin. S.P.Chaurasia, Chemical Engineering Department, Malaviya NationalInstitute of Technology, Jaipur 302017 (Rajasthan) India.

India is the fifth largest consumer of energy in the world. But its percapita consumption of energy is one of the lowest among the rapidlydeveloping countries. As against the petroleum demand for 3.5 MMT in1950-51, the demand is expected to go up to 234 MMT in 2019-20. Theimport bill for petroleum has crossed Rs. 117,000 crores in the year2004-05. The dependency on imports is more than 75% of the consump-tion and is likely to go up further to 90% in less than 15 years. India isendowed with ideal agro climatic conditions for producing biodieselwhich can be blended with petroleum diesel and used in engines.

Biodiesel is defined as the mono alkyl esters of long chain fattyacids derived from renewable lipid sources. Biodiesel is typically pro-duced through the transesterification reaction of a vegetable oil oranimal fat with methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst toyield glycerin and biodiesel (methyl or ethyl esters). Its physical andchemical properties related to its automobile use, are similar topetroleum based diesel fuel. Base catalyzed transesterification of oilwith alcohol is very common method for synthesis of biodiesel. Thetransesterification reaction is affected by parameters such as molarratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, type of catalyst and its concentration,reaction temperature, free fatty acids etc.


Biodiesel is a renewable and environment friendly substitute forpetroleum-based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is safe, nontoxic, biodegradable,and reduces the emission of many harmful compounds which areassociated with the combustion of petroleum based diesel. It can beproduced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oils andfats, and can be used in existing diesel engines without any expensivemodifications. Biodiesel can also be added to petroleum diesel to cre-ate a blend with favorable performance attributes and environmentalbenefits, roughly proportional to the Biodiesel fraction. Since biodieselcan be produced from vegetable oils or waste fats, switching frompetroleum based diesel to biodiesel will decrease the dependence onimported crude, reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, and providetangible benefits for the national economy.

In the present study, biodiesel has been prepared by alkali-catal-ysed transesterification of different edible and nonedible oils of Indianorigin, such as soyabean oil, mustard oil, palm oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil, sesame oil and Karanj oil. The effect of temperature, oil toalcohol ratio, reaction time and type of catalyst on yield and charac-teristics of biodiesel have been studied. Different biodiesel character-istics such as flash point, pour point, cloud point, heat value, specificgravity and viscosity have been determined and compared with thecharacteristics of petroleum diesel.

9. Kinetics of Biodiesel Fuels and SurrogatesCombustion. Philippe Dagaut, Guillaume Dayma, Sandro Gaïl,and Casimir Togbe, CNRS, 1c, Avenue de la RechercheScientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.

The combustion of bio-diesel, typically a mixture of fatty acidmethyl esters (FAME), is more complex than that of conventionalfuels. To model the combustion of bio-diesel, kinetic data for its com-bustion and that of model-fuels are needed. Accordingly,, the oxida-tion of bio-diesel and a series of pure methyl esters (methylbutanoate,methylpentanoate, methylhexanoate, methylheptanoate) was studiedexperimentally in a jet-stirred reactor at 10 atm, constant residencetime, 560-1300 K, and equivalence ratios in the range 0.3-1.5.Concentration profiles of reactants, stable intermediates, and finalproducts were obtained by probe sampling followed by on-line andoff-line GC and FTIR analyses. The results indicate that methylbu-tanoate and methylpentanoate are too structurally simple to repre-sent the FAME present in bio-diesel whereas methylhexanoate andmethylheptanoate could be used since their oxidation is similar tothat of bio-diesel (cool flame, NTC, high-temperature oxidation). Theoxidation of these fuels was modeled using a detailed chemical kinet-ic reaction mechanism.

10. Impurities in B20 That Cause Fuel-Filter PluggingDuring Cold Weather. Richard W. Heiden, R.W. HeidenAssociates, LLC, 1026 New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA17601, USA.

B20 users along the East Coast of the USA experienced numer-ous incidents of fuel filter plugging during the winter of 2006. Theseincidents occurred simultaneously with sudden, and then prolongedcold weather patterns, despite underground storage. Build-up of filterdebris and the subsequent plugging increased the frequency of vehiclemaintenance and unexpected vehicle shutdowns. These plugging inci-dents received little publicity outside of local user groups.

We undertook an in-depth investigation of several of theseplugged filter incidents and the lots of B20 used in the regularly main-tained affected vehicles. Debris on the filters and impurities in the fuelwere analyzed in the laboratory. Precipitates that formed in the B20at 1-2°C were isolated, identified and their compositions comparedto those of precipitates found on the plugged filters. This comparisonrevealed compositionally distinct similarities.

The findings of these studies and their implications for the pro-

cessing of various feed stocks; biodiesel specifications; and processmonitoring are presented and discussed.

Quality AssuranceSpecifications1. Critical Evaluation of NIR-Spectrometry as anAnalytical-Method in Biodiesel Production. ZachChristian, and Martin Mittelbach, Institute for Chemistry,University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.

To assure the quality of feedstock and biodiesel, it is necessaryto check different critical parameters. Currently these routine checkanalyses are performed in the lab and take a longer time. Therefore,it is important to find an analytical approach to measure multipleparameters in a short time. Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy has someadvantages in contrast to wet chemical analysis. There is no need forcomplicated sample preparation, use of solvents and one measure-ment takes only a few seconds. The scope and limitations of usingNIRS for routine quality check for feedstock and biodiesel are out-lined and the correlations between different parameters with NIRSresults are discussed.

2. Optimization of Cold Temperature Properties ofBiodiesel Blends. Armin Fraiß, Bianca Bergler, SigurdSchober, and Martin Mittelbach, Karl-Franzens University Graz,Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.

Biodiesel prepared from different feedstocks were mixed withfossil diesel at concentrations between 0.5 and 20 percent of weight.The cold filter plugging point (CFPP), Cloud Point (CP) and pourpoint were measured of all test series. Because of their poor coldproperties, palm oil methyl ester (PME) and tallow fat methyl ester(TFME) were chosen to investigate the potential of four additives. Theresults showed that it is possible to use 10% of TFME and nearly 10%of PME during winter when the limit for CFPP is -20°C. Besides thestandard test methods several test samples were cooled at 0°C, -5°C,-10°C and -15°C for 48 hours and visually analyzed.

Several mixtures, using three types of biodiesel with well knowniodine value, were calculated so that all blends had a resulting iodinevalue of 120 or even lower. CFPP and CP results did not correlatewith the iodine value. All results of the blends, drawn in ternary dia-grams, display the variety of mixtures to guarantee the limit of theiodine value according to the European specifications for biodiesel(EN 14214).

3. Evaluation of Partially Hydrogenated MethylEsters of Soybean Oil. Bryan R. Moser1, Michael J. Haas2, JillK Winkler1, Michael A. Jackson1, Sevim Z. Erhan1, Gary R. List1,1USDA, NCAUR, ARS, 1815 University Ave., Peoria, IL 61604,USA; 2USDA, ERRC, ARS, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA19038-8598, USA.

Specifications mandating biodiesel quality, most notably in the EU(EN 14214) and the USA (ASTM D 6751), have emerged that influ-ence feedstock choice in the production of biodiesel fuel. Forinstance, EN 14214 contains a specification for iodine value (IV, 120)that eliminates soybean oil (SBO) as a potential feedstock, as it gen-erally has an IV >120. Therefore, partially hydrogenated SBO methylesters (PHSME, IV = 116) was evaluated as a potential biodiesel fuelby measuring a number of important fuel parameters, such as oxida-tion stability, low temperature performance, lubricity, kinematic vis-cosity, and specific gravity. Compared to soybean oil methyl esters


(SME), PHSME exhibited superior oxidative stability and similar spe-cific gravity, but inferior low temperature performance, kinematic vis-cosity, and lubricity. However, the kinematic viscosity and lubricity ofPHSME were still within prescribed US and EU limits. There is no setvalue for low temperature performance in biodiesel specifications, butPHSME has superior cold flow behavior when compared to otheralternative feedstock fuels, such as palm oil, tallow and grease methylesters. The production of PHSME from refined SBO would increasebiodiesel production costs by US$0.04/L (US$0.15/gal) in comparisonto SME. In summary, PHSME is within both the EU and American stan-dards for all properties measured in this study and deserves consid-eration as a potential biodiesel fuel.

4. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Hydroxy Ethers asPotential Biodiesel Additives. Bryan R. Moser and Sevim Z.Erhan, USDA, NCAUR, ARS, USA.

Several novel α-hydroxy ethers were synthesized by treatmentof alkyl 9,10-epoxystearates with a number of alcohols in the pres-ence of acid catalyst in good yield from oleic acid. The low tempera-ture behavior of each material was analyzed through cloud point (CP)and pour point (PP) determination. Four of the best candidates, α-hydroxy ethers 1–4, as determined by CP, PP, and synthetic require-ments, were evaluated against a number of additional biodiesel fuelparameters and compared to soybean methyl esters (SME), whichinclude oxidation stability, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, lubricity,and surface tension. Ethers 1 - 4 exhibited superior CP, PP, and oxida-tion stability when compared to SME. However, at low blend levels(0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% by wt) in SME the materials had minimal impact onCP and PP. Specific gravity and surface tension of 1 – 4 comparedfavorably to SME. Ethers 1 – 4 displayed increased kinematic viscositywhen compared to SME, but were still within ASTM D6751 specifica-tions at blend levels in SME. Conversely, ethers 3 and 4 at 2.0% in SMEwere out of specification for kinematic viscosity in EN 14214. BothSME and 1 – 4 exhibited lubricity wear scar data well within pre-scribed ASTM and EU petrodiesel specifications.

