Presentation to: Abu Dhabi – NYU Workshop
By:
Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor, MNA, The World BankSilvia Muzi, The World Bank
Hanane Ahmed, The World Bank
Will Peoplepower Empower Women?Evidence from Amman, Cairo, and Sana’a
April 11, 2011
Ratio of actual to potential FLFP
Predicted or potential FLFP rates are:• based on the characteristics of each country’s female population (fertility rate,
education, population age profile) • calculated using panel regression analysis for 71 countries and three points in time
1980, 2000, 2005.
Ratio of actual to potential FLFP
2
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
1980
2000
2005
Countries below the line underutilize investments in female capacity
relative to actual FLFP
Countries above the line over-utilize female capacity relative to
actual FLFP
Approach, Survey, and Data
A. Approach based on :
B. Survey and Data
• Pilot conducted in Tehran, showing high incidence of home-based work, and entrepreneurship.• Lessons learnt from pilot used in design of survey in 3 MENA capitals. • Data collected concurrently in 3 capitals representative of regional diversity & endowment.
• Sampling: two-stages cluster stratified sampling method • Data collected: household and individual characteristics, employment, home-based activities, social norms and attitudes• Use of capital cities as control for various country specific factors, as capitals enjoy similar positions within their respective
countries, access to resources and sophistication.
Country Size Population Income ResourcesJordan small small middle resource-poorEgypt large large middle resource-poorYemen middle middle low some resources
3
M F M F M F M F M FAmman (w/ Dept of Stat) 3,500 8,797 8,585 1,013 1,018 4,057 4,176 258 108 1,472 3,505Cairo (w/ Cairo Univ) 3,000 6,681 6,570 1,582 1,443 3,636 3,847 83 133 2,390 2,909Sana'a (w/ Natl Wmn's Cncl) 1,500 5,516 5,012 1,875 1,507 2,303 2,566 65 46 742 1,309
Total 8,000 20,994 20,167 4,470 3,968 9,996 10,589 406 287 4,604 7,723
Frequency
Cities
Working age population (15-64)
Home-Based observations
Responses to Social Norms
Number of Households in the
Survey
Total Number of Students Surveyed
Total Number of Household Members
Determinants of Labor Force Participation (Marginal Effects)Dependent Variable: Labor Force Participation Dummy
4
Years Levels Years Levels Years Levels Years Levels Years Levels Years Levels(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
EDUY (years of education) 0.00692*** … 0.0316*** … 0.00443*** … 0.0162*** … 0.00729*** … 0.0123*** …
[0.000997] [0.00214] [0.00108] [0.00126] [0.00179] [0.00136]LOW EDUCATION … 0.0923*** … -0.00502 … 0.0168 … 0.000834 … 0.0607** … 0.0245
[0.016] [0.0341] [0.0181] [0.0265] [0.0262] [0.0246]MEDIUM EDUCATION … 0.0722*** … 0.0679* … 0.0330** … 0.181*** … 0.0553** … 0.0358
[0.00901] [0.0404] [0.0163] [0.0281] [0.0271] [0.0276]HIGH EDUCATION … 0.0976*** … 0.370*** … 0.0675*** … 0.259*** … 0.112*** … 0.405***
[0.0113] [0.0427] [0.0151] [0.0225] [0.0234] [0.0473]AGE 0.0159*** 0.0167*** 0.0409*** 0.0401*** 0.0336*** 0.0330*** 0.0335*** 0.0323*** 0.0377*** 0.0377*** 0.0228*** 0.0151***
[0.00251] [0.00261] [0.00454] [0.00464] [0.00367] [0.00369] [0.0044] [0.00445] [0.0055] [0.00556] [0.00468] [0.0048]AGESQ -0.000274*** -0.000282*** -0.000603*** -0.000619*** -0.000494*** -0.000488*** -0.000432*** -0.000421*** -0.000518*** -0.000520*** -0.000276*** -0.000191***
[0.0000306] [0.0000314] [0.0000628] [0.0000636] [0.000044] [0.0000442] [0.0000544] [0.0000549] [0.0000699] [-0.0000702] [0.0000665] [0.0000657]JORD* (Jordanian or not) 0.0468** 0.0432** 0.0635*** 0.0827*** … … … … … … … …
[0.0216] [0.0213] [0.0205] [0.0184]MARRIED* (married or not) 0.0748*** 0.0680*** -0.250*** -0.236*** 0.184*** 0.186*** -0.158*** -0.155*** 0.124*** 0.123*** -0.147*** -0.132***
[0.0202] [0.0202] [0.0251] [0.0251] [0.0311] [0.0311] [0.0222] [0.0221] [0.0335] [0.0335] [0.0255] [0.0249]
