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Bio-waste Treatment and
Soil Protection
Luca Montanarella
European Commission
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EU Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection
adopted by the European Commission on
the 22nd of September 2006
COMMUNICATION COM(2006) 231 on the Thematic Strategy
for Soil ProtectionDIRECTIVE COM(2006) 232 establishing a framework for the
protection of soil and amending Directive 2004/35/EC
IMPACT ASSESSMENT SEC(2006) 620 of the Thematic
Strategy for Soil Protection
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/soil/index.htm
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Recognizing soil multi-functionality
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ACTIONS AND MEANS of the Soil Thematic
Strategy
Still to be implemented:Framework legislation with protection and sustainable use
of soil as its principal aim;
Already in the implementation phase:Integration of soil protection in the formulation and
implementation of national and Community policies;
Research supported by Community and national research
programmes;Public awareness of the need to protect soil.
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Integration of soil protection in EU policies
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)Climate Change Policy
Water Protection Policy
Biodiversity Protection PolicyForest Protection Policy
Regional Policies
Food Safety (EFSA)
Energy Policy
Development PolicyWaste Policy
..etc
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Bio-waste as a major source of soil organic carbon
OriginTurnover
Complexity
Decomposing fresh OM(Particulate organic matter)
Microorganisms
Colloidal OMPolysaccharides and biomolecules
Humic substances
soluble OM
-OH
CO2Corg
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Biota
560 Gt
Atmosphere
780 Gt+3.3 Gt/yr
Soils
2,500 Gt(i) SOC - 1,550 Gt
(ii) SIC - 950 Gt
Ocean
38,400 Gt + 2.3 Gt/yr(i) Surface layer: 670 Gt
(ii) Deep layer: 36,730 Gt
(iii) Total organic: 1,000 Gt
Fossil Fuels
4,130 Gt
(i) Coal: 3,510 Gt
(ii) Oil: 230 Gt(iii) Gas: 140 Gt
(iv) Other: 250 Gt
120 + 2.0 Gt/yr (photosynthesis)
Plant respiration60 + 1.6 Gt/yr
60 Gt/yr
7.5 Gt/yr
Fossil fuelcombustion
90 Gt/yr
0.6+0.2 Gt/yr(deposition)
60Gt/yr
(soilr
espira
tion)
Accel
eratedsoil
erosio
n
1.1+0
.2Gt/yr
(erosio
n)MRT = 5Yr
MRT = 25Yr
1.6 + 0.8 Gt/yr
Deforestation
MRT = 6Yr
92.3 Gt/yr
Biomass (food, fiber, fuel, etc)
Bio-waste returning to the soil organic carbon pool?
Global Carbon Pools and Dynamics
Human activities
(adapted from R. Lal, 2008)
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Organic Carbon (%)No Data0 - 11 - 22 - 55 - 1010 - 2525 - 35> 35
Organic carbon content (%) in
the surface horizon (0-30 cm) ofsoils: total 71 GtC in EU
Organic CarbonGt
0.02.55.07.510.012.5
15.0
0.5 3.5
5.0
1.67.1
0.30.8 5.8
0.7
2.0
0.6
5.6
5.7
13.8 12.5
1.5
1.8
1.1
1.1 0.6
1.2 1.00.2
0.5 0.5 1.0
2.3
1.0
0.20.6
0.2
0.2
National Soil Organic Carbon
stocks (0-30cm) in Gt.
Model output Aggregated results
Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Assessment
Source: JRC-IES
S il O i C b D i d Gl b l
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CELL(structuralpolysaccharides)
HUM(humic
and protected)
STABLE
mineralization
microbial
synthesis
0.3 yr
LIGNIN
2.5 yr
LABILE
0,87 yr
25 yr
3300 yr
numerical values forsoil/land use =- 20% clay- temperature 12C- water/porevolume >
0,4- annual crops conv.tillage
CO2
CO2
CO2
Vegetation, organic input
Primary production,quality
Soil, Land
Use,Climate
Balesdent, 2000
Model of soil carbon
dynamics
Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics and Global
Climate Change
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Fig. 3 A schematic of the soil C dynamics upon conversion from a natural to agriculturalecosystem, and subsequent adoption of recommended management practices(RMPs). In most cases, the maximum potential equals the magnitude of historic Closs. Only in some soil-specific situations, the adoption of RMPs can increase SOCpool above that of the natural system. An example of this is acid savanna soils ofSouth America (Llanos, Cerrados) where alleviation of soil-related constraints candrastically enhance the SOC pool.
Time (Yrs)
100
80
60
40
20
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
RelativeMagnitudeofSOCPoo
l
land useconversion
subsistencefarming,
none or lowoff-farm
input, soildegradation
newequilibrium
adoption ofRMPs
soilCs
in
k
capacity
Accelerated erosion
Attainablepotential
Maximumpotential
Innovativetechnology I
Innovativetechnology II
X
YRate
Soil C Dynamics
Source: R. Lal, 2008
Wh l i SOC i
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Where can we lose or gain SOC in
Europe?
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Estimation based on Eurostat data on munic ipal waste (2008)
ORBIT/ECN, 2008, Compost production and use in the EU, Final report of ORBIT e.V. / European Compost Network ECN to European
Commission, Joint Research Centre
(http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activi ties/sustainable_development/susproc.cfm)
Total biowaste and green waste arising in the European Union
The total annual arising of bio-waste in the EU is estimated at 76.5-102 Mt food and garden waste
included in mixed municipal solid waste plus 24 Mt non-household green waste and industrial waste,i.e. from the food industry.
U b d R l E
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Urban and Rural Europe
AC EU15
Group
60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00
% Urban population
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
%B
uilt-upare
a
BG
CZ
LVLT
PL
RO
SK
MT
AT
BE
DK
FI
FR
DE
GR
LU
NL
ES
UK
Transport of bio-waste from urban
to rural areas in Europe?
The need for a partnership between the
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The need for a partnership between the
Urban and the Rural communities
Bio-waste
Biomass
Max. distance 50 km
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Quality standards for Bio-waste are needed
Acidification and heavy metals distribution in
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Acidification and heavy metals distribution in
European soils
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Innovative technologies: BIOCHAR
Source: N. de Wit, 2009
BIOCHAR potential feed stocks, products
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p , p
and applications
Source: N. de Wit, 2009
C l i
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Conclusions
European soils are threatened by a constant loss of soilorganic carbon
Bio-waste could provide a win-win solution to wastedisposal and soil organic carbon restoration
Major effort is still needed in assuring sufficient qualityof the materials to be spread on soils
There is a need to build up confidence by land owners
that the organic materials are indeed beneficial to soilsand therefore to the quality of agricultural products
Innovative technologies could provide new solutions tothe disposal of bio-waste in European soils
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Thank you!
http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu
http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/