5. Determination of Sulfate in Denatured EthylAlcohol by Direct Injection Ion Chromatography andSuppressed Conductivity. J. Gandhi, Metrohm Peak Inc.,Houston, TX, USA.

In times of skyrocketing gasoline prices, ethanol fuel – mainlyderived from the fermentation of sugar cane (in Brazil) and corn (inthe USA and Canada) – is a promising renewable high-octane vehicu-lar fuel. A major drawback, however, is the contamination with inor-ganic salt ions such as chloride, nitrate and sulfate. These ions canaffect the engine performance because precipitating salts clog filtersand fuel injector nozzles. Furthermore, these ions enhance corrosionin the vehicle components in contact with the fuel. Hence there is anurgent need for standards defining quality specifications and testmethods. While the analysis of sulfate is specified in a number ofASTM norms, until recently, the ASTM D 4806-06b standard – thespecification for denatured fuel ethanol – provided no guidelines fortotal and potential sulfate. Recognizing the need for validated meth-ods for quality control, ASTM balloted and approved a sulfate specifi-cation for fuel ethanol stipulating a maximum level of sulfate inethanol of 4 parts per million (ppm). The corresponding chloride con-tamination limit in ethanol is proposed at 40 ppm. In this paper a con-venient direct injection suppressed ion chromatographic method fordetermining chloride and sulfate in denatured ethanol samples is pre-sented. The described method is the subject of the recent ASTM D7319 and the results obtained fully comply with ASTM D 4806-06c.

6. Water Content Determination in BiodieselAccording to EN ISO 12937. R. Schlink1 and B. Faas2,

1Metrohm AG, CH-9101 Herisau, Switzerland; 2DeutscheMetrohm GmbH & Co. KG, D-70794 Filderstadt, Germany.

The presence of water in biodiesel reduces the calorific valueand enhances corrosion. Moreover, water promotes the growth ofmicroorganisms and increases the probability that oxidation productsare formed during long-term storage. These oxidation products cancause disturbances in the injection system and in the engine itself. Inview of this, the EN 14214 standard specifies a maximum water con-tent of 500 ppm for biodiesel. EN ISO 12937 prescribes coulometricKarl Fischer titration (KFT) for determining the water content ofengine fuels. In most cases the sample can be directly injected into theKF solution. In order to improve the solubility of the samples, xyleneis added to the KF reagent. In this work, we checked if some commer-cially available KF reagents that contain solubilizers can be used.Additionally, we determined the water content by an automated KFpipetting system and compared the results to those obtained by man-ual KFT. Many biodiesel fuels contain additives or impurities that canundergo side reactions during coulometric KF titration. In these casesthe fuel should not be injected directly into the KF solution. Instead,the sample’s water content has to be driven off at approx. 120°Cusing a KF oven and transferred to the KF coulometer titration cellin a flow of carrier gas. This process can also be fully automated withthe 774 Oven Sample Processor.

7. Determination of the Oxidative Stability ofBiodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME). U. Loyall, B.Zumbrägel, and M. Kalcher, Metrohm AG, CH-9101 Herisau,Switzerland.

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) has become an impor-tant renewable fuel source for diesel-powered vehicles. Like edibleoils, biodiesel is oxidized by ambient air. A high oxidation stabilityguarantees that the biodiesel can be used reliably under conditions ofnormal use. The described instrumental setup allows the convenientand reliable determination of the oxidation stability. The increasedtemperature accelerates the oxidation of the biodiesel, in which low-molecular organic acids are formed. These are transferred by the airstream to a second vessel containing distilled water. The conductivityin this vessel is recorded continuously to detect the organic acids. Thetime that elapses until these secondary reaction products appear iscalled oxidation stability, induction time or induction period and char-acterizes the resistance of biodiesel against oxidation. The test is stan-dardized in the European Standard EN 14112 [Fat and oil derivatives– Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) – Determination of oxidation sta-bility (accelerated oxidation test)]. The influence of method parame-ters on the determination of the induction time was investigated.Sample size and gas flow have no observable influence provided theireffect on the temperature is compensated. The key parameter is thetemperature. It shows a significant impact on the measured inductiontime and therefore has to be adjusted and controlled precisely.

8. Titrimetric Analysis of Biofuels. C. Haider and G.Spinnler, Metrohm AG, CH-9101 Herisau, Switzerland.

The DIN EN 14214 biodiesel standard stipulates a non-aqueouspotentiometric acid-base titration for determining the acid numberand a redox titration with sodium thiosulfate solution for the deter-mination of the iodine number. While in the first case the equivalencepoint is detected by the Solvotrode, the iodine number is determinedusing a Pt Titrode. Both methods are very user-friendly and character-ized by high accuracy and precision. With an acid number of 0.202mg/g and a iodine number of 114.4 g I2/100 g, the investigatedBiodiesel sample complies with the limits of 0.5 mg/g and 120 gI2/100g stipulated in DIN EN 14214.

According to ASTM D 4806, potentiometric titration of total sul-fate in bioethanol with lead nitrate can be performed using a Pb-selec-


tive working electrode and a double-junction Ag/AgCl or a glassy-car-bon-rod reference electrode. Although both reference electrodesshow comparable recovery rates, the latter needs lower maintenance.For both electrodes the ideal operating range is between 1 and 20ppm sulfate. Corresponding recovery rates are 98…109%. Increasingthe sulfate standard and the perchloric acid content in commercialbioethanol blends (E85) allows to monitor sulfate contents in the sub-ppm range.

9. Recent Modern Technologies for AssessingBiodiesel Fuel Quality. Om Prakash Chaturvedi and SanjayMande, TERI University, Darbari Seth Block, India HabitatCenter, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, India.

Biodiesel is an alternate to diesel fuel that has received consid-erable attention in recent years and is now recognized as a viablerenewable energy fuel. In general, biodiesel is produced through aprocess (transesterification) in which organically derived oils arecombined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of acatalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. The biodiesel produced shouldmeet the existing standards for better performance in unmodifieddiesel engines. During the transesterification process, intermediatessuch as glycerol, mono- and diacylglycerols, are formed that canremain in the final biodiesel product. Sometimes unreacted triacylglyc-erols, non-separated glycerin, free fatty acids, residual alcohol and cat-alyst can contaminate the final product. Such contaminants may leadto operational problems when using biodiesel in unmodified dieselengine, such as deposits in fuel tank, clogging of fuel line, fuel filter andinjector, engine deposits etc. Also, there is no industry-wide standardor specification for feedstocks used for biodiesel production(although countries like India, have set up standards for the Biodieselproduced). The standard or specification required by a productionfacility depends on the process used for making biodiesel as well ascompany requirements for product yield and purity. Thus, it isextremely necessary to establish standards for the description of thequality of the final as well as feedstock product. In this paper the mostimportant parameters for feedstock quality issue of bio-oil and pro-duced biodiesel as well as appropriate analytical methods, will be pre-sented and discussed.

10. Identification of Major Glycerols and PolarCompounds in Waste Vegetable Oil and Trap Grease.Ki-In Choi, Hidetoshi Kuramochi, and Masahiro Osako,Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management,National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa,Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.

Because of increasing crude oil price, as well as an increasedawareness of global warming in recent years, much attention has beenattracted to the use of biodiesel fuel (BDF) as an alternative forpetroleum diesel. Its manufacturing can be briefly explained as a trans-esterification processes for converting the mono- (MG), di- (DG),and/or tri-glycerides (TG) in waste vegetables oils or animal fat tofatty acid methyl esters. To design optimal BDF manufacturing processfor unknown raw materials into BDF that meet the ASTM and ENspecification for BDF, it is important to understand the content ofglycerols and polar compounds in raw materials or their intermedi-ates, and to know their levels. In this work, it aims to identify andmonitor five major components of MG, DG, and TG and other polarcompounds in waste vegetable oils and trap grease as raw materialsfor BDF.

11. Quality Survey of Retail Biodiesel Blends onMichigan Market. Anfeng Wang1,2, Haiying Tang1,2, BradleyClark1,2, John Wilson1, Steven O. Salley3*, and K.Y. Simon Ng1,2,3,1National Biofuel Energy Laboratory, NextEnergy, Detroit, MI

48202, USA; 2Alternative Energy Technology Program, WayneState University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; and 3Dept. ofChemical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI48202, USA.