CHILD6* (living in the presence of children less than 6 years old or not) 0.00933 0.0104 -0.0491*** -0.0480*** 0.0573*** 0.0576*** -0.0520*** -0.0504*** 0.0581** 0.0545** 0.0131 0.0171
[0.0135] [0.0136] [0.0168] [0.0175] [0.0201] [0.02] [0.0193] [0.0193] [0.0231] [0.0233] [0.019] [0.0193]ADULT65* (living in the presence of an adult 65 years old or not) -0.0235 -0.0214 0.0448** 0.0385* -0.0169 -0.0172 0.025 0.0233 0.0117 0.00855 -0.0227 -0.0247
[0.0178] [0.0172] [0.0227] [0.0234] [0.0229] [0.023] [0.0236] [0.0234] [0.0277] [0.0282] [0.0205] [0.0196]
SHAREWOMEN* (living in a household with share of adult women as a fraction of total adult members greater than 50% or not) -0.0056 -0.00481 0.0127 0.0195 0.00349 0.00389 0.0389** 0.0423** -0.0175 -0.0192 0.0320** 0.0297*
[0.0112] [0.0112] [0.0152] [0.0156] [0.016] [0.016] [0.0176] [0.0176] [0.0219] [0.0219] [0.0158] [0.0159]NORMS* (living in a household in which at least one of the members is not in favor of women working outside) 0.004 0.00344 -0.123*** -0.126*** 0.00905 0.01 -0.122*** -0.119*** 0.0156 0.0151 -0.0149 -0.0101
[0.00949] [0.0096] [0.0131] [0.0131] [0.0136] [0.0135] [0.0151] [0.0151] [0.0193] [0.0193] [0.0166] [0.0168]
Observations 4057 4057 4176 4176 3626 3626 3847 3847 2303 2303 2566 2566R2 21.8% 22.2% 22.2% 31.1% 17.7% 0.1773 0.1396 0.146 15.4% 15.4% 16.5% 20.4%
Standard errors in brackets. NO_EDU is the reference category for education.
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Females (15-64)AMMAN CAIRO SANA'A
Males (15-64) Females (15-64) Males (15-64) Females (15-64) Males (15-64)
low edu med edu hi edu norms married child6 adult65 shre/w
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Amman Cairo Sana'a
Low and med educa-tion not a factor in FLFP Norms and marriage
far more negative than children
Main factors affecting female labor force participation (FLFP)
5
• Unlike pilot in Tehran, incidence of home-based is smaller than expected. This debunks the myth that women are massively engaged in home-based. This indicates that they may face similar barriers in working even from home
• However, still 1 in 6 women in Amman, 1 in 5 in Cairo is likely to be home-based, self-employed or an entrepreneur. With dearth of opportunities to work in public or private sectors, this is an option that needs to expand.
7. Does Home-Based Work Provide an Option to Women’s Economic Empowerment?
71
8 3 5 2
51
18
4
17
3
710
2
14
3
17
6264
51
35
44 43
20 23 22
4432 35
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
male female male female male female
Amman Cairo Sana'a%
of t
he t
otal
e em
ploy
ed
Occupational choices of employed
employer self-employedworking home-based employee in the private sectoremployee in the public sector
64
16
63
15
55
8
6
6
6
4
2
2
5
2
1
2
8
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
male female male female male female
Amman Cairo Sana'a
% o
f the
tota
l 15
-64
Distribution of males and females by employment status
working outside unemployed home-based
6
6. Employment Status in Urban MENA by Income Groups
• In Amman and Cairo, the poorer women work less • By contrast, in Sana’a, the richer women work less
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Amman Cairo Sana'a
% of
tota
l sam
ple
Employment status by sex and income groups
Female Employed
Female Unemployed
Female OLF
Male Employed
Male Unemployed
Male OLF
7
6. Employment Status in Urban MENA by Education
• Except for Sana’a, male – female education levels are roughly similar , in “low to high” education.• Women more represented with “no education”• FLFP much higher with high education – across the board • Unusually low participation rates of women with completed secondary education across all three countries.• Low participation rate of women with low or no education, even though presumably among the poor.