Since ASTM specifications for biodiesel blends (B-5 and B-20) havenot been established, uniformity of quality in biodiesel blends on theU.S. retail market is not assured. To gain wide acceptance, however, usersatisfaction with biodiesel must be achieved. Biodiesel blend sampleswere collected from retail merchants throughout the State of Michigan,and were evaluated for the following properties: kinematic viscosity,fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition profile, acid number, lubric-ity, Rancimat induction period, water content, cloud point, pour point,cold filter plugging point, and bound glycerin content. Variations in fuelquality across the state will be presented as well as survey results onuser satisfaction. Comparison of the Michigan biodiesel fuel quality withthe U.S. national biodiesel survey will be made.

12. Multiple Property Determination of Biodiesel withNear Infrared Spectroscopy. Andreas Hiermer1, ChristophSchnell1, and Christoph Lühr2, 1Buchi Labortechnik AG,Meierseggstrasse 40, CH-9230 Flawil, Switzerland; 2BuchiLabortechnik GmbH, Germany.

In a future orientated field like biodiesel technology, quality con-trol will gain sustainable importance in the context of a global mar-ket. The method of choice should be robust, easy to conduct, fast, andaffordable. Although various spectroscopic techniques are widelyknown among analytics, only recently has the power of the NearInfrared become obvious and accessible. A typical NIR spectrum ischaracterized by rather broad bands that arise from multiple chemi-cal species. With statistical analyses, it is possible to extract physicaland/or chemical parameters from these spectral signals. Using a BüchiFT-NIR-spectrometer, we performed measurements on biofuel sam-ples and on vegetable oils. The water content and the acid and iodinenumber could thus be determined simultaneously with a single spec-trometer-run, which takes not more than a few seconds. Besides mon-itoring the quality control of incoming raw materials, the rapidity ofthe NIR method can be exploited in monitoring the biodiesel produc-tion process online.

13. Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel—Methods, Tools,and Techniques for Assessing the Extent ofDegradation. Sharon M. Cline, Eastman Chemical Company,P.O. Box 1974, Bldg 230, Kingsport, TN 37664-5230, USA

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel source manufactured from veg-etable and animal oils. As such, it is susceptible to the same oxidativeprocesses that cause rancidity in these materials. The byproducts ofthese processes are high molecular weight oligomers, and/or oxidizedbreak-down products, often aldehydes or organic acids. Theseunwanted byproducts when present in biodiesel pose potential prob-lems in internal combustion engines due to their insolubility and/orcorrosivity. The oil stability index, OSI, provides a measure of theoxidative stability of biodiesel. Other analytical techniques and deter-minations, such as UV absorbance, peroxide value, gel permeationchromatography (GPC), and GC-MS, provide additional insight to theoxidative process. Data from these various techniques have been usedto follow the oxidative aging in biodiesel and demonstrate improvedoxidative stabilization with a novel new antioxidant formulation whencompared to other antioxidants currently being used.

14. The Use of Liquid Scintillation CountingTechnology for the Determination of BiogenicMaterials in Fuel. Ronald Edler, PerkinElmer LAS GmbH,European Line Leader Radiometric Detection, Germany.


Many countries throughout the world have set new targets forthe minimum content of biogenic materials in fuel. To make thischange more attractive many countries assess a lower tax for bio-genic materials at least for the next years. Accordingly, many produc-ers of fuel but and governmental custom departments have an inter-est in determining the exact amount of biogenic material in fuel.Because biogenic materials can not be distinguished from syntheticfossil materials using methods such as HPLC, GC, IR, NMR and com-parable methods other methods have been used recently. The majordifference between biogenic and fossil material is the amount of car-bon-14. Biogenic materials contain the natural amount of carbon-14which will be taken up by plants during the lifetime of the plant fromnatural carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This carbon-14 content canbe measured by very expensive AMS technology or by liquid scintilla-tion counting. Our latest results show that liquid scintillation count-ing can be used for exact determination of the amount of biogenicmaterials in biofuel.

15. Specifications and Quality Control of Biodiesel inRomania. Boris S. Gaivoronski1, Ion Ticu2, Valeriu Moisescu3,Calin M. Petrusca4, Gheorghe Balan5, and Mario Bernardini6,1Bioterpena System S.R.L., Str. Humulesti no. 4 , RO-052263,Bucharest, Romania; 2Degussa Romania, Bucharest, Romania ,3MASTER S.A., Romania, 4Autoelite, Baia Mare, Romania,5ULTEX S.A., Tandarei, Romania, 6C.M. Bernardini, Rome, Italy.

Biodiesel is a growing renewable fuel that offers many advantagesover conventional petrodiesel. Regulations are being put into place incountries throughout the world to encourage the use of biodieseleither in its pure form or as a blend in petrodiesel. The quality ofbiodiesel fuel is important to ensure good engine performance. Filterclogging, poor cold flow, and engine damage may result if the biodieselquality does not meet the specified limits for contaminants and resid-ual starting materials or its by-products. Adequate testing performedon an ongoing basis can ensure uninterrupted production and a com-pliant final product, satisfying our need for energy, while reducing theburden on the environments. Quality of biofuels is critical to per-formance and acceptance in the market in Romania. Standards-settingorganisations in Europe (EN 14214) and the United States (ASTM D-6751-03) have designated specifications for biodiesel quality.

16. Comparative Quality Studies on Various Plant OilEsters from Romania. Boris S. Gaivoronski1, Ion Ticu2,Valeriu Moisescu3, Calin M. Petrusca4, Gheorghe Balan5, andMario Bernardini6, 1Bioterpena Sistem S.R.L., Str. Humulesti no.4 , RO-052263, Bucharest, Romania; 2Degussa Romania,Bucharest, Romania, 3MASTER S.A., Bucharest, Romania,4Autoelite, Baia Mare, Romania, 5ULTEX S.A., Romania, 6C.M.Bernardini, Rome, Italy.

A rapid quantitative GC-MS method has been developed forstudying transesterification of various plant oils from Romania to sim-ple fatty esters (biodiesel). Standard solutions containing methyllinoleate, mono-, di- and trilinolein were analyzed with on a 25 m X0.32 mm FFAP fused silica column and the effect of carrier gas flow onreproducibility of separation of standards determined. Prior to analy-sis, mono- (MG) and diglycerides (DG) were silylated with N,)-bis(trimethylsilyl) triflouroacetamide. Tridecanoin was used as an inter-nal standard. Agreement between the measured and calculated com-position of the standard solutions were good. Complete separation ofester, MG, DG and triglyceride was obtained in 12 min by temperatureprogramming from 160 to 350 C. This method of analysis gave excel-lent results when used to study of transesterification kinetics.

17. Applying Genetic Algorithms to FTIR Spectro -grams for Biodiesel/Diesel Blend Ratio Measurement.Tony Roder, Sharath Tadepalli, and Mark Polczynski, MarquetteUniversity, College of Engineering, USA.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analysistool that can be used to measure biodiesel/diesel blend ratio. The pur-pose of this research was to improve the FTIR-derived measurementof blend ratio through the use of genetic algorithms. For this study, 9FTIR spectrograms of 12 different biodiesel/diesel blends (108 sam-ples total) were obtained, and 7 spectral peaks common to the spec-trograms were identified. An equation relating spectral peak ampli-tudes to blend ratio was derived using a genetic algorithm. The resultsshowed a strong correlation between peak amplitudes and blendratio, indicating that genetic algorithms represent a viable approach tocalculating blend ratio from FTIR spectral data. Current research isbuilding on this finding to create a robust means of determiningbiodiesel/diesel blend ratio.

18. Ester Content Determination in Biodiesel byHPLC-SEC. Florence Lacoste, Franck Dejean*, and EvelyneBrenne, ITERG, Pessac, France.

In order to develop an alternative method for EN 14103 stan-dard for the determination of fatty acid methyl ester purity, a studywas conducted by ITERG using size-exclusion liquid chromatography.

Method: Ester content is determined after dilution of the samplein a solvent and injecting 20µl of the solution into a size-exclusionhigh performance liquid chromatograph using two serial columns ofpolystyrene-divinylbenzene (PLGEL, 100 Å porosity and 5 µm of par-ticle size). Ester detection is carried out following the difference ofrefractive index. The calibration is done with solutions of methylesters within a range of concentration from 0.5 to 10 mg/mL.

Choice of the chromatographic conditions: Several solventswere tested to understand the risk of co-elution between the estercomponents that may be present in the samples: glycerol (GLY), freefatty acids (AGL), sterols, monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG),triglycerides (TG).

Although some of the solvents such as toluene may present areal advantage for the separation of methyl esters from sterols andfree fatty acids, tetrahydrofuran was chosen for solubility difficultyidentified when working with either, acetone, dichloromethane ortoluene.

Choice of the external standard: Using different standards for thecalibration of the ester content determination using size-exclusionHPLC it appears that the detector response is dependent on the chem-ical structure of the standard. Saturated fatty acid methyl esters are lessdetected than the mono-unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, andmono-unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters are less detected comparedto triglycerides. It is thus important to adapt the choice of the externalstandard to the nature of the methyl esters to be analysed. Using methylheptadecanoate leads to an overestimation of the ester content, com-pared to ester content obtained with GC method (EN 14103). So,methyl oleate was chosen as the external standard for the calibration ofthe ester content determination by size-exclusion HPLC (GPC).

Conclusion: Ester content determination of biodiesel samples bysize-exclusion HPLC under the chromatographic conditions chosen,with 2 columns of PLGEL of 100 Å porosity and tetrahydrofuran aseluant, allows approaching the results obtained with the referencemethod EN 14103. The presence of high amounts of free fatty acidsand sterols, however, may induce an overestimation of the ester con-tent due to co-elution of analytes, which is difficult to overcome.These results show the necessity to work on improving this HPLCmethod by trying other elution solvents and by adjusting the natureof the external standard to the fatty acid composition of the biodieselsamples to be analysed.


19. A Comprehensive Study of Improved Oxidationand Storage Stability of Various Biodiesel (B-100) FuelFeedstocks. Ibrahim Abou-Nemeh, Novus International, Inc.,Research Center, 20 Missouri Research Park Drive, St. Charles,MO 63304, USA.

Biodiesel, which can be derived from the transesterification ofvegetable oils, animal fats, or spent restaurant grease, is an attractivealternative fuel. Biodiesel, most commonly fatty acids methyl esters(FAME), possesses numerous technical and environmental advantagescompared to fossil fuels. Biodiesel, however, suffers from major tech-nical fuel quality issues such as cold flow properties and oxidative sta-bility. The latter issue becomes significant, particularly, when thebiodiesel is exposed to air, heat, light or trace metallic species. As aresult different polymers, oligomers, acids, aldehydes, etc. are formedthat have far reaching consequences on fuel pump components, com-bustion profile and overall engine performance. In this study, severalbiodiesel feedstocks from different raw materials and characteristicswere evaluated. Numerous analytical and instrumental techniques toassess biodiesel quality such as peroxide value, induction period, levelof insolubles and gum formation, acid value, etc. under normal andstressed conditions were investigated. Also in this paper, the effect ofcommercially available additives and their impact on biodiesel’s shortand long term stability has been investigated.

20. Application of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Free Fatty Acids in FishOils for Use as Biodiesel Feedstock. A.N.A. Aryee, F. vande Voort, and B.K. Simpson, Dept. of Food Science &Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University (MacdonaldCampus), 21,111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QCH9X 3V9, Canada.

The use of unrefined oils in biodiesel production has receivedmuch attention recently. The use of oils with >0.5% free fatty acid(FFA) in homogeneous alkaline catalysis in biodiesel production is notrecommended1, as there is imminent soap formation, consumption ofcatalyst and the oil stock. The FFA content of lipids is thus a criticalquality indicator. The status of oils needs to be determined prior totheir intended use to devise the most suitable reaction process.

This poster summaries a simple and rapid modified FTIR spec-troscopic method2 for the analysis of FFA in fish oil biodiesel feed-stock. The method involves the stoichiometric reaction of sodiumhydrogen cynamide dissolved in methanol with the FFAs. A calibrationcurve was developed covering the range of 0-6.5% FFA. The resultingcalibration was linear over the analytical range and had a standarddeviation of ±0.09 % FFA. The FTIR method correlated well withAOAC titrimetric method3. FTIR spectroscopy however provided animprovement over the titration method in terms of repeatability andanalytical time. The use of FTIR could be a useful technique to deter-mine the FFA content in fish oils and as a quality assessment methodfor its intended use, such as biodiesel feedstock.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe study was funded by the Natural Sciences & Engineering

Research Council of Canada (NSERC Discovery Grants)

REFERENCESFreedman, B., Pryde, E. H. and Mounts, T. L. (1984). Variables affecting

the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils. J. Am.Oil Chem. Soc. 61: 1638-1643.

Al-Alawi, A., van de Voort, F. R. and Sedman, J. (2004). New FTIRmethod for the determination of FFA in oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.81: 441-446.

AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis of association of officialanalytical chemists (15th ed.), Association of Official AnalyticalChemists Int. Washington DC USA.

21. Determination of Biodiesel Origin Using E-Noseand Artificial Neural Networks. Livia Fermino, AdrianoFrancisco Siqueira, and Domingos Savio Giordani, University ofSão Paulo, Brazil.

Some countries have the capability to produce biodiesel fromvarious types of lipid feedstocks. Since fiscal regulations may varydepending on the feedstock used to produce biodiesel and from onelocal to another, it is important that distributors of biodiesel and gov-ernment regulators to be able to identify the lipid source fromwhich a given biodiesel was produced. In this work, an electronic nosewas used to identify the fatty ester smellprint in such a way that thelipid source from which the biodiesel was produced could be identi-fied using a well defined artificial neural network. In addition, it waspossible to determine the quantity of biodiesel present in a biodieselmineral diesel blend. This innovative technique is less expensive thanthose based on traditional chromatography, since the apparatus usedis at least 6 times less expensive and has the additional advantage ofbeing portable.

22. A Networked InfraRed Spectroscopy AnalysisSystem for Biodiesel Analysis Ensures Accuracy andConsistency. Barbara Stefl and Nan Wang, CognisCorporation, 4900 Este Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45232, USA.

A novel system for biodiesel analysis includes an infrared spec-trometer, connected over the internet to a centralized calibration sys-tem and database. By centralizing the calibrations, consistency andaccuracy are ensured, without variability between biodiesel produc-tion facilities. A simple user interface is provided, to eliminate theneed for skilled analytical personnel at the production facility; sincethe system is designed to be used by production operators

Infrared analysis allows for analyses to be conducted quickly (<two minutes), with no sample preparation. More frequent analysis isencouraged for both the finished biodiesel product, the in-processsamples, as well as the glycerin byproduct and incoming feedstock.

Data from a round robin study using samples from 6 differentproduction facilities and 8 different but networked infrared systems atvarious sites was complied and compared with data from two wetchemistry labs.

23. The Benefit of at-line and in-line Analysis by FT-NIR and FT-IR Spectroscopy for the Biodiesel Industry.A. Niemöller1 and H. Li2, 1Bruker Optik GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 27, D-76275 Ettlingen, Germany, 2Bruker Optics Inc., 19Fortune Drive, Manning Park, Billerica, MA 01821-3991, USA.

The transesterification reaction of triglycerides to methyl esterscan be monitored by FT-NIR and FT-IR spectroscopy at-line with sam-ples taken or in-line by FT-NIR using fiber optic coupled flow cells orprobes. Components of interest are mainly the methyl esters, but alsomethanol and finally the residual glycerine. In addition, the changesover time in triglyceride, diglyceride and monoglycerides continentduring the transesterification reaction are important parameters forprocess control.

In a lab pilot plant a transesterification reaction was performedon rapeseed as well as soybean oil. Samples were taken and stabilizedduring the reaction. The complete reaction took about 350 minutes.The samples were measured in transmission using a Bruker OpticsMPA FT-NIR spectrometer.

This study confirmed that methyl esters, methanol, triglyceridesand monoglycerides can be measured making use of FT-NIR spec-troscopy. For glycerine and diglycerides further tests were carried outalternatively with an FT-IR spectrometer using a flow cell and ATR unit.


24. Determination of Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidMethyl Esters in Biodiesel. S. Schober and M. Mittelbach;Institute for Chemistry, Dept. of Renewable Resources, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Austria.

The specification on poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) methylester content of biodiesel was introduced in EN 14214 to limit thecontent of PUFA methyl esters with more than 3 double bonds at1%m/m. Up to now no suitable testing method is available for suchdetermination. For this reason the Institute of Chemistry, in theframework of “BIOSCOPES”, was mandated by the EC to develop anappropriate method. The results of these investigations will be pre-sented. The method is based on GC/FID measurement of PUFA on apolar column using C23:0 methyl ester as internal standard for quan-tification. GC separations for PUFA methyl esters of pure biodieselfrom marine oils and blends with biodiesel from vegetable oils will bedemonstrated. Furthermore, limiting factors of the method, responsecharacteristics of PUFA methyl esters, and possible problems oninterpretation of the complex fatty acid methyl ester distribution ofbiodiesel from marine oils will be pointed out and presented.

25. Some Remarks to the Standard EN 14 214 forFAME. J. Paligova1, A. Kleinova1, J. Mikulec2, and J. Cvengros1,1Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and FoodTechnology, Slovakia; 2Slovnaft VURUP, Slovakia.

The standard EN 14 214 contains a few parameters concerningthe same properties. Therefore, we suggest deleting the followingparameters: methanol content, sulphated ash content and total glyc-erol. There also are parameters, the prescribed limits of which shouldbe revised. We propose to determine the carbon residue from thewhole (100%) sample with the limit level of 0.05 wt % and to increasethe iodine number limit up to max. 130 g I2/100 g. FAME do notchange low-temperature properties of fossil fuel in the blends withlow ester content of 3 – 5 % vol., although their own CFPP is overthe value permissible by the standard. However, current standard EN590 specifies to meet all the parameters of the standard EN 14 214also for FAME assigned for blended fuels entirely. The proposal torepeal the CFPP limit for esters assigned for blending is fully justified,without any negative effects.