No Education
Elementary
Secondary
Tertiary
No Education
Elementary
Secondary
Tertiary
No Education
Elementary
Secondary
Tertiary
Amman Cairo Sana'a
05
101520253035404550
Employment status by sex and education
% o
f tot
al in
the
surv
ey
Female Unemployed
Male Unemployed
Female Employed
Male Employed
Male Out of Labor Force
Female Out of Labor Force
8
6. Attitudes Towards Women Working Outside Home in MENA
• Attitudes toward women working outside affects women’s ability and decision to work outside. • Labor force participation in households positively exposed to women’s work outside is a multiple of households opposed.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Amman Cairo Sana'a
FLFP in household accepting/not accepting the idea of women working outside
Not accepting Acceptingdifferences are statistically significant
9
05
1015
aver
age
year
s of
sch
oolin
g
age
Men Women
Amman
05
1015
aver
age
year
s of
sch
oolin
g
age
Men Women
Cairo0
510
15av
erag
e ye
ars
of s
choo
ling
age
Men Women
Sana'a
6. Average Years of Schooling by Sex and Age
• Little male-female education disparity in younger cohorts
•Younger cohorts of men and women in the survey have roughly same education levels
10
• Women across income and age groups are less opposed to women working outside
• Non-acceptance of women’s outside work is high across income groups in all cities – with high-income groups slightly less
• Most surprising, younger men are more conservative toward women’s work outside than older generations
• Cairo is more conservative because of the relative magnitude of “under no circumstances”
22 19 18 15 14 1224
17 16 12 16 13
2518
117 5 3
15 2413
65 5
05
101520253035404550
low
med
ium
high low
med
ium
high
15-2
9
30-4
4
45+
15-2
9
30-4
4
45+
M F M F
Amman: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by income, age, and gender
Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances
income groups age groups
13 13 12 11 7 8 15 147 10 7 6
26 22 18
4 6 4
2217 25
43 9
05
101520253035404550
low
med
ium
high low
med
ium
high
15-2
9
30-4
4
45+
15-2
9
30-4
4
45+
M F M F
Sana'a: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by income, age, and gender
Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances
income groups age groups
11
• Higher education is important in changing women’s attitude toward working outside.
• But, up to secondary level, education for men changes little in attitudes toward women’s work outside.
• Cairo remains the most conservative among the three cities – while in Amman and Sana’a, men with secondary education are less conservative.
6. Attitudes Towards Women Working Outside, by Gender and Education
20 2315 17 16 14 16
9
28 19
178 9
7 3
1
05
101520253035404550
No
Ed
uca
tio
n
Low
Ed
uca
tio
n
Me
diu
m E
du
cati
on
Hig
h E
du
cati
on
No
Ed
uca
tio
n
Low
Ed
uca
tio
n
Me
diu
m E
du
cati
on
Hig
h E
du
cati
on
M F
Amman: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by education and gender
Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances
8 10 11 8 6 9 9 4
36 31 28
16 19 16 13
8
05
101520253035404550
No
Ed
uca
tio
n
Low
Ed
uca
tio
n
Me
diu
m E
du
cati
on
Hig
h E
du
cati
on
No
Ed
uca
tio
n
Low
Ed
uca
tio
n
Me
diu
m E
du
cati
on
Hig
h E
du
cati
on
M F
Cairo: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by education and gender
Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances
1016 13
6 10 9 81
2924
17
18 93 2
105
101520253035404550
No
Ed
uca
tio
n
Low
Ed
uca
tio
n
Me
diu
m E
du
cati
on
Hig
h E
du
cati
on
No
Ed
uca
tio
n
Low
Ed
uca
tio
n
Me
diu
m E
du
cati
on
Hig
h E
du
cati
on
M F
Sana'a: Non acceptance of the idea of women working outside, by education and gender
Yes but with conditions Under no circumstances 12