26. Biodiesel Typification by Desorption Sonic Sprayand Electrospray Ionization Mass SpectrometryFingerprinting. R.R. Catharino1, R. Haddad1, C.M. Garcia1, U.Schuchardt1, M.N. Eberlin1, G.F. de Sá2, J. Marques Rodrigues2,and V. de Souza2, 1ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory,Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Brazil,2Brazilian Institute of Metrology (Inmetro), Brazil.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) and desorption sonic spray ioniza-tion (DeSSI) mass spectrometry (MS) with direct sample analysis hasrecently been shown to be a powerful technique to characterize veg-etable oils (Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 7429). Major polar components,such as free fatty acids and eventually biphenols are simultaneouslyresolved and identified. Conventional biodiesel analysis requires theuse of several techniques, which are considerably time-consuming anddifficult to automate. Herein, we present a simple and rapid method-ology for biodiesel typification and quality control using direct infu-sion ESI-MS and DeSSI-MS in both the negative and positive ionmodes. The method characterizes biodiesel samples, provides typifica-tion based on fatty acid profiles, measures free and total fatty acidconcentrations, identifies the alcohol used in the transesterificationprocess, and provides gross estimates of the total amount of glycer-ine and mono, di and triglycerides. Its application for laboratory andon-site quality control will be discussed.

Glycerol1. Heterogeneously Catalysed TransesterificationTechnical and Economical Evaluation. Shrikant S. Mohiteand Michael Trzop, Fachhochschule, Wilmeresch 2B, Steinfurt,NRW, 48565 Münster, Germany.

Alkyl ester (usually methyl ester, widely known as Biodiesel) pro-duced from non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable resources (new/usedcooking and animal oils) is a cleaner burning fuel than traditional fos-sil fuels (diesel, gasoline, etc) and can be a suitable replacement.Biodiesel is conventionally produced by reacting triglycerides(plant/animal oil) with monoalcohol (methanol) by using homoge-neous base (e.g. NaOH, KOH) catalyst. But this process has manydrawbacks such as alcoholates and soaps formed are to be neutral-ized, which leads to salt and fatty acid as a by-product. In particularglycerol produced has low purity which reduces commercial value.

The production of Biodiesel by a heterogeneous catalyzedprocess of dried oil and methanol in a set of reaction steps promiseshigh purity glycerol (96% – 99,7%) and ester with continuous process-ing and reduced separation work leading to a more economical pro-duction. This paper gives technical and economical evaluation of het-erogeneously catalysed route for Biodiesel production

2. Use of Crude Glycerol as an Aviation Deicer/Anti-Icer. Sevim Erhan1, John Sullivan2, and Bernard Y. Tao2, 1USDANational Laboratory, Peoria, IL, USA; 2Purdue University, W.Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

Deicing of modern aviation fleets uses heated aqueous solutionsof propylene glycol. Recent issues with environmental impact andincreasing costs of natural gas have impacted the use of propylene gly-col in this application. At the same time, the biodiesel industry hasgrown, resulting in a significant amount of crude glycerin becomingavailable seeking potential applications. This paper will present ourwork in evaluating the applicability of crude and refined glycerin aspotential aviation deicing and anti-icing solutions, including aircraftmaterials compatibility, aerodynamic shearing, and physical properties.

3. Glycerol—Electricity and Hydrogen Generationvia Microbial Fuel Cells. Priscilla G. Selembo, Bruce E.Logan, and Joseph M. Perez, Sr., Chemical Engineering Dept. ThePennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

This research investigates the use of both biodiesel byproductsand the subsequent 1.3-propanediol fermentation waste stream assubstrates to generate electricity or hydrogen in microbial fuel cells.Biodiesel production is expected to be over one billion gallons peryear worldwide by 2010. Glycerol is the major by-product in thetransesterification of vegetable oils to fatty acid methyl esters(biodiesel). The production of biodiesel has already resulted in a glutof glycerol on the chemical market. By 2010, the volume frombiodiesel production alone will exceed 100 million gallons per year.Lower glycerol prices result in lower biodiesel profits and affect theincentives for growth in the industry. This study looks at a novelapproach that has the potential to add value to the biodiesel glycerolbyproduct. Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to oxidize organic matterto produce electricity. In the processes described, different carbonsources are used as the substrate to feed the bacteria. The studyinvestigates the use of raw glycerol byproduct in fuel cells to gener-ate power. To produce hydrogen instead of electricity, the microbialfuel cell is modified to be anaerobic and a small input of electricalenergy added. Conversion of glycerol to 1.3-propanediol is a wellknown chemical process that has been researched extensively. Theyields of 1,3-propandiol are low when using raw glycerol frombiodiesel production. The yield is affected by the presence of other


components such as methanol and catalyst salts in the raw glycerol.The waste stream of both, the production of biodiesel and1,3–propanediol, are used as microbial fuel cell substrates in the study.Specific biodiesel feedstocks have an effect on the composition of theraw glycerol. The composition of raw biodiesel byproducts from soy-bean oil, yellow grease, animal fat, and canola byproducts are com-pared and preliminary microbial fuel cell results are presented.

4. Oxidation of Glycerol. Martin Ernst1, Peter Stehring1,Thomas Hilber2, Matthaeus Siebenhofer1, and Rolf Marr1, 1GrazUniversity of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering andEnvironmental Sciences, A-8010 Graz, Austria; 2BDI – BioDieselInternational AG, A-8074 Graz/Grambach, Austria.

Upgrading of glycerol from biodiesel production has beenreported by several authors. In this project electrochemical oxidationwas investigated. Whereas biochemical oxidation favours conversionof glycerol to dihydroxyacetone in high yield and selectivity, electro-chemical oxidation generates several products.

To obtain acceptable product yield, noble metal electrodes arepreferred in electrochemical oxidations. Diamond coated electrodesare expected to increase performance of electrochemical oxidationbecause of high oxygen over-voltage. Operation parameters for elec-trochemical glycerol oxidation with diamond coated electrodes and acomparison with state-of-the-art electrodes were investigated.

Oxidations were carried out in a flow-through membrane elec-trolysis cell. The effect of operating conditions such as temperatureand current density on product distribution and current efficiencywas mainly considered. Although selectivity of electrochemical oxida-tion of glycerol is limited because of formation of several oxidationproducts, current efficiency and product yield show promising resultsfor continuative application in glycerol upgrading.

5. Bacterial Production of Biodegradable Plasticsfrom Biodiesel Process Waste Glycerol. Gregory D.Boyd, Matthew R. Martino, and Christopher T. Nomura*,Department of Chemistry, State University of New York –Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive,Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.

Glycerol is the major coproduct of the transesterification oftriglycerides to biodiesel. Although glycerol has several applications,the current market is saturated. Thus, finding new uses for this glyc-erol coproduct is of utmost importance. In this study we evaluatedthe ability to transform low-value glycerol from biodiesel productioninto value-added, biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) poly-mer using the bacterium, Pseudomonas putida KT2440. PHAs arebiodegradable plastics produced from renewable biomass with poten-tial uses as commodity plastics and in medical applications. Although avariety of PHAs have been made utilizing recombinant and nativemicroorganisms, a major obstacle to their widespread use has beenthe expense of large-scale production. Use of low-value glycerol as acarbon feedstock to be transformed to biodegradable plastics couldlower the price of PHA production and create a new marketplace forthe anticipated excess coproduct glycerol from biodiesel production.

6. An Effective Solution to the Glycerin Glut. WilliamA. Summers, Benefuel Inc., 655 Montgomery St., Suite 540, SanFrancisco, CA 94111, USA.

A new, solid phase catalytic process for the transesterification oftriglycerides (ENSEL™) improves the operating and capital efficienciesof producing biodiesel fuel and other fatty acids esters from a varietyof sustainable and renewable feedstocks. It also offers a means to pro-duce new materials, such as biodegradable lubricants for all marketsectors, including the sensitive marine lubricants market. Biodieselproducers using this new catalytic process also receive the added valueof highly pure, anhydrous glycerin. In a global market saturated withpoor quality glycerin from conventional biodiesel processing,Benefuel’s ENSEL™ process for biodiesel adds another efficient andcost effective process for converting glycerin into glyceryl polyethersin a second, process. These ethers are the only patented diesel fueloxygenates in the market. The combined, two-step ENSEL processoffers biodiesel producers the opportunity to maximize the return onboth capital and operating costs by offering two products directly tothe market: biodiesel fuels and diesel fuel oxygenates. However com-mercial process with the capacity to use highly pure, anhydrous glyc-erin may be suitably added to the post-transesterification glycerinstream. Cost and capital impacts of ENSEL will also be presented.


Antitrust PolicyThe American Oil Chemists’ Society (the “Society”) intends tostrictly comply with the antitrust laws of the United States, all stategovernments, and any other relevant governing authority (the“Antitrust Laws”), and in furtherance of this intention, proclaims thefollowing Antitrust Policy:I. The Society shall not be used in a manner which violates theAntitrust Laws, and members of the Society, in their capacity as rep-resentatives of the Society, shall not tolerate, encourage or partici-pate in any activity which could reasonably be expected to result ina violation of the Antitrust Laws.II. This policy shall apply to all membership, board, committee andother meetings of the Society, and all events attended by individualmembers of the Society in their capacity as representatives of theSociety.III. The Society recognizes that the Antitrust Laws make certainactivities between industry participants unlawful, and the Societyexpressly prohibits participation in such activities at any event whichthe Society holds or sponsors, or by any member of the Society atany event in which such member participates as a representative ofthe Society. Such prohibited activities include the following:a. Non-competition, territorial division, or operationallyrestrictive agreements;

b. Boycotting, blacklisting, or unfavorable reporting; orc. Discussion of these and other prohibited matters, including the following:

i. Price, price fixing, price calculation, or price changes;ii. Costs;iii. Terms or conditions of sales;iv. Quote decisions;v. Discounts;vi. Product or service offerings; orvii. Production or sales volume, capacity or plans.

IV. In the course of any event in which activities or discussionthreatens to border on a prohibited matter, any member, officer,director, employee or representative of the Society present at suchevent in such capacity shall request that the activity or discussion beterminated immediately, and if such termination does not immedi-ately occur, such person shall seek recordation of the problem ifappropriate, shall cease all participation in the event, and shall reportthe matter to the Society at the earliest possible opportunity. V. A copy of this Antitrust Policy shall be given at least annually toeach officer, director, member, representative, or employee of theSociety, or any other party participating in the Society, and theAntitrust Policy shall be readily available at all membership meetings.

NotesInternational Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies

55

56 Speaker Biographies 5–7 November 2007 • Vienna, Austria

Speaker Biographies(Following are the speaker biographies received at AOCS by 29 August 2007.)

Bill AndersonBill Anderson is with Westway Feeds and ED&F Man Biofuels. Hehas an education background in Agricultural Business andEconomics at Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University.Bill has spent the past 19 years in various capacities within theagricultural industry, including living and working throughoutEurope, Australia and the Americas. His involvement in theIndustry has ranged from sales, market development, internation-al development, commercial management, and ingredient pro-curement and most recently in the arena of by-product sourcingand marketing with particular interest in the utilization of renew-able fuels by-products. Bill’s office is located in Tomball, Texas.

Arno BehrArno Behr studied chemistry at Aachen University/Germanyand did his PhD in 1979. After 10 years work in industry heassumed a Chair of Technical Chemistry at the University ofDort mund/Germany in 1996. One of his research focuses isthe chemistry of renewable resources.

Geert BergsmaGeert Bergsma is head of the Strategic Consultancy group ofCE Delft, a Dutch independent research and consultancy com-pany. Regarding biomass, his expertise ranges from sustainabil-ity and costs of bio-energy and biofuels, strategy development,LCA studies, etc. He was directly involved in the work of thecommission that drafted an advice on sustainable productionof biomass for the Dutch government, and is now part of thedevelopment team of the Dutch CO2-tool for biofuels.

André BoehmanAndré Boehman is a Professor of Fuel Science and MaterialsScience and Engineering in the Department of Energy & MineralEngineering in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences at thePennsylvania State University, where he has taught courses onEnergy, Fuels, Combustion and the Environment since 1994. Heholds a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the University ofDayton (1986) and an MS (1987) and PhD (1993) in MechanicalEngineering from Stanford University. He held a two-year post-doctoral fellowship in the Molecular Physics Laboratory at SRIInternational, Menlo Park, CA. Prof. Boehman’s research inter-ests are in alternative and reformulated fuels, combustion andpollution control. His present research activities are focused onalternative diesel fuels, diesel combustion and diesel exhaustaftertreatment.

Paolo BondioliPaolo Bondioli received his degree (cum laude) in FoodScience and Technology in 1980. He has worked in theTechnology Department of Stazione Sperimentale Oli e Grassi(SSOG) since 1982 and was named head of the department in1995. From 1997-2003 he served as SSOG’s quality assurancemanager. Bondioli is the author of more than 130 scientificpapers and is the co-author in three European patent applica-tions. He is a member of the standardization group for

biodiesel determination methods CEN JWG TC 19/307 and anexpert for several national technical committees. His mainresearch fields are: chemistry and technology of edible oils andfats; supercritical CO2 extraction and fractionation of oil andfats; and industrial uses of vegetable oils, with special emphasisto lubricant and fuel applications.

Thomas BrewerProfessor Thomas Brewer specializes in issues at the intersec-tion of climate change issues with international trade, technol-ogy transfer and investment issues. His publications includenumerous articles in the refereed journal Climate Policy as wellas chapters in books published by Cambridge University Press,Oxford University Press and other leading publishers.

Bruce G. BuntingBruce G. Bunting is a senior staff scientist at the Fuels, Engines, andEmissions Research Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory inKnoxville, TN, where his research encompasses diesel and gaso-line range HCCI, fuel effects on HCCI, and the development ofaftertreatment technology. Previous career stops includedCummins Engine Co. (aftertreatment and emissions), Amoco Oil(fuel performance and product distribution), SKF Bearings (hightemperature tribology), and American Bosch (diesel fuel injec-tion). Bruce Holds a PhD, MS, and BS in mechanical engineeringrespectively from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, MichiganTechnological University, and Michigan State University.

William Capelupi William Capelupi is a Materials Technician at DaimlerChryslerof Brasil Ltda. He expects to receive his master’s degree inScience and Engineering of Materials (Strictu Sensu) fromUniversidade de São Paulo in 2008. He previously worked asan Automobile Technician at SENAI-Mercedes Benz. Since 1998Capelupi has worked with testing and development of lubri-cants for engine, axle, gear, fuels, hydraulic fluid, greases, brakefluids and anti-freze/coolant, plastics, rubbers, painting, surfacecoatings, and tissues.

Kook Weng ChanDr. Chan Kook Weng has been a Senior Research Fellow withthe Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) since 1998. He receivedhis B. Agr Sc and M. Agr Sc from the University of Malaya andhis D. Agr Sc with Greatest Distinction from the University ofGhent. Dr. Chan has been the chair of ISO TC 207 WG 5 onclimate change responsible for developing World Standard onGreenhouse Gas ISO 14064 since 2002; he also has served onthe Malaysian Delegation to ISO TC 207 and the MalaysianDelegation to UNFCCC Conference of Parties on ClimateChange negotiation.

Charles Corrêa ConconiCharles Corrêa Conconi is a Materials Engineer atDaimlerChrysler of Brasil Ltda. He received his master’sdegree in science and engineering of materials fromUniversidade de São Paulo, an advanced degree in marketingfrom Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing, and heexpects to complete his Ph.D. in science and engineering ofmaterials from Universidade de São Paulo in 2008. Since 1986he has worked with the development of lubricants for engine,

axle, gear, fuels, hydraulic fluid, greases, brake fluids and anti-freeze/coolant, as well as physical-chemical analysis of the lubri-cants, greases and fluid, technical attendance, audit, etc.

Ortwin CostenobleOrtwin Costenoble is senior standardization consultant at theNetherlands Standardization Institute. He is the specialist ininternational standardization work in the fuels field. He isinternational secretary of many groups in ISO and CEN, a.o.CEN/TC 19. Besides this he acts as project manager in ofresearch work in biofuels and hydrogen.

Cathy C. DevlinCathy C. Devlin obtained a B.S in Chemistry from DukeUniversity (magna cum laude) and a Ph.D. in Chemistry fromthe University of Virginia. She has worked for Afton ChemicalCorporation since 1990 as manager of Afton R&D’s analyticalchemistry department and as a formulator of medium andheavy duty diesel engine oils.

Ignace DebruyneDr. Ignace Debruyne works as an independent technical mar-keting consultant and supplies services to international compa-nies involved with soyfoods, soy protein, oil processing andbiodiesel. In 1977, Dr. Debruyne received his PhD in proteinbiochemistry and enzymology (University of Gent, Belgium).From 1983 to 1997, Debruyne was Section Head at theCentral R&D Laboratory of the multinational VandemoorteleGroup. Dr. Debruyne is involved with European FoodLegislation development and the biotechnology, and worked asexpert to CIAA the European Food and Drink IndustryConfederation. Dr. Debruyne works for ASA-IM as TechnicalMarketing Consultant as of 1998, with activities in Europe,Turkey, North Africa and South East Asia. Recent work on theintroduction and use in European biodiesel resulted in thedevelopment of the Biodiesel Cost Optimizer software; a simula-tion model used by the Biodiesel and Petrol industry.

Franck Dejean Franck Dejean, from France, obtained his Engineering degree inFood Science and Technology (ISTAB, University of Bordeaux 1)in 1991. He also obtained a specialized Engineering Degree in Fatsand Oils (ESACG, University of Bordeaux 1). After working as lab-oratory and production manager at Stéarinerie Dubois (produc-tion of esters for cosmetic, pharmaceuticals and industry), hejoined the French Institute for Fats and Oils (ITERG) two yearsago. He is involved in analytical research as project manager.

Jo DewulfDr. ir. Jo Dewulf is professor at the Ghent University, Belgium.After his PhD in 1997, he was post-doctoral researcher atGhent University and the Delft University of Technology (TheNetherlands) with mainly research activities in the assessmentof sustainability of technology. Since 2003, he is member of theteaching and research staff at Ghent University, in the field ofEnvironmental and Clean Technology. He is author of over 70publications in international peer reviewed journals (Web ofScience) and about 60 other scientific publications. He is Editorof the book “Renewables-Based Technology: SustainabilityAssessment”, ISBN: 0-470-02241-8, Wiley, London, March 2006.

Robert W. DibbleRobert W. Dibble received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering atthe University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D. in ChemicalEngineering at the University of Wisconsin. After spending ayear as an NSF Postdoctoral Research Fellow at ImperialCollege in London, England, he became a senior member of thetechnical staff, Reacting Flow Division, Combustion ResearchFacility, Sandia National Laboratories, in Livermore, California.Since 1990, he has been a professor in the Department ofMechanical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley.

Erich E. DumelinDiploma and PhD in Food Science, Swiss Federal Institute ofTechnology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland, 1975. Post Doc. Fellow,Dept. of Food Science, University of California, Davis. JoinedUnilever 1977 in Product Development in Switzerland, followedby various positions in Oil and Fat Processing and SpreadsManufacturing in Germany, Canada and the U.K. Returned toSwitzerland in 1986 as Technical Director of Unilever’s FoodsBusiness. Joined the Global Spreads and Cooking ProductsCategory and the Food Research Mgmt. Team in Vlaardingen in1997. Retired in the position of Vice President Supply ChainStrategy and Technology Foods in summer 2006. Maintainingsome activities in the areas of sustainability and environmentalimpact of our raw materials and renewable energy.

Robert O. DunnRobert O. Dunn is Senior Research Chemical Engineer in theFood & Industrial Oils research group at USDA, AgriculturalResearch Service, National Center for Agricultural UtilizationResearch in Peoria, IL. Dr. Dunn earned a Ph.D. in ChemicalEngineering from The University of Oklahoma in 1987. He hasmore than 19 years professional experience in research andhas authored 58 papers.

Thomas A. FogliaDr. Tom Foglia is a Lead Scientist in the Fats, Oils & AnimalCoProducts Research Unit, ERRC, ARS, USDA Wyndmoor PA,USA. His current research focuses on biofuels and the applica-tion of biotechnology and biomimicry to fats and oils utilization.His contributions to the fats and oils industry are documentedby over 250 research articles, book chapters and patents.

Raffaello GarofaloRaffaello Garofalo graduated with distinction in Politics fromthe International Politics Department of the Institut d’EtudesPolitiques (Sciences-Po) in Paris, France, and earned a Master’sDegree in European Administrative Studies at the College ofEurope, Bruges, Belgium. He has worked in the EuropeanCommission (DG Agriculture), as well as in the ResearchDirectorate of the European Parliament. He spent four yearsat FEDIO, the European Federation of Vegetable OilsProducers, where he was involved with non-food uses of veg-etable oils, including bio-lubricants, bio-solvents, and biodiesel.Garofalo has served as Secretary General of the EuropeanBiodiesel Board (EBB)—the European federation of biodieselproducers—since May 2002.

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Speaker Biographies 57


Frank GunstoneAfter completing his doctorate in the University of Liverpoolin 1946, Frank Gunstone spent his academic career in twoScottish Universities (Glasgow and St Andrews). On his retire-ment (1989) he became Professor emeritus and continues tobe professionally active—reading, writing, and talking about oilsand fats both as molecules and as commodities.

Michael J. HaasMike is a Research Chemist at the ARS-USDA Eastern RegionalResearch Center near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A biochemistby training, he received his degrees from the Universities ofMinnesota and Wisconsin. For the past 10 years he has con-ducted research relevant to the needs of the biodiesel indus-try; developing new methods for biodiesel production fromlow value lipids, producing computer models to estimate pro-duction costs, and examining means of reducing nitrogen oxideemissions.

Thomas HilberThomas Hilber received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineeringfrom Graz University of Technology in Austria in 2002. Hebegan working at BioDiesel International AG in Graz, Austria,in 2003 and was named head of BDI’s Research andDevelopment Department in 2006. Since 2006 he has been aworking group member of the EC’s biofuels technology plat-form, as well as a member of AOCS.

Iván JachmaniánDr. Iván Jachmanián Alpuy is a researcher and teacher from theFaculty of Chemistry in Montevideo, Uruguay. He is specialized onFats and Oil Chemistry and Technology and, particularly, onbiodiesel. He has directed different research projects on alternativebiodiesel technologies, like enzyme and supercritical technology.

Joe JobeJoe Jobe is the Chief Executive Officer for the NationalBiodiesel Board (NBB). The NBB is the national trade associa-tion representing the biodiesel industry as the coordinatingbody for biodiesel research and development in the US. Itsmembers include feedstock producers and processors, soybeancommodity boards, biodiesel suppliers, and fuel marketers anddistributors. Joe has been with the NBB since 1997, and hasserved as CEO since January 1999. Joe’s duties included servingas the principle investigator for the $2.2 million biodiesel healtheffects testing program. Joe became interested in agricultural,environmental, and energy issues growing up on a farm in cen-tral Missouri. Prior to working for the NBB, Joe was a fraudinvestigator for the Missouri Attorney General’s Office. Prior tothat he worked as a certified public accountant.

Gerhard KnotheGerhard Knothe, chief editor of The Biodiesel Handbook, is aResearch Chemist at the National Center for AgriculturalUtilization Research of the U.S. Department of Agriculture inPeoria, IL. His research is focused on vegetable oil-baseddiesel fuels (biodiesel) and oleochemistry. He is the authoror co-author of more than 90 publications and recipient of the2006 Industrial Uses of Soybean Award.

Emily Bockian Landsburg Emily Bockian Landsburg is the Manager of BusinessDevelopment for Philadelphia Fry-o-Diesel, a US company ded-icated to the production of biodiesel from waste greases. Shefacilitated the project team that designed, constructed, and com-missioned a pilot plant where Fry-o-Diesel developed innovativetechnology for the conversion of low-value feedstocks into high-quality biodiesel. Emily also serves as Manager of BusinessDevelopment for The Energy Cooperative, Fry-o-Diesel’s parentcompany, where she focuses on biodiesel market and distribu-tion infrastructure development. Emily has a degree in appliedmathematics from Columbia University in New York. She is aSenior Fellow of the Environmental Leadership Program andserves on their Delaware Valley Regional Program AdvisoryCouncil. She also serves on the Advisory Committee of the US-based Sustainable Biodiesel Alliance.

Robert McCormick Robert McCormick is leader of the Non-Petroleum BasedFuels (NPBF) activity at the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory. NPBF performs product R&D for renewable fuelblending components such as biodiesel and ethanol, includingstudies of fuel quality and impact on engine emissions anddurability. He holds a PhD in chemical engineering.

Verena MertlitzVerena Mertlitz was born on the 11th of October 1983 inSt.Veit/Glan, Austria. She studied chemical engineering at theTechnical University of Graz from fall 2002 to summer 2007.She is now working on her PhD-thesis at the same universityin cooperation with BioDiesel International AG.

Nilesh S. MhaseNilesh S. Mhase received his B.E. in Chemical Engineering fromNorth Maharashtra University, India, and is a student in theInternational Master Program in Chemical and ProcessEngineering at Muenster University of Applied Sciences,Germany. He expects to complete his M.Sc. in 2008.

Sergio MieleSergio Miele is a full professor of Agronomy. He has investigat-ed in particular co-products and byproducts of agriculture andforestry crops for their reuse as “secondary” raw materials,both for bioenergy and new material production. He has 8PCT/European patents, and presently carries out 5 researchcontracts, on these subjects.

Thomas Mielke Thomas Mielke joined the OIL WORLD team in the mid sev-enties after he had studied economics at the University ofHamburg. He specialized in global commodity analyses andmarket research on supply, demand and prices of oilseeds, oils,fats and oilmeals. Since 2002 he is the director of ISTA MielkeGmbH in Hamburg (Germany), where OIL WORLD is pro-duced. Thomas Mielke has given more than 170 lectures andtalks in conferences and workshops all over the world and ishappy to take your questions. The WEEKLY and daily FLASHreports can be obtained from the Internet at www.oilworld.de.Founded back in 1958, the OIL WORLD organisation is recog-

nized worldwide as the independent, authoritative and unbi-ased global information provider for oilseeds, oils and oilmeals.

Richard Nelson Richard Nelson is currently director of Engineering ExtensionPrograms with the College of Engineering at Kansas StateUniversity. He is also principal of Enersol Resources, a privaterenewable energy assessment and environmental analysis con-sulting firm and serves as a consultant to the NationalBiodiesel Board and the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory. His educational outreach and applied researchactivities focus on energetic, environmental, and sustainabilityaspects associated with biomass and bioenergy resourceassessment and sustainable production and utilization for bothliquid fuel and electricity production.

K.Y. Simon NgProf. K.Y. Simon Ng is professor of chemical engineering andmaterials science, founding director of Wayne State University’sGraduate Programs in Alternative Energy Technology, and thedirector of the National Biofuels Energy Laboratory. He hasextensive research experience in alternative energy technolo-gies, environmental and fuel conversion catalysis, polymers,smart sensors, biomedical devices, nanostructures and thinfilms. Prof. Ng has coauthored over 250 publications and presen-tations. He is a special advisor to the Michigan RenewableEnergy Commission, and a member of Wayne County’s GlobalWarming Task Force. He is also a member of ASTM.

Max NorrisMax Norris received his B.S. in Agriculture from Sam HoustonState University, his M.S. in Food Science/Chemistry from theUniversity of Missouri in 1965, and is ABD in Food Science fromthe University of Missouri. As Director of Projects andTechnology at the Agricultural Utilization Research Institute inMinnesota his duties include technical development and transferof technology to the marketplace and intellectual property assis-tance to AURI clients, commodity groups, and private, for-profitcompanies. He also manages the Fat and Oil Laboratory and on-site technical activities conferences, client visits, project visits,and visits to support AURI programs and staff within Minnesota.

Jyoti K Parikh Professor Jyoti K Parikh is Executive Director of IntegratedResearch and Action for Development (IRADe), New Delhi. Sheworked at the International Institute for Applied SystemsAnalysis (IIASA), Austria for 8 years and the PlanningCommission, as senior energy consultant at New Delhi (1978-80). She has worked for IPCC, GEF and is on the PrimeMinister’s Climate Change Council. She has served as energyconsultant to the World Bank, the U.S. Department of Energy,EEC, Brussels and UN agencies such as UNIDO, FAO, UNU andUNESCO, Environment Consultant to UNDP, World Bank andso on. She obtained her M.Sc. from University of California,Berkeley, and Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from University ofMaryland, College Park. Publications include nearly 200 projectresearch papers and 25 books and monographs in the area ofenergy economics and modeling, energy technology assessment,rural energy, power sector, environment economics and physics.

Clemens PlöchlMr. Clemens Plöchl, director of Energy ChangesProjektentwicklung GmbH, has 10 years of academic and pro-fessional experience in the climate change industry and hasdeveloped the first biofuel baseline and monitoring methodol-ogy AM0047 “Production of waste cooking oil-based biodieselfor use as fuel” approved by the Executive Board of the CleanDevelopment Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol.

Luiz Pereira RamosLuiz Pereira Ramos is an associate professor of organic chem-istry in the Department of Chemistry at Federal University ofParaná, Brazil, and has been head of Graduate Studies inChemistry there since 2006. He earned his B.Sc. in Chemistryand M.Sc. in Biochemistry at the Federal University of Paranáand his Ph.D. in Biology at the University of Ottawa. The leaderof many research activities within the National BiodieselProgram, he is the author of 52 full papers, 10 book chapters, 6patents, and has edited three books and/or proceedings issues.

Josef RathbauerJosef Rathbauer studied at the Agricultural University in Vienna,common agriculture and plant production. Since January 1991he is employed in FJ-BLT, a public research and test institute. Heis head of the unit renewable raw materials and the laboratory.Fields of expertise: Production, standardisation and analysis ofliquid and solid biofuels; production chains of oilcrops and fibre-plants; manure treatment and biogas production.

Nils RettenmaierDipl.-Geoökol. Nils Rettenmaier studied geoecology at theUniversity of Bayreuth and joined the IFEU department of“Sustainability of renewable energies and biobased systems” in2006. He participated in several projects on bioenergy, biofuelsand biobased materials on national and EU level being involvedin life cycle inventories, reporting and project management.

Shiro Saka Shiro Saka who gained a Ph.D. in Wood Science from NorthCarolina State University in 1980. In 1996, he became aProfessor in the Graduate School of Energy Science, KyotoUniversity. He is currently the President of Biomass Division,Japan Institute of Energy, and the Editor-in-Chief of theJournals of Wood Science and Mokuzai Gakkaishi, The JapanWood Research Society.

Theodor SamsTheodor Sams was born in 1957; 1977 -1982: studied at GrazUniversity of Technology, Austria; 1982-1997: TU Graz at theInstitute for Internal Combustion Engines. Since 1998: AVL inGraz. 1998–2003 Head of Research and Innovation forCommercial Powertrain Systems, since 2004: Head forResearch and Technology development for Powertrain Systems.

Alfred K. SchultzAlfred Schultz is a Senior Research Scientist in the ProcessChemicals Business of the Rohm and Haas Company. He isresponsible for the design and synthesis of new catalysts for anarray of application areas, including biodiesel. Prior to Rohm

International Congress on Biodiesel: The Science and The Technologies Speaker Biographies 59


and Haas, Al worked for Stepan Company. He graduated in1990 with a Ph.D. in Synthetic Organic Chemistry from WayneState University, Detroit, Michigan.

Bernd SchwarzBernd Schwarz studied Chemistry at Heidelberg Universityand Mannheim University of Applied Sciences where he earnedhis degree as Chemical Engineer. Schwarz has worked withSGS for fouteen years and has held several positions in theFuel Technology Centre in Speyer. He is a member in severalnational and international working groups and technical andchemical societies.

Dan SolaimanDr. Dan Solaiman is a Research Molecular Biologist withARS/USDA. He also serves as a Lead Scientist of a multidisci-plinary project that develops the utilization of fats, oils andcoproducts (i.e., crude glycerin and soy molasses) as fermenta-tive feedstocks for the production and subsequent modifica-tion of biopolymers and biosurfactants.

William R. SutterlinDr. Sutterlin has received organizational, local, state and feder-al recognition including being a recipient of the prestigiousPresidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award and is part ofthe United States and Brazil research collaboration in biomassconversion. Dr. Sutterlin’s research interests include the con-version of agricultural products and other biomass materialsinto higher value added chemicals.

Haiying TangDr. Haiying Tang received her Ph.D. in Chemical Engineeringfrom Wayne State University, Michigan, U.S.A. She currentlyholds the position of research associate at the NationalBiofuels Energy Laboratory, located at NextEnergy, Detroit,Michigan. Her research interests include renewable fuels,nanostructure materials, and petrochemical processes. Dr. Tanghas coauthored 26 publications and presentations.

Marek TaturCurrent position is Senior Engineer in the Diesel CombustionSystems group at FEV Engine Technology. In this position MarekTatur oversees different development programs such as enginecalibration and aftertreatment systems development. This cov-ers both light- as well as heavy duty platforms. Marek Taturobtained his degree in automotive engineering from theUniversity of Applied Sciences in Weingarten, Germany.

Leland TongLeland Tong serves as Vice President for MARC-IV Consulting. Mr.Tong provides technical and economic support to the NationalBiodiesel Board and the biodiesel industry. He also serves as thechairman of the National Biodiesel Accreditation Commission.Mr. Tong earned his undergraduate degree at North Dakota StateUniversity and his Masters degree in Agricultural Economics fromthe University of Missouri-Columbia.

Selma TurkayProf. Dr. Selma Turkay is a full-time faculty member at theChemical Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical

University, where she obtained her Ph.D. degree in ChemicalTechnologies in 1985. During her professional career at thisfaculty, Prof. Turkay has focused on chemistry and technologyof oils and fats, of boron and of water. Besides numerousresearch publications, she has an US Patent.

Jon H. Van GerpenJon Van Gerpen is Professor and Department Head ofBiological and Agricultural Engineering at the University ofIdaho. He has held that position since July 2004. Before that, hewas a professor of Mechanical Engineering at Iowa StateUniversity for 20 years. During a 14 month sabbatical, Dr. VanGerpen worked on the design team at John Deere that devel-oped a 12.5 liter engine. Dr. Van Gerpen has been researchingthe production and utilization of biodiesel for the past 14 yearsand his current projects include the design and construction ofa biodiesel pilot plant and the development of a nation-widebiodiesel education program.

Mohd Basri Wahid Dato’ Dr. Mohd. Basri Wahid is currently the Director-Generalof Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). Entomologist by training,Dr. Basri holds an Executive MBA degree from Asian Instituteof Management; Ph.D from University of Guelph, Canada andM.Sc. and B.Sc. from Lincoln College, New Zealand. He beganhis career at the then Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia(PORIM) in early 1982 as a research officer in the BiologyDivision. From 1990 onwards he has quickly moved up themanagement hierarchy to become the Director-General; aposition he holds since January 2006. Dr. Basri holds severalpatents and is a life member of Malaysian Plant ProtectionSociety, a member of Entomology of Malaysia, MARS, AIM Cluband alumni member of Lincoln University. He is also a Fellowof the Malaysian Academy of Science.

Aaron WilliamsAaron has worked as a Research Engineer at NREL’s Vehicleand Engine Research Laboratory sense 2004. Prior to joiningNREL, Aaron earned his masters degree in mechanical engi-neering from the University of Tennessee, while conductingresearch at ORNL. Aaron’s primary experience lies in the areasof alternative fuels, aftertreatment systems, hybrid vehicles,and vehicle and engine testing methods.

Richard F. WilsonRichard F. Wilson, received his Ph.D. from the University ofIllinois. His 32 year career with the USDA-ARS is distinguishedby service as National Program Leader for Oilseeds research.He is a past-president and fellow of AOCS. Other distictionsinclude the Secretary’s Honor Award from the USDA in 2006.

Qingyu WuQingyu Wu, is full professor of Department of BiologicalSciences & Biotechnology, Tsinghua University. He is nowdirector of biotechnology institute at Tsinghua University andvice president of algae society of China. His current researchprojects and interests include algal based bio-fuel and molecu-lar biology of cyanobacteria.